Lines Matching +full:double +full:- +full:buffering
68 .EH 'PSD:12-%''PMake \*- A Tutorial'
69 .OH 'PMake \*- A Tutorial''PSD:12-%'
81 .\" into a table-of-contents, properly indented, etc. If the first argument
100 .\" CW is used to place a string in fixed-width or switch to a
101 .\" fixed-width font.
108 .\" Anything I put in a display I want to be in fixed-width
122 .po -\\n(g3u
129 .po -0.5i
144 \d\D'p -0.19i 0.0i 0.0i -0.13i 0.30i 0.0i 0.0i 0.13i'
151 \h'85u'\v'0.85n'\h-\w\\*(g9u/2u\&\\*(g9
169 PMake \*- A Tutorial
197 PMake is almost fully-compatible with Make, with which you may already
220 ``out-of-date.'' This file is known as a ``makefile'' and is usually
222 kept in the top-most directory of the system to be built. While you
231 .B \-f
233 .CW "pmake -f program.mk" ''). ``
234 .Ix 0 ref flags -f
260 the C files will need to be re-compiled should the header file be
269 one- or two-character operator.
289 the target can be re-created. The third operator is very similar to
291 out-of-date if it has no sources. These operations are represented by
292 the colon, the exclamation point and the double-colon, respectively, and are
298 ``out-of-date'' (and in need of creation) if
305 .Ix 0 def out-of-date
307 Under this operation, steps will be taken to re-create the target only
308 if it is found to be out-of-date by using these two rules.
312 If an exclamation point is used, the target will always be re-created,
314 and re-created, if necessary.
316 .Ix 0 def operator double-colon
318 If a double-colon is used, a target is out-of-date if:
328 If the target is out-of-date according to these rules, it will be re-created.
361 cannot be made by linking together .c files \*- it must be
364 it isn't the .c files that need to be re-created, it's the .o files.
365 If you think of dependencies in these terms \*- which files (targets)
366 need to be created from which files (sources) \*- you should have no problems.
387 Both targets and sources may contain the standard C-Shell wildcard
396 but the non-curly-brace ones may only appear in the final component
400 These enclose a comma-separated list of options and cause the pattern
425 .CW a-z , (
428 .CW [A-Za-z]
435 actually `re-created,' as he likes to spell it?''
436 The re-creation is accomplished by commands you place in the makefile.
440 .Ix 0 ref re-creation
459 .Ix 0 ref operator double-colon
463 If the double-colon was used, each dependency line for the target
465 if the target on the associated dependency line is out-of-date with
473 cc a.o b.o c.o \-o program
476 cc \-c a.c
478 cc \-c b.c
480 cc \-c c.c
486 on the dependency line is out-of-date, not the sources.
489 .Ix 0 ref out-of-date
491 .CW "cc \-c a.c" '' ``
494 is out-of-date. Because of the `:' operator,
505 will be considered out-of-date).
506 .Ix 0 ref out-of-date
513 If they are any combination of `@' and `\-', they cause PMake to do
533 The other special character is the `\-'. In case you didn't know,
537 non-zero if something went wrong. For this reason, PMake will consider
538 an error to have occurred if one of the shells it invokes returns a non-zero
540 whatever it's doing and exit with a non-zero status itself (any other
543 This behavior can be altered, however, by placing a `\-' at the front
545 .CW "\-mv index index.old" ''), (``
546 certain command-line arguments,
548 a case, the non-zero status is simply ignored and PMake keeps chugging
560 .B \-B
562 .Ix 0 ref flags -B
563 flag (it stands for backwards-compatible) that forces each command to
565 of which I discourage since they are now old-fashioned.\|.\|.\|.
571 that need to get input from the terminal won't work right \*- they'll
589 all upper-case letters (you don't
591 to use all upper-case letters.
594 Just tradition). Variables are assigned-to using lines of the form
600 appended-to by
607 conditionally assigned-to (if the variable isn't already defined) by
613 and assigned-to with expansion (i.e. the value is expanded (see below)
614 before being assigned to the variable\*-useful for placing a value at
629 VARIABLE != shell-command
631 .Ix 0 def variable assignment shell-output
634 .I shell-command
655 .CW "\-I/sprite/src/lib/libc \-O" ,'' ``
658 CFLAGS = \-I/sprite/src/lib/libc \-O
663 .CW "\-I/sprite/src/lib/libc \-O"
689 .B \-V ,
690 .B \-B
692 .B \-M .
694 .B \-V
696 .Ix 0 ref flags -V
697 .Ix 0 ref flags -B
698 .Ix 0 ref flags -M
724 Command-line variables.
725 .Ix 0 ref variable command-line
743 all its dependency lines), those sources that were out-of-date, etc.
753 The list of the sources for the target that were considered out-of-date.
797 .xH 3 Command-line Variables
799 .Ix 0 def variable command-line
800 Command-line variables are set when PMake is first invoked by giving a
803 pmake "CFLAGS = -I/sprite/src/lib/libc -O"
807 be a command-line variable with the given value. Any assignments to
810 is set, there is (almost) nothing you can do to change a command-line
811 variable (the search order, you see). Command-line variables may be
817 command-line variables are performed before the makefile is read, thus
842 Global variables are those set or appended-to in the makefile.
847 period and always contain upper-case letters, only. The variables are
864 .B \-f
894 is examined by PMake for command-line flags, variable assignments,
902 top-most one.
908 cc $(.ALLSRC) \-o $(.TARGET)
911 cc \-c a.c
913 cc \-c b.c
915 cc \-c c.c
931 if PMake is operating in full-compatibility mode).
932 .Ix 0 ref flags -M
937 PMake was specifically designed to re-create several targets at once,
941 .B \-L
943 .B \-J
945 .Ix 0 ref flags -L
946 .Ix 0 ref flags -J
975 The other problem comes from improperly-specified dependencies that
976 worked in Make because of its sequential, depth-first way of examining
1016 are two choices: (1) use one of the uncommonly-available makefile
1064 cc -o $(.TARGET) $(.ALLSRC)
1075 cc -c $(.ALLSRC)
1080 cc -c main.c defs.h
1085 cc -c main.c
1087 cc -c parse.c
1089 cc -c output.c
1123 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $(.TARGET) $(.ALLSRC)
1125 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c main.c
1127 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c parse.c
1129 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c output.c
1142 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $(.TARGET) $(.ALLSRC)
1144 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $(.PREFIX).c
1151 Once you've written the makefile comes the sometimes-difficult task of
1155 .B \-n
1156 .Ix 0 ref flags -n
1159 .B \-n
1167 .CW "-d m" '' ``
1168 .Ix 0 ref flags -d
1170 .CW "-p 2" .'' ``
1171 .Ix 0 ref flags -p
1176 .CW "-p 2" '' ``
1180 .CW "-p 2" '' ``
1215 They may appear in any order, interspersed with command-line variable
1218 .IP "\fB\-d\fP \fIwhat\fP"
1219 .Ix 0 def flags -d
1243 last modified; whether it is out-of-date; etc.
1249 The application of suffix-transformation rules. (See chapter 3)
1262 .B \-d
1266 .B \- ,
1269 .IP "\fB\-f\fP \fImakefile\fP"
1270 .Ix 0 def flags -f
1279 is ``\-'', PMake uses the standard input. This is useful for making
1282 .IP \fB\-h\fP
1283 .Ix 0 def flags -h
1287 .B \-J
1289 .B \-L )
1293 .IP \fB\-i\fP
1294 .Ix 0 def flags -i
1295 If you give this flag, PMake will ignore non-zero status returned
1296 by any of its shells. It's like placing a `\-' before all the commands
1298 .IP \fB\-k\fP
1299 .Ix 0 def flags -k
1301 .B \-i
1303 .B \-i ,
1305 .B \-k
1311 .IP \fB\-l\fP
1312 .Ix 0 def flags -l
1320 .B \-l
1322 prevent \fIyou\fP from invoking PMake twice in the same place \*- if
1324 .IP "\fB\-m\fP \fIdirectory\fP"
1325 .Ix 0 def flags -m
1328 .B \-m
1333 .IP \fB\-n\fP
1334 .Ix 0 def flags -n
1336 out-of-date targets in the makefile. Rather, PMake will simply print
1340 .IP "\fB\-p\fP \fInumber\fP"
1341 .Ix 0 def flags -p
1346 is a bitwise-or of 1 and 2 where 1 means it should print the input
1348 everything has been re-created. Thus
1349 .CW "\-p 3"
1350 would print it twice\*-once before processing and once after (you
1353 .IP \fB\-q\fP
1354 .Ix 0 def flags -q
1355 If you give PMake this flag, it will not try to re-create anything. It
1356 will just see if anything is out-of-date and exit non-zero if so.
1357 .IP \fB\-r\fP
1358 .Ix 0 def flags -r
1363 .IP \fB\-s\fP
1364 .Ix 0 def flags -s
1368 .IP \fB\-t\fP
1369 .Ix 0 def flags -t
1370 Rather than try to re-create a target, PMake will simply ``touch'' it
1371 so as to make it appear up-to-date. If the target didn't exist before,
1374 .IP \fB\-v\fP
1375 .Ix 0 def flags -v
1376 This is a mixed-compatibility flag intended to mimic the System V
1378 .B \-B ,
1380 .B \-V
1387 .IP \fB\-x\fP
1388 .Ix 0 def flags -x
1393 .IP \fB\-B\fP
1395 .Ix 0 def flags -B
1396 Forces PMake to be as backwards-compatible with Make as possible while
1411 .IP \fB\-C\fP
1412 .Ix 0 def flags -C
1415 .B \-C
1420 .B \-C
1435 .IP "\fB\-D\fP \fIvariable\fP"
1436 .Ix 0 def flags -D
1439 as its value. The variable is a global variable, not a command-line
1444 .IP "\fB\-I\fP \fIdirectory\fP"
1445 .Ix 0 def flags -I
1450 .IP "\fB\-J\fP \fInumber\fP"
1451 .Ix 0 def flags -J
1454 .IP "\fB\-L\fP \fInumber\fP"
1455 .Ix 0 def flags -L
1460 .IP \fB\-M\fP
1462 .Ix 0 def flags -M
1465 PMake, but it is non-parallel. This is the mode PMake enters if you
1468 .IP \fB\-P\fP
1469 .Ix 0 def flags -P
1472 once, each wanting to write its own two cent's-worth to the screen.
1482 its children) and buffering it until an entire line is received, then
1486 .B \-P
1488 .IP \fB\-V\fP
1489 .Ix 0 def flags -V
1491 .B \-V
1494 .IP \fB\-W\fP
1495 .Ix 0 def flags -W
1501 up about anything non-fatal.
1502 .IP \fB\-X\fP
1503 .Ix 0 def flags -X
1507 Several flags may follow a single `\-'. Those flags that require
1510 pmake -fDnI server.mk DEBUG /chip2/X/server/include
1545 .CW - ', `
1549 .CW - '). `
1559 assigned-to using the
1563 operator, appended-to using the
1567 operator, conditionally (if the variable is undefined) assigned-to
1572 operator, and assigned-to with variable expansion with the
1580 .Ix 0 ref variable assignment shell-output
1606 .B \-n ,
1607 .B "\-d m" ,
1609 .B "\-p 2"
1614 .xH 1 Short-cuts and Other Nice Things
1644 suffix is usually a text file to be processed by Troff with the \-ms
1662 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $(.IMPSRC)
1675 .CW \-c
1680 .CW "pmake -h" '' ``
1702 .B \-g
1708 .CW -g
1709 .CW "CFLAGS = -g" '') (``
1719 $(CC) -o $(.TARGET) $(.ALLSRC)
1730 cc -c a.c
1732 cc -c b.c
1734 cc -c c.c
1741 files \*- it's not mentioned anywhere in the new makefile. This is
1755 -rw-rw-r-- 1 deboor 34 Sep 7 00:43 Makefile
1756 -rw-rw-r-- 1 deboor 119 Oct 3 19:39 a.c
1757 -rw-rw-r-- 1 deboor 201 Sep 7 00:43 a.o
1758 -rw-rw-r-- 1 deboor 69 Sep 7 00:43 b.c
1763 .CW "pmake -d s" ''. ``
1769 applying .o -> .out to "a.o"
1772 applying .c -> .o to "a.c"
1775 applying .c -> .o to "b.c"
1788 --- a.o ---
1789 cc -c a.c
1790 --- b.o ---
1791 cc -c b.c
1792 --- a.out ---
1806 line \*- the earlier a suffix appears, the earlier it is checked as
1812 want. (Previously-defined transformation rules will be automatically
1813 redefined as the suffixes they involve are re-entered.)
1848 cc -c $(.IMPSRC)
1850 cc -o $(.TARGET) $(.IMPSRC)
1855 .CW "pmake -rd ms jive.out" ,'' ``
1864 applying .l -> .c to "jive.l"
1865 applying .c -> .o to "jive.c"
1866 applying .o -> .out to "jive.o"
1902 \(->
1904 \(->
1906 \(->
1910 three-step transformation, this is what PMake printed for the rest of
1915 applying .c -> .o to "jive.c"
1918 applying .l -> .c to "jive.l"
1920 Examining jive.l...modified 17:16:01 Oct 4, 1987...up-to-date
1921 Examining jive.c...nonexistent...out-of-date
1922 --- jive.c ---
1926 Examining jive.o...nonexistent...out-of-date
1927 --- jive.o ---
1928 cc -c jive.c
1929 Examining jive.out...nonexistent...out-of-date
1930 --- jive.out ---
1931 cc -o jive.out jive.o
1975 .B \-h
1977 .Ix 0 ref flags -h
1979 .B \-m
1981 .Ix 0 ref flags -m
1982 For files in double-quotes, the search is more complex:
1990 .B \-I
2002 You are free to use PMake variables in the filename\*-PMake will
2004 searching method with either angle brackets or double-quotes
2038 rm -f $(.TARGET)
2044 rm -f $(.TARGET)
2061 re-create everything without an error.
2066 period and are made up of all upper-case letters. There are various
2088 .B \-t
2090 .Ix 0 ref flags -t
2113 echo -n '(load "' >> input
2114 echo -n ${i} >> input
2126 echo '(load-system)' > input
2135 .B \-t
2137 .Ix 0 ref flags -t
2171 if they all had `\-' before them.
2197 not-too-distant future.
2204 sources was out-of-date. In addition, the target's name,
2217 will need those libraries before it can be re-created. You can do
2221 cc -o $(.TARGET) $(.ALLSRC)
2232 In this case, PMake will re-create the
2255 .B \-t
2257 .Ix 0 ref flags -t
2265 it's out-of-date) even if you gave the
2266 .B \-n
2268 .B \-t
2271 pmake -n
2276 .B \-n
2287 .B "\-L 0"
2297 .B \-p
2299 .Ix 0 ref flags -p
2309 When PMake is interrupted (you type control-C at the keyboard), it
2310 will attempt to clean up after itself by removing any half-made
2316 .Ix 0 ref operator double-colon
2333 target's commands are added to the end. If more than one .USE-marked
2354 rm -f $(.TARGET)
2377 only target that may appear on the left-hand-side of the operator.
2381 begin with a period and consist of upper-case letters only.
2409 re-created (so long as no errors occurred). It also serves the extra
2426 .B \-i
2427 flag when you invoke PMake \*- errors are ignored for all commands.
2428 .Ix 0 ref flags -i
2444 .B \-I
2457 .CW "-I/usr/local/X/lib/bitmaps" '' ``
2462 cc $(.INCLUDES) -c xprogram.c
2479 .B \-L ,
2485 .B \-L
2501 .B \-f
2503 .B \-r
2569 .B \-s
2602 You may apply as many modifiers as you want \*- each one is applied to
2623 .CW [0-9]
2631 .CW "$(CFLAGS:M-[ID]*)" '' ``
2633 .CW \-I
2635 .CW \-D
2644 .IP "S/\fIsearch-string\fP/\fIreplacement-string\fP/[g]"
2648 .I search-string
2650 .I replacement-string ,
2656 .I search-string
2660 .I search-string
2667 .I search-string
2669 .I replacement-string ,
2675 .I search-string
2677 regular-expression/wildcard characters have any special meaning save
2685 .I search-string
2688 colon or exclamation point to separate the two strings. This so-called
2742 $(\fIVARIABLE\fP:\fIsearch-string\fP=\fIreplacement\fP)
2750 assembly-language source file (suffix
2752 Each program can be assembled into two versions, one with error-checking
2765 (Hint: assume the error-checking versions have
2844 $(CC) -o $(.TARGET) $(.ALLSRC)
2849 .CW "cc -o mumble ../lib/mumble.c" .'' ``
2866 \&\*- when it is first encountered \*- so any changes to the
2874 rules through nonexistent files \*- the number of extra file-system
2887 program you want. The main problem with archives is they double the
2891 .CW -lm
2894 and the linker thinks they're out-of-date if you so much as look at
2901 is out-of-date:
2904 library is out-of-date.
2907 .CW \-l name'' ``
2930 file is out-of-date. When figuring out how to make an archived member target
2931 (not the file itself, but the file in the archive \*- the
2971 rm -f $(.TARGET:T)
2979 that doesn't exist, the archived object file), the out-of-date ones
2982 a table of contents placed in the archive and the newly-archived
3013 rm -f $(.MEMBER)
3018 # Re-archive the out-of-date members and recreate the library's table of
3154 double-quotes, or a number. The standard C numeric conventions (except
3170 contains a non-zero value and
3200 .CW \-g
3202 .CW \-O
3209 .CW "pmake -D DEBUG" )
3213 CFLAGS += -g
3215 CFLAGS += -O
3227 FORMATTER = ditroff -Plaser_printer
3230 FORMATTER = nroff -Pdot_matrix_printer
3242 is used to execute the commands to re-create targets. PMake also allows you
3266 .IP "\fBquiet=\fP\fIecho-off command\fP"
3272 off, echoing is expected to remain off until the echo-on command is given.
3273 .IP "\fBecho=\fP\fIecho-on command\fP"
3275 .IP "\fBfilter=\fP\fIprinted echo-off command\fP"
3276 Many shells will echo the echo-off command when it is given. This
3278 echo-off command. Wherever PMake sees this string in the shell's
3287 or the next flag begins with a `\-', the flags will be passed to the
3293 PMake wishes error-checking to be on from the very start. To this end,
3295 an initial `\-' apply as for the
3298 Just as for echo-control, error-control is achieved by inserting
3301 shell doesn't have error-control as commands, but I'll get into that
3306 another use if the shell doesn't do error-control, but I'll tell you
3318 error-control, but you'd be wrong. If
3322 PMake uses the check and ignore commands in a straight-forward manner.
3339 double quotes (the quotes will be stripped off) and may contain the
3340 usual C backslash-characters (\en is newline, \er is return, \eb is
3341 backspace, \e' escapes a single-quote inside single-quotes, \e"
3342 escapes a double-quote inside double-quotes). Now for an example.
3359 quiet="set -" \e
3360 echo="set -x" \e
3361 filter="+ set - " \e
3365 check="set -e" \e
3379 .CW "set -" .
3382 .CW "set -x" .
3385 .CW "+ set - "
3387 .CW \-x
3389 .CW \-v
3396 .CW \-x
3400 specification begins with a \-.
3402 The flag to use to turn error-checking on from the start is
3403 .CW \-e .
3405 The shell can turn error-checking on and off, and the commands to do
3409 .CW "set -e" ,
3420 ignore="sh -c '%s || exit 0\en"
3426 sh -c '\fIcmd\fP || true'
3436 to be executed only if the first command exited non-zero, and if the
3442 There are three (well, 3 \(12) levels of backwards-compatibility built
3446 .B \-B
3448 .B \-V )
3450 .xH 3 DEFCON 3 \*- Variable Expansion
3467 .B \-V
3471 .xH 3 DEFCON 2 \*- The Number of the Beast
3478 .B \-B
3489 .Ix 0 ref operator double-colon
3495 .B \-n
3501 .xH 3 "DEFCON 1 \*- Imitation is the Not the Highest Form of Flattery"
3511 .B \-M
3521 sources for each target are made in strict left-to-right order, etc.
3574 that the traversal is breadth-first and occurs in two passes.
3606 is out-of-date. If it is, it is passed to a function that will execute
3610 examination queue. Likewise, if the node is up-to-date. Only those
3623 a depth-first traversal of the graph to find all the targets that
3640 link -o $(.TARGET) $(.IMPSRC)
3642 asm -o $(.TARGET) -DDO_ERROR_CHECKING $(.IMPSRC)
3644 asm -o $(.TARGET) $(.IMPSRC)
3647 The trick to this one lies in the ``:='' variable-assignment operator
3648 and the ``:S'' variable-expansion modifier.
3690 .Gp "command-line variable"
3702 source. `:' gives a straight time-wise dependency (if the target is
3703 older than the source, the target is out-of-date), while `!' provides
3704 simply an ordering and always considers the target out-of-date. `::'
3713 defined in the environment, but not over command-line or local variables.
3772 looking at it at the time \*- sort of like the wave/particle duality