Add newfs_msdos: extensive newfs-style support for creating FAT12,
FAT16, and FAT32 file systems in all their various horriblenesses.

Approved-in-concept by: joerg

Rename variables to match msdosfs headers.

Submitted by: Pedro F. Giffuni <giffunip tutopia com>
Reviewed by: bde
MFC after: 2 weeks

Some cleanups from NetBSD:
- C99 initializers.
- Change the default volume label from "NO NAME" to "NO_NAME".
- Set OEM String to "BSD4.4 " following the unnamed spacing convention
in that other OS

Some cleanups from NetBSD:
- C99 initializers.
- Change the default volume label from "NO NAME" to "NO_NAME".
- Set OEM String to "BSD4.4 " following the unnamed spacing convention
in that other OS that suggests "MSWIN4.1"
Also, David Naylor's changes for Clang, mostly changing the signess
of constants.

Submitted by: Pedro F. Giffuni <giffunip tutopia com>
Clang fixes by: David Naylor <naylor.b.david gmail com>
Reviewed by: bde (with some disagreement about Clang issues)
MFC after: 2 weeks

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- Merge from HEAD

Do not prepend /dev/ when -C is used.

Submitted by: Christoph Mallon <christoph mallon gmx de>

When using -C, do not warn when the file is not a character device, but warn when it is not a regular file.

Submitted by: Christoph Mallon <christoph mallon gmx de>

Fix a bug in r185587.

fstat(fd, &sb) was not executed unconditionally anymore so sb was read
uninitialised when -C is used.

Submitted by: Christoph Mallon <christoph mallon gmx de>

Use ftruncate() instead of lseek()+write()+lseek() to set the created
file (-C) to the requested size.

Submitted by: Christoph Mallon <christoph mallon gmx de>

De-static local variables in main() (which is not recursive) and const-ify
others.

Submitted by: Christoph Mallon <christoph mallon gmx de>

Show -@ and -C in usage, which were added in r185587.

Submitted by: Christoph Mallon <christoph mallon gmx de>

Clean up the usage() function to use a single fprintf().

Submitted by: Christoph Mallon <christoph mallon gmx de>

Update the projects tree to a newer FreeBSD current.

newfs_msdos: allow to work with media that doesn't have any CHS params

Either use parameters provided by user or make them up.
The code for faking CHS params is borrowed from disklabel code.
The log

newfs_msdos: allow to work with media that doesn't have any CHS params

Either use parameters provided by user or make them up.
The code for faking CHS params is borrowed from disklabel code.
The logic for using user-provided and auto-guessed parameters is not
perfect, so to speak.

PR: bin/121182
Approved by: jhb (mentor)

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Fix build - cast off_t to (intmax_t) for printing.

Some useful operational extensions to newfs_msdos, especially
when preparing images for emulators or flash devices:

+ option '-C size' to create the underlying image file with given size.
Saves do

Some useful operational extensions to newfs_msdos, especially
when preparing images for emulators or flash devices:

+ option '-C size' to create the underlying image file with given size.
Saves doing a 'dd' before, and especially it creates a sparse file

+ option '-@ offset' to build the FAT image at the specified offset
in the image file or device;

+ make the cluster size adaptive on the filesystem size.
Previously the default was 4k which is really unconvenient with
large media; now it goes from 512 bytes to 32k depending on
filesystem size (i still need to check whether it makes sense
to go further up, to 64k or above);

+ fix default geometry when not specified on the command line,
use 63 sectors/255 heads by default.
Also trim the size so it exactly a multiple of a track, to avoid
complaints in some filesystem code.

+ document all the above, plus some manual page clarifications.

MFC after: 4 weeks

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Create a fake geometry (16 heads, 64 sectors) when dealing with
a plain file and a geometry is not explicitly supplied through
command line or disktab entry.

This way you can a FAT image on a file a

Create a fake geometry (16 heads, 64 sectors) when dealing with
a plain file and a geometry is not explicitly supplied through
command line or disktab entry.

This way you can a FAT image on a file as simply as this:

newfs_msdos ./some/file

(right now you need a much longer command

newfs_msdos -h 32 -u 64 -S 512 -s $total_blocks -o 0 ./some/file

Will be merged after 7.1 and 6.4 are released.
See also the related PR which suggests a similar change.

PR: bin/121182
MFC after: 4 weeks

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The newfs_msdos utility does not store the boot signature in the
correct place on large sector disks. The boot signature should be at
offset 0x1fe in the BPB; newfs_msdos currently stores it 2 bytes

The newfs_msdos utility does not store the boot signature in the
correct place on large sector disks. The boot signature should be at
offset 0x1fe in the BPB; newfs_msdos currently stores it 2 bytes from
the end of the sector.

Taken from: NetBSD

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WARNS=6 cleanup:

- Initialize everything in the struct array, not only the mentioned
ones
- Unconditionally initialize hs to 0 to avoid repeatly doing so
- Cast to unsigned int when comparing

WARNS=6 cleanup:

- Initialize everything in the struct array, not only the mentioned
ones
- Unconditionally initialize hs to 0 to avoid repeatly doing so
- Cast to unsigned int when comparing to unsigned variables.

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Remove unnecessary newlines from errx() arguments.

Bring newfs_msdos into the GEOM world. Totally rewrite and simplify
getdiskinfo(). For the fixed-disk case, bpb->hid probably isn't
handled correctly, but I'm not sure if this is a serious problem

Bring newfs_msdos into the GEOM world. Totally rewrite and simplify
getdiskinfo(). For the fixed-disk case, bpb->hid probably isn't
handled correctly, but I'm not sure if this is a serious problem since
the primary use of this program is to format floppy disks.

Reviewed by: phk

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EFI GPT partitions use 'p' as a slice seperator. eg: da0p1 or da0p217.
(There is a theoretical limit of 16384 partitions)

s/filesystem/file system/g as discussed on -developers

more file system > filesystem

Don't depend on <sys/stat.h> bogusly including <sys/time.h> (and thereby
<time.h>).

Remove redundant code left over on removal of /dev/rXXX handling
in r1.12.