i86pc/os/timestamp.c

/*
 * CDDL HEADER START
 *
 * The contents of this file are subject to the terms of the
 * Common Development and Distribution License (the "License").
 * You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 *
 * You can obtain a copy of the license at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE
 * or http://www.opensolaris.org/os/licensing.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions
 * and limitations under the License.
 *
 * When distributing Covered Code, include this CDDL HEADER in each
 * file and include the License file at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE.
 * If applicable, add the following below this CDDL HEADER, with the
 * fields enclosed by brackets "[]" replaced with your own identifying
 * information: Portions Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
 *
 * CDDL HEADER END
 */

/*
 * Copyright 2007 Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All rights reserved.
 * Use is subject to license terms.
 */

#pragma ident	"%Z%%M%	%I%	%E% SMI"

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/systm.h>
#include <sys/disp.h>
#include <sys/var.h>
#include <sys/cmn_err.h>
#include <sys/debug.h>
#include <sys/x86_archext.h>
#include <sys/archsystm.h>
#include <sys/cpuvar.h>
#include <sys/psm_defs.h>
#include <sys/clock.h>
#include <sys/atomic.h>
#include <sys/lockstat.h>
#include <sys/smp_impldefs.h>
#include <sys/dtrace.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/panic.h>

/*
 * Using the Pentium's TSC register for gethrtime()
 * ------------------------------------------------
 *
 * The Pentium family, like many chip architectures, has a high-resolution
 * timestamp counter ("TSC") which increments once per CPU cycle.  The contents
 * of the timestamp counter are read with the RDTSC instruction.
 *
 * As with its UltraSPARC equivalent (the %tick register), TSC's cycle count
 * must be translated into nanoseconds in order to implement gethrtime().
 * We avoid inducing floating point operations in this conversion by
 * implementing the same nsec_scale algorithm as that found in the sun4u
 * platform code.  The sun4u NATIVE_TIME_TO_NSEC_SCALE block comment contains
 * a detailed description of the algorithm; the comment is not reproduced
 * here.  This implementation differs only in its value for NSEC_SHIFT:
 * we implement an NSEC_SHIFT of 5 (instead of sun4u's 4) to allow for
 * 60 MHz Pentiums.
 *
 * While TSC and %tick are both cycle counting registers, TSC's functionality
 * falls short in several critical ways:
 *
 *  (a)	TSCs on different CPUs are not guaranteed to be in sync.  While in
 *	practice they often _are_ in sync, this isn't guaranteed by the
 *	architecture.
 *
 *  (b)	The TSC cannot be reliably set to an arbitrary value.  The architecture
 *	only supports writing the low 32-bits of TSC, making it impractical
 *	to rewrite.
 *
 *  (c)	The architecture doesn't have the capacity to interrupt based on
 *	arbitrary values of TSC; there is no TICK_CMPR equivalent.
 *
 * Together, (a) and (b) imply that software must track the skew between
 * TSCs and account for it (it is assumed that while there may exist skew,
 * there does not exist drift).  To determine the skew between CPUs, we
 * have newly onlined CPUs call tsc_sync_slave(), while the CPU performing
 * the online operation calls tsc_sync_master().  Once both CPUs are ready,
 * the master sets a shared flag, and each reads its TSC register.  To reduce
 * bias, we then wait until both CPUs are ready again, but this time the
 * slave sets the shared flag, and each reads its TSC register again. The
 * master compares the average of the two sample values, and, if observable
 * skew is found, changes the gethrtimef function pointer to point to a
 * gethrtime() implementation which will take the discovered skew into
 * consideration.
 *
 * In the absence of time-of-day clock adjustments, gethrtime() must stay in
 * sync with gettimeofday().  This is problematic; given (c), the software
 * cannot drive its time-of-day source from TSC, and yet they must somehow be
 * kept in sync.  We implement this by having a routine, tsc_tick(), which
 * is called once per second from the interrupt which drives time-of-day.
 * tsc_tick() recalculates nsec_scale based on the number of the CPU cycles
 * since boot versus the number of seconds since boot.  This algorithm
 * becomes more accurate over time and converges quickly; the error in
 * nsec_scale is typically under 1 ppm less than 10 seconds after boot, and
 * is less than 100 ppb 1 minute after boot.
 *
 * Note that the hrtime base for gethrtime, tsc_hrtime_base, is modified
 * atomically with nsec_scale under CLOCK_LOCK.  This assures that time
 * monotonically increases.
 */

#define	NSEC_SHIFT 5

static uint_t nsec_scale;

/*
 * These two variables used to be grouped together inside of a structure that
 * lived on a single cache line. A regression (bug ID 4623398) caused the
 * compiler to emit code that "optimized" away the while-loops below. The
 * result was that no synchronization between the onlining and onlined CPUs
 * took place.
 */
static volatile int tsc_ready;
static volatile int tsc_sync_go;

/*
 * Used as indices into the tsc_sync_snaps[] array.
 */
#define	TSC_MASTER		0
#define	TSC_SLAVE		1

/*
 * Used in the tsc_master_sync()/tsc_slave_sync() rendezvous.
 */
#define	TSC_SYNC_STOP		1
#define	TSC_SYNC_GO		2
#define	TSC_SYNC_AGAIN		3

#define	TSC_CONVERT_AND_ADD(tsc, hrt, scale) {	 	\
	unsigned int *_l = (unsigned int *)&(tsc); 	\
	(hrt) += mul32(_l[1], scale) << NSEC_SHIFT; 	\
	(hrt) += mul32(_l[0], scale) >> (32 - NSEC_SHIFT); \
}

#define	TSC_CONVERT(tsc, hrt, scale) { 			\
	unsigned int *_l = (unsigned int *)&(tsc); 	\
	(hrt) = mul32(_l[1], scale) << NSEC_SHIFT; 	\
	(hrt) += mul32(_l[0], scale) >> (32 - NSEC_SHIFT); \
}

int tsc_master_slave_sync_needed = 1;

static int	tsc_max_delta;
static hrtime_t tsc_sync_snaps[2];
static hrtime_t tsc_sync_delta[NCPU];
static hrtime_t tsc_sync_tick_delta[NCPU];
static hrtime_t	tsc_last = 0;
static hrtime_t	tsc_last_jumped = 0;
static hrtime_t	tsc_hrtime_base = 0;
static int	tsc_jumped = 0;

static hrtime_t	shadow_tsc_hrtime_base;
static hrtime_t	shadow_tsc_last;
static uint_t	shadow_nsec_scale;
static uint32_t	shadow_hres_lock;

hrtime_t
tsc_gethrtime(void)
{
	uint32_t old_hres_lock;
	hrtime_t tsc, hrt;

	do {
		old_hres_lock = hres_lock;

		if ((tsc = tsc_read()) >= tsc_last) {
			/*
			 * It would seem to be obvious that this is true
			 * (that is, the past is less than the present),
			 * but it isn't true in the presence of suspend/resume
			 * cycles.  If we manage to call gethrtime()
			 * after a resume, but before the first call to
			 * tsc_tick(), we will see the jump.  In this case,
			 * we will simply use the value in TSC as the delta.
			 */
			tsc -= tsc_last;
		} else if (tsc >= tsc_last - 2*tsc_max_delta) {
			/*
			 * There is a chance that tsc_tick() has just run on
			 * another CPU, and we have drifted just enough so that
			 * we appear behind tsc_last.  In this case, force the
			 * delta to be zero.
			 */
			tsc = 0;
		}

		hrt = tsc_hrtime_base;

		TSC_CONVERT_AND_ADD(tsc, hrt, nsec_scale);
	} while ((old_hres_lock & ~1) != hres_lock);

	return (hrt);
}

hrtime_t
tsc_gethrtime_delta(void)
{
	uint32_t old_hres_lock;
	hrtime_t tsc, hrt;
	int flags;

	do {
		old_hres_lock = hres_lock;

		/*
		 * We need to disable interrupts here to assure that we
		 * don't migrate between the call to tsc_read() and
		 * adding the CPU's TSC tick delta. Note that disabling
		 * and reenabling preemption is forbidden here because
		 * we may be in the middle of a fast trap. In the amd64
		 * kernel we cannot tolerate preemption during a fast
		 * trap. See _update_sregs().
		 */

		flags = clear_int_flag();
		tsc = tsc_read() + tsc_sync_tick_delta[CPU->cpu_id];
		restore_int_flag(flags);

		/* See comments in tsc_gethrtime() above */

		if (tsc >= tsc_last) {
			tsc -= tsc_last;
		} else if (tsc >= tsc_last - 2 * tsc_max_delta) {
			tsc = 0;
		}

		hrt = tsc_hrtime_base;

		TSC_CONVERT_AND_ADD(tsc, hrt, nsec_scale);
	} while ((old_hres_lock & ~1) != hres_lock);

	return (hrt);
}

/*
 * This is similar to the above, but it cannot actually spin on hres_lock.
 * As a result, it caches all of the variables it needs; if the variables
 * don't change, it's done.
 */
hrtime_t
dtrace_gethrtime(void)
{
	uint32_t old_hres_lock;
	hrtime_t tsc, hrt;
	int flags;

	do {
		old_hres_lock = hres_lock;

		/*
		 * Interrupts are disabled to ensure that the thread isn't
		 * migrated between the tsc_read() and adding the CPU's
		 * TSC tick delta.
		 */
		flags = clear_int_flag();

		tsc = tsc_read();

		if (gethrtimef == tsc_gethrtime_delta)
			tsc += tsc_sync_tick_delta[CPU->cpu_id];

		restore_int_flag(flags);

		/*
		 * See the comments in tsc_gethrtime(), above.
		 */
		if (tsc >= tsc_last)
			tsc -= tsc_last;
		else if (tsc >= tsc_last - 2*tsc_max_delta)
			tsc = 0;

		hrt = tsc_hrtime_base;

		TSC_CONVERT_AND_ADD(tsc, hrt, nsec_scale);

		if ((old_hres_lock & ~1) == hres_lock)
			break;

		/*
		 * If we're here, the clock lock is locked -- or it has been
		 * unlocked and locked since we looked.  This may be due to
		 * tsc_tick() running on another CPU -- or it may be because
		 * some code path has ended up in dtrace_probe() with
		 * CLOCK_LOCK held.  We'll try to determine that we're in
		 * the former case by taking another lap if the lock has
		 * changed since when we first looked at it.
		 */
		if (old_hres_lock != hres_lock)
			continue;

		/*
		 * So the lock was and is locked.  We'll use the old data
		 * instead.
		 */
		old_hres_lock = shadow_hres_lock;

		/*
		 * Again, disable interrupts to ensure that the thread
		 * isn't migrated between the tsc_read() and adding
		 * the CPU's TSC tick delta.
		 */
		flags = clear_int_flag();

		tsc = tsc_read();

		if (gethrtimef == tsc_gethrtime_delta)
			tsc += tsc_sync_tick_delta[CPU->cpu_id];

		restore_int_flag(flags);

		/*
		 * See the comments in tsc_gethrtime(), above.
		 */
		if (tsc >= shadow_tsc_last)
			tsc -= shadow_tsc_last;
		else if (tsc >= shadow_tsc_last - 2 * tsc_max_delta)
			tsc = 0;

		hrt = shadow_tsc_hrtime_base;

		TSC_CONVERT_AND_ADD(tsc, hrt, shadow_nsec_scale);
	} while ((old_hres_lock & ~1) != shadow_hres_lock);

	return (hrt);
}

hrtime_t
tsc_gethrtimeunscaled(void)
{
	uint32_t old_hres_lock;
	hrtime_t tsc;

	do {
		old_hres_lock = hres_lock;

		/* See tsc_tick(). */
		tsc = tsc_read() + tsc_last_jumped;
	} while ((old_hres_lock & ~1) != hres_lock);

	return (tsc);
}


/* Convert a tsc timestamp to nanoseconds */
void
tsc_scalehrtime(hrtime_t *tsc)
{
	hrtime_t hrt;
	hrtime_t mytsc;

	if (tsc == NULL)
		return;
	mytsc = *tsc;

	TSC_CONVERT(mytsc, hrt, nsec_scale);
	*tsc  = hrt;
}

hrtime_t
tsc_gethrtimeunscaled_delta(void)
{
	hrtime_t hrt;
	int flags;

	/*
	 * Similarly to tsc_gethrtime_delta, we need to disable preemption
	 * to prevent migration between the call to tsc_gethrtimeunscaled
	 * and adding the CPU's hrtime delta. Note that disabling and
	 * reenabling preemption is forbidden here because we may be in the
	 * middle of a fast trap. In the amd64 kernel we cannot tolerate
	 * preemption during a fast trap. See _update_sregs().
	 */

	flags = clear_int_flag();
	hrt = tsc_gethrtimeunscaled() + tsc_sync_tick_delta[CPU->cpu_id];
	restore_int_flag(flags);

	return (hrt);
}

/*
 * Called by the master after the sync operation is complete.  If the
 * slave is discovered to lag, gethrtimef will be changed to point to
 * tsc_gethrtime_delta().
 */
static void
tsc_digest(processorid_t target)
{
	hrtime_t tdelta, hdelta = 0;
	int max = tsc_max_delta;
	processorid_t source = CPU->cpu_id;
	int update;

	update = tsc_sync_delta[source] != 0 ||
	    gethrtimef == tsc_gethrtime_delta;

	/*
	 * We divide by 2 since each of the data points is the sum of two TSC
	 * reads; this takes the average of the two.
	 */
	tdelta = (tsc_sync_snaps[TSC_SLAVE] - tsc_sync_snaps[TSC_MASTER]) / 2;
	if ((tdelta > max) || ((tdelta >= 0) && update)) {
		TSC_CONVERT_AND_ADD(tdelta, hdelta, nsec_scale);
		tsc_sync_delta[target] = tsc_sync_delta[source] - hdelta;
		tsc_sync_tick_delta[target] = -tdelta;
		gethrtimef = tsc_gethrtime_delta;
		gethrtimeunscaledf = tsc_gethrtimeunscaled_delta;
		return;
	}

	tdelta = -tdelta;
	if ((tdelta > max) || update) {
		TSC_CONVERT_AND_ADD(tdelta, hdelta, nsec_scale);
		tsc_sync_delta[target] = tsc_sync_delta[source] + hdelta;
		tsc_sync_tick_delta[target] = tdelta;
		gethrtimef = tsc_gethrtime_delta;
		gethrtimeunscaledf = tsc_gethrtimeunscaled_delta;
	}

}

/*
 * Called by a CPU which has just performed an online operation on another
 * CPU.  It is expected that the newly onlined CPU will call tsc_sync_slave().
 */
void
tsc_sync_master(processorid_t slave)
{
	ulong_t flags;
	hrtime_t hrt;

	if (!tsc_master_slave_sync_needed)
		return;

	ASSERT(tsc_sync_go != TSC_SYNC_GO);

	flags = clear_int_flag();

	/*
	 * Wait for the slave CPU to arrive.
	 */
	while (tsc_ready != TSC_SYNC_GO)
		continue;

	/*
	 * Tell the slave CPU to begin reading its TSC; read our own.
	 */
	tsc_sync_go = TSC_SYNC_GO;
	hrt = tsc_read();

	/*
	 * Tell the slave that we're ready, and wait for the slave to tell us
	 * to read our TSC again.
	 */
	tsc_ready = TSC_SYNC_AGAIN;
	while (tsc_sync_go != TSC_SYNC_AGAIN)
		continue;

	hrt += tsc_read();
	tsc_sync_snaps[TSC_MASTER] = hrt;

	/*
	 * Wait for the slave to finish reading its TSC.
	 */
	while (tsc_ready != TSC_SYNC_STOP)
		continue;

	/*
	 * At this point, both CPUs have performed their tsc_read() calls.
	 * We'll digest it now before letting the slave CPU return.
	 */
	tsc_digest(slave);
	tsc_sync_go = TSC_SYNC_STOP;

	restore_int_flag(flags);
}

/*
 * Called by a CPU which has just been onlined.  It is expected that the CPU
 * performing the online operation will call tsc_sync_master().
 */
void
tsc_sync_slave(void)
{
	ulong_t flags;
	hrtime_t hrt;

	if (!tsc_master_slave_sync_needed)
		return;

	ASSERT(tsc_sync_go != TSC_SYNC_GO);

	flags = clear_int_flag();

	/* to test tsc_gethrtime_delta, add wrmsr(REG_TSC, 0) here */

	/*
	 * Tell the master CPU that we're ready, and wait for the master to
	 * tell us to begin reading our TSC.
	 */
	tsc_ready = TSC_SYNC_GO;
	while (tsc_sync_go != TSC_SYNC_GO)
		continue;

	hrt = tsc_read();

	/*
	 * Wait for the master CPU to be ready to read its TSC again.
	 */
	while (tsc_ready != TSC_SYNC_AGAIN)
		continue;

	/*
	 * Tell the master CPU to read its TSC again; read ours again.
	 */
	tsc_sync_go = TSC_SYNC_AGAIN;

	hrt += tsc_read();
	tsc_sync_snaps[TSC_SLAVE] = hrt;

	/*
	 * Tell the master that we're done, and wait to be dismissed.
	 */
	tsc_ready = TSC_SYNC_STOP;
	while (tsc_sync_go != TSC_SYNC_STOP)
		continue;

	restore_int_flag(flags);
}

/*
 * Called once per second on a CPU from the cyclic subsystem's
 * CY_HIGH_LEVEL interrupt.  (No longer just cpu0-only)
 */
void
tsc_tick(void)
{
	hrtime_t now, delta;
	ushort_t spl;

	/*
	 * Before we set the new variables, we set the shadow values.  This
	 * allows for lock free operation in dtrace_gethrtime().
	 */
	lock_set_spl((lock_t *)&shadow_hres_lock + HRES_LOCK_OFFSET,
	    ipltospl(CBE_HIGH_PIL), &spl);

	shadow_tsc_hrtime_base = tsc_hrtime_base;
	shadow_tsc_last = tsc_last;
	shadow_nsec_scale = nsec_scale;

	shadow_hres_lock++;
	splx(spl);

	CLOCK_LOCK(&spl);

	now = tsc_read();

	if (gethrtimef == tsc_gethrtime_delta)
		now += tsc_sync_tick_delta[CPU->cpu_id];

	if (now < tsc_last) {
		/*
		 * The TSC has just jumped into the past.  We assume that
		 * this is due to a suspend/resume cycle, and we're going
		 * to use the _current_ value of TSC as the delta.  This
		 * will keep tsc_hrtime_base correct.  We're also going to
		 * assume that rate of tsc does not change after a suspend
		 * resume (i.e nsec_scale remains the same).
		 */
		delta = now;
		tsc_last_jumped += tsc_last;
		tsc_jumped = 1;
	} else {
		/*
		 * Determine the number of TSC ticks since the last clock
		 * tick, and add that to the hrtime base.
		 */
		delta = now - tsc_last;
	}

	TSC_CONVERT_AND_ADD(delta, tsc_hrtime_base, nsec_scale);
	tsc_last = now;

	CLOCK_UNLOCK(spl);
}

void
tsc_hrtimeinit(uint64_t cpu_freq_hz)
{
	extern int gethrtime_hires;
	longlong_t tsc;
	ulong_t flags;

	/*
	 * cpu_freq_hz is the measured cpu frequency in hertz
	 */

	/*
	 * We can't accommodate CPUs slower than 31.25 MHz.
	 */
	ASSERT(cpu_freq_hz > NANOSEC / (1 << NSEC_SHIFT));
	nsec_scale =
	    (uint_t)(((uint64_t)NANOSEC << (32 - NSEC_SHIFT)) / cpu_freq_hz);

	flags = clear_int_flag();
	tsc = tsc_read();
	(void) tsc_gethrtime();
	tsc_max_delta = tsc_read() - tsc;
	restore_int_flag(flags);
	gethrtimef = tsc_gethrtime;
	gethrtimeunscaledf = tsc_gethrtimeunscaled;
	scalehrtimef = tsc_scalehrtime;
	hrtime_tick = tsc_tick;
	gethrtime_hires = 1;
}