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/usr/bin/dd [operand=value]...
The dd utility copies the specified input file to the specified output with possible conversions. The standard input and output are used by default. The input and output block sizes may be specified to take advantage of raw physical I/O. Sizes are specified in bytes; a number may end with k, b, or w to specify multiplication by 1024, 512, or 2, respectively. Numbers may also be separated by x to indicate multiplication.
The dd utility reads the input one block at a time, using the specified input block size. dd then processes the block of data actually returned, which could be smaller than the requested block size. dd applies any conversions that have been specified and writes the resulting data to the output in blocks of the specified output block size.
cbs is used only if ascii, asciib, unblock, ebcdic, ebcdicb, ibm, ibmb, or block conversion is specified. In the first two cases, cbs characters are copied into the conversion buffer, any specified character mapping is done, trailing blanks are trimmed, and a NEWLINE is added before sending the line to output. In the last three cases, characters up to NEWLINE are read into the conversion buffer and blanks are added to make up an output record of size cbs. ASCII files are presumed to contain NEWLINE characters. If cbs is unspecified or 0, the ascii, asciib, ebcdic, ebcdicb, ibm, and ibmb options convert the character set without changing the input file's block structure. The unblock and block options become a simple file copy.
After completion, dd reports the number of whole and partial input and output blocks.
The following operands are supported: if=file
Specifies the input path. Standard input is the default.
Specifies the output path. Standard output is the default. If the seek=expr conversion is not also specified, the output file will be truncated before the copy begins, unless conv=notrunc is specified. If seek=expr is specified, but conv=notrunc is not, the effect of the copy will be to preserve the blocks in the output file over which dd seeks, but no other portion of the output file will be preserved. (If the size of the seek plus the size of the input file is less than the previous size of the output file, the output file is shortened by the copy.)
Specifies the input block size in n bytes (default is 512).
Specifies the output block size in n bytes (default is 512).
Sets both input and output block sizes to n bytes, superseding ibs= and obs=. If no conversion other than sync, noerror, and notrunc is specified, each input block is copied to the output as a single block without aggregating short blocks.
Specifies the conversion block size for block and unblock in bytes by n (default is 0). If cbs= is omitted or given a value of 0, using block or unblock produces unspecified results. This option is used only if ASCII or EBCDIC conversion is specified. For the ascii and asciib operands, the input is handled as described for the unblock operand except that characters are converted to ASCII before the trailing SPACE characters are deleted. For the ebcdic, ebcdicb, ibm, and ibmb operands, the input is handled as described for the block operand except that the characters are converted to EBCDIC or IBM EBCDIC after the trailing SPACE characters are added.
Copies and concatenates n input files before terminating (makes sense only where input is a magnetic tape or similar device).
Skips n input blocks (using the specified input block size) before starting to copy. On seekable files, the implementation reads the blocks or seeks past them. On non-seekable files, the blocks are read and the data is discarded.
Seeks n blocks from beginning of input file before copying (appropriate for disk files, where skip can be incredibly slow).
Seeks n blocks from beginning of output file before copying.
Skips n blocks (using the specified output block size) from beginning of output file before copying. On non-seekable files, existing blocks are read and space from the current end-of-file to the specified offset, if any, is filled with null bytes. On seekable files, the implementation seeks to the specified offset or reads the blocks as described for non-seekable files.
Copies only n input blocks.
Where values are comma-separated symbols from the following list: ascii
Converts EBCDIC to ASCII.
Converts EBCDIC to ASCII using BSD-compatible character translations.
Converts ASCII to EBCDIC. If converting fixed-length ASCII records without NEWLINEs, sets up a pipeline with dd conv=unblock beforehand.
Converts ASCII to EBCDIC using BSD-compatible character translations. If converting fixed-length ASCII records without NEWLINEs, sets up a pipeline with dd conv=unblock beforehand.
Slightly different map of ASCII to EBCDIC. If converting fixed-length ASCII records without NEWLINEs, sets up a pipeline with dd conv=unblock beforehand.
Slightly different map of ASCII to EBCDIC using BSD-compatible character translations. If converting fixed-length ASCII records without NEWLINEs, sets up a pipeline with dd conv=unblock beforehand.
Treats the input as a sequence of NEWLINE-terminated or EOF-terminated variable-length records independent of the input block boundaries. Each record is converted to a record with a fixed length specified by the conversion block size. Any NEWLINE character is removed from the input line. SPACE characters are appended to lines that are shorter than their conversion block size to fill the block. Lines that are longer than the conversion block size are truncated to the largest number of characters that will fit into that size. The number of truncated lines is reported.
Converts fixed-length records to variable length. Reads a number of bytes equal to the conversion block size (or the number of bytes remaining in the input, if less than the conversion block size), delete all trailing SPACE characters, and append a NEWLINE character.
Maps upper-case characters specified by the LC_CTYPE keyword tolower to the corresponding lower-case character. Characters for which no mapping is specified are not modified by this conversion.
Maps lower-case characters specified by the LC_CTYPE keyword toupper to the corresponding upper-case character. Characters for which no mapping is specified are not modified by this conversion.
Swaps every pair of input bytes. If the current input record is an odd number of bytes, the last byte in the input record is ignored.
Does not stop processing on an input error. When an input error occurs, a diagnostic message is written on standard error, followed by the current input and output block counts in the same format as used at completion. If the sync conversion is specified, the missing input is replaced with null bytes and processed normally. Otherwise, the input block will be omitted from the output.
Does not truncate the output file. Preserves blocks in the output file not explicitly written by this invocation of dd. (See also the preceding of=file operand.)
Pads every input block to the size of the ibs= buffer, appending null bytes. (If either block or unblock is also specified, appends SPACE characters, rather than null bytes.)
The output file is opened with the O_DSYNC flag set. All data writes will be synchronous. For more information on O_DSYNC see fcntl.h(3HEAD).
The output file is opened with the O_SYNC flag set. All data and metadata writes will be synchronous. For more information on O_SYNC see fcntl.h(3HEAD).
If operands other than conv= and oflag= are specified more than once, the last specified operand=value is used.
For the bs=, cbs=, ibs=, and obs= operands, the application must supply an expression specifying a size in bytes. The expression, expr, can be:
1. a positive decimal number
2. a positive decimal number followed by k, specifying multiplication by 1024
3. a positive decimal number followed by M, specifying multiplication by 1024*1024
4. a positive decimal number followed by G, specifying multiplication by 1024*1024*1024
5. a positive decimal number followed by T, specifying multiplication by 1024*1024*1024*1024
6. a positive decimal number followed by P, specifying multiplication by 1024*1024*1024*1024*1024
7. a positive decimal number followed by E, specifying multiplication by 1024*1024*1024*1024*1024*1024
8. a positive decimal number followed by Z, specifying multiplication by 1024*1024*1024*1024*1024*1024*1024
9. a positive decimal number followed by b, specifying multiplication by 512
10. two or more positive decimal numbers (with or without k or b) separated by x, specifying the product of the indicated values.
All of the operands will be processed before any input is read.
When dd receives either SIGINFO or SIGUSR1, dd will emit the current input and output block counts, total bytes written, total time elapsed, and the number of bytes per second to standard error. This is the same information format that dd emits when it successfully completes. Users may send SIGINFO via their terminal. The default character is ^T, see stty(1) for more information.
For SIGINT, dd writes status information to standard error before exiting. dd takes the standard action for all other signals.
See largefile(5) for the description of the behavior of dd when encountering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 2^31 bytes).
Example 1 Copying from one tape drive to another
The following example copies from tape drive 0 to tape drive 1, using a common historical device naming convention.
example% dd if=/dev/rmt/0h of=/dev/rmt/1h
Example 2 Stripping the first 10 bytes from standard input
The following example strips the first 10 bytes from standard input:
example% dd ibs=10 skip=1
Example 3 Reading a tape into an ASCII file
This example reads an EBCDIC tape blocked ten 80-byte EBCDIC card images per block into the ASCII file x:
example% dd if=/dev/tape of=x ibs=800 cbs=80 conv=ascii,lcase
Example 4 Using conv=sync to write to tape
The following example uses conv=sync when writing to a tape:
example% tar cvf - . | compress | dd obs=1024k of=/dev/rmt/0 conv=sync
See environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment variables that affect the execution of dd: LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, and NLSPATH.
The following exit values are returned: 0
The input file was copied successfully.
An error occurred.
If an input error is detected and the noerror conversion has not been specified, any partial output block will be written to the output file, a diagnostic message will be written, and the copy operation will be discontinued. If some other error is detected, a diagnostic message will be written and the copy operation will be discontinued.
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
| Interface Stability Standard |
cp(1), sed(1), tr(1), fcntl.h(3HEAD), attributes(5), environ(5), largefile(5), standards(5)
numbers of full and partial blocks read(written)
Do not use dd to copy files between file systems having different block sizes.
Using a blocked device to copy a file will result in extra nulls being added to the file to pad the final block to the block boundary.
When dd reads from a pipe, using the ibs=X and obs=Y operands, the output will always be blocked in chunks of size Y. When bs=Z is used, the output blocks will be whatever was available to be read from the pipe at the time.
When using dd to copy files to a tape device, the file size must be a multiple of the device sector size (for example, 512 Kbyte). To copy files of arbitrary size to a tape device, use tar(1) or cpio(1).