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14 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time">daylight-saving</a>
39 <li><a href="#software">Other <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>-based time zone software</a></li>
44 <li><a href="#other-dbs">Other time zone databases</a></li>
58 <li><a href="#see-also">See also</a></li>
65 The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain">public-domain</a>
84 <a href="https://www.chromium.org/chromium-os/">ChromiumOS</a>,
97 <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/windows">Microsoft Windows</a>,
104 for a set of civil-time clocks that have all agreed since 1970.
118 title="Portable Operating System Interface">POSIX</abbr>.1-2024</a>
146 <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/">wget</a> https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tzcode-latest.tar.gz
147 wget https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tzdata-latest.tar.gz
148 <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/gzip/">gzip</a> -dc tzcode-latest.tar.gz | <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/tar/">tar</a> -xf -
149 gzip -dc tzdata-latest.tar.gz | tar -xf -
152 release in a single-tarball format containing extra data
154 <pre><code>wget <a href="https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tzdb-latest.tar.lz">https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tzdb-latest.tar.lz</a>
155 <a href="https://www.nongnu.org/lzip/">lzip</a> -dc tzdb-latest.tar.lz | tar -xf -
159 <a href="https://www.iana.org/time-zones">Time Zone Database website</a>
165 <code>tzdb-<var>V</var>.tar.lz</code>,
167 Since 1996, each version has been a four-digit year followed by
168 lower-case letter (<samp>a</samp> through <samp>z</samp>,
185 <pre><code><a href="https://git-scm.com">git</a> clone <a href="https://github.com/eggert/tz">https://github.com/eggert/tz</a>
195 machine-readable binary files, one for each location. The binary files
214 <a href="https://tzdata-meta.timtimeonline.com">Metadata for mailing list
216 generated <a href="https://github.com/timparenti/tzdata-meta">automatically</a>.
224 latest <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data, you can often short-circuit
227 data yourself. System-specific instructions for installing the
229 for <a href="https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/aix-time-zone-olson-tzdata-updates"><abbr>AIX</abbr></a>,
231 href="https://source.android.com/devices/tech/config/timezone-rules">Android</a>,
233 href="https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/datetime/timezone/"><abbr
235 <a href="https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/java-sdk-time-zone-update-utility"><abbr>IBM</abbr>
237 <a href="https://www.joda.org/joda-time/tz_update.html">Joda-Time</a>, <a
238 href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/time-zone-support.html">MySQL</a>,
240 href="https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/tzupdater-readme.html">OpenJDK/Oracle JDK</a>.
244 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8"><abbr
245 title="Unicode Transformation Format 8-bit">UTF-8</abbr></a>
251 <a href="https://gedit-technology.github.io/apps/gedit/">gedit</a>, and
253 Specialized source-file editing can be done via the
257 href="https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=gilmoreorless.vscode-zoneinfo">VSCode
268 <a href="https://a0.github.io/a0-tzmigration/">A0 TimeZone Migration</a>
277 "<a href="https://www.icann.org/en/blogs/details/how-time-zones-are-coordinated-13-03-2023-en">How
291 far into the future, as a long-planned change can easily be reverted
310 which means they will continue to use out-of-date rules.</p>
317 href="https://codeofmatt.com/2016/04/23/on-the-timing-of-time-zone-changes/">On
328 <li><a href="tz-how-to.html">How to Read the
332 href="https://blog.jonudell.net/2009/10/23/a-literary-appreciation-of-the-olsonzoneinfotz-database/">A
354 publishes <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code>-derived data in
355 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values"><abbr
356 title="comma-separated values">CSV</abbr></a> and
360 href="https://twiki.org/cgi-bin/xtra/tzdatepick.html">Date and Time Gateway</a>
371 <li><a href="https://www.wx-now.com">Weather Now</a> and
387 <a href="https://devguide.calconnect.org/Time-Zones/TZDS/">TZDIST
389 The <a href="https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tzdist-bis">tzdist-bis
403 uses <a href="https://www.json.org/json-en.html"><abbr
419 <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into iCalendar-compatible VTIMEZONE files.
428 and with a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
430 href="https://metacpan.org/release/DateTime-TimeZone">DateTime::TimeZone</a>
455 into an <abbr>ICU</abbr>-specific format.
457 <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
459 the <a href="https://elixir-lang.org">Elixir</a> language downloads
463 <li>Java-based compilers and libraries include:
466 href="https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/tzupdater-readme.html">TZUpdater
471 <a href="https://www.oracle.com/a/tech/docs/tzupdater-lic.html">Java SE
474 href="https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/java/jf14-date-time-2125367.html">Java
476 href="https://www.threeten.org/threeten-extra/">ThreeTen-Extra</a>,
477 which is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
478 <li><a href="https://www.joda.org/joda-time/">Joda-Time – Java date
484 href="https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache License</a>.</li>
485 <li><a href="https://bell-sw.com/pages/iana-updater/">IANA Updater</a> and <a
486 href="https://www.azul.com/products/open-source-tools/ziupdater-time-zone-tool/">ZIUpdater</a>
500 Java-based libraries.</li>
504 is like Joda-Time and Time4J, but for the .NET framework instead of Java.
509 <code>timeZone</code> option of <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Intl/DateTimeFormat"><code>Intl.DateTimeFormat</code></a>.
510 This can be used as-is or with most of the following libraries,
514 href="https://github.com/formatjs/date-time-format-timezone"><code>Intl.DateTimeFormat</code>
516 is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
517 <li>The <a href="https://date-fns.org">date-fns</a>
518 library manipulates timezone-aware timestamps in browsers and
523 the <a href="https://momentjs.com/docs/">now-legacy Moment.js</a> date
537 astronomical and atomic time, a command-line interface,
541 href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/@tubular/time-tzdb">@tubular/time-tzdb</a>
548 href="https://github.com/tc39/proposal-temporal"><code>Temporal</code>
551 href="https://codeofmatt.com/javascript-date-type-is-horribly-broken/">JavaScript's
565 It is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
569 It is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.
571 href="https://blog.ganssle.io/articles/2018/03/pytz-fastest-footgun.html">pytz:
576 <a href="https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/">Ruby</a>.
583 is either proprietary or an <abbr>XML</abbr>-encoded
586 contains a developer-oriented parser that compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
588 files. Tcl is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style
599 has an independent, thread-safe implementation of
624 to <code>"EET-2EEST,M4.5.5/0,M10.5.4/24"</code>,
643 <li>Python has a <a id="python-zoneinfo"
650 A companion <a id="pypi-tzdata" href="https://pypi.org">PyPI</a> module
655 public-domain <a href="https://github.com/dbaron/tz.js">tz.js</a>
658 <abbr>JSON</abbr>-format data suitable for use
662 href="https://hackage.haskell.org/package/timezone-olson">timezone-olson</a>
665 available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
670 <h2 id="software">Other <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>-based time zone software</h2>
675 href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/new/">Firefox</a> and <a
676 href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/thunderbird/">Thunderbird</a>.
681 implementations contain a copy of a 32-bit subset of a recent
683 Go-specific format.</li>
692 href="https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/bclteam/2007/06/07/exploring-windows-time-zones-with-system-timezoneinfo-josh-free/">Exploring
700 href="https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/master/common/supplemental/windowsZones.xml"><abbr>XML</abbr>
709 Java-specific format.</li>
714 <h2 id="other-dbs">Other time zone databases</h2>
716 <li><a href="https://www.astro.com/atlas">Time-zone Atlas</a>
717 is Astrodienst's Web version of Shanks and Pottenger's out-of-print
722 <a href="https://astrologynewsservice.com/opinion/how-astrologers-contributed-to-the-information-age-a-brief-history-of-time/">were
727 <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX">HP-UX</a> has a database in
734 href="https://www.iata.org/publications/store/Pages/standard-schedules-information.aspx">Standard
745 href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/maps/world-regional/">World
766 href="https://blog.poormansmath.net/how-much-is-time-wrong-around-the-world/">How
781 <li><a href="https://github.com/evansiroky/timezone-boundary-builder">Timezone
793 href="https://www.geonames.org/export/web-services.html#timezone">GeoNames
800 and <a href="https://www.geogarage.com/blog/news-1/post/geogarage-time-zone-api-31">GeoGarage</a>.
803 href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16086962/how-to-get-a-time-zone-from-a-location-using-latitude-and-longitude-coordinates/16086964">How
810 – GIS and Database Tools</a> includes a Manifold-format map of
829 <li><a href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/popular-links/walk-through-time">A
837 <li><a href="https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/time-lords">Time
863 <a href="https://robinfo.oma.be/nl/astro-info/tijd/"
865 href="https://robinfo.oma.be/fr/astro-info/heure/"
870 hreflang="pt-BR">Brazil's daylight saving time decrees (in
875 href="https://nrc.canada.ca/en/certifications-evaluations-standards/canadas-official-time/time-zones-daylight-saving-time">time
890 <dd><a href="https://kalendar.beda.cz/kdy-zacina-a-konci-letni-cas"
895 href="https://www.ptb.de/cms/en/fachabteilungen/abt4/fb-44/ag-441/realisation-of-legal-time-in-germany.html">Realisation
900 lists official time-change announcements and laws since 1940,
915 href="https://www.dia.govt.nz/Daylight-Saving-History">History of
923 <a href="https://oal.ul.pt/hora-legal/" hreflang="pt">history of
932 href="https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">History of
934 with perhaps the best-documented history of clock adjustments.</dd>
937 href="https://www.transportation.gov/regulations/recent-time-zone-proceedings">Recent
942 href="https://sohma.armada.mil.uy/index.php/servicios/datos-astronomicos" hreflang="es">almanac
955 <a href="https://www.ama-assn.org/press-center/press-releases/ama-calls-permanent-standard-time">statement
961 <em>BMJ Open.</em> 2017;7(6):e014319. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014319">10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014319</a>.
967 daylight saving save electricity? A meta-analysis</a>.
991 <li>Roenneberg T, Wirz-Justice A, Skene DJ <em>et al</em>.
1009 <li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59909-0">The Science of
1016 <li>The <a href="https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/nsdi18/nsdi18-geng.pdf"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Huygens</span></a>
1020 href="https://www.nist.gov/intelligent-systems-division/ieee-1588">Precision
1024 with special-purpose hardware.</li>
1059 href="https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-TF.460-6-200202-I/">Standard-frequency
1060 and time-signal emissions</a>, International Telecommunication Union –
1061 Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) Recommendation TF.460-6 (02/2002).</li>
1072 The two configurations agree for timestamps starting with 1972-01-01 00:00:00
1076 1972-06-30 23:59:60 <abbr>UTC</abbr> in the "<code>right</code>" configuration,
1078 1972-07-01 00:00:00 <abbr>UTC</abbr> in the "<code>posix</code>" configuration.
1082 is well-defined for sufficiently old timestamps.</li>
1085 <code>leap-seconds.list</code>, which lists the currently known leap seconds.
1092 information in a differently-formatted <code>leapseconds</code> text file,
1095 by <a href="https://chrony-project.org"><code>chrony</code></a>,
1103 href="http://bk1.ntp.org/ntp-stable/README.leapsmear">supported</a> by
1108 <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8633#section-3.7.1">§3.7.1 of
1112 and is intended for use only in single, well-controlled environments.</li>
1119 <a href="https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/metrologia-leapsecond.pdf">The
1126 <a href="https://www.bipm.org/en/cgpm-2022/resolution-4">decided in 2022</a>
1130 href="https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/act/R-ACT-WRC.15-2023-PDF-E.pdf">resolved
1133 to change the leap-second adjustments to Coordinated Universal Time</a>
1134 (doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/ad6266">10.1088/1681-7575/ad6266</a>)
1135 would replace leap seconds with 13-second leap smears occurring once per
1152 <a href="https://unicode.org/cldr/charts/latest/by_type/">by-type
1157 <a href="https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/iso-time.html">A summary of
1162 8601-1:2019 – Date and time – Representations for information
1168 <li><a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322#section-3.3">§3.3 of
1184 Formats on the Web</a> surveys web- and Internet-oriented date and time
1188 practice. For example, in English-speaking North America
1191 and French-speaking North Americans prefer
1202 title="Japan Standard Time">JST</abbr>-9"</code> and
1211 <code>"GMT-9"</code>, though, since this would incorrectly imply that
1218 <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
1222 <li><a href="tz-art.html">Time and the Arts</a></li>
1229 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.