xref: /freebsd/usr.sbin/makefs/ffs.c (revision d7d962ead0b6e5e8a39202d0590022082bf5bfb6)
1 /*	$NetBSD: ffs.c,v 1.45 2011/10/09 22:49:26 christos Exp $	*/
2 
3 /*-
4  * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-4-Clause
5  *
6  * Copyright (c) 2001 Wasabi Systems, Inc.
7  * All rights reserved.
8  *
9  * Written by Luke Mewburn for Wasabi Systems, Inc.
10  *
11  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
12  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
13  * are met:
14  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
15  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
16  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
17  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
18  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
19  * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
20  *    must display the following acknowledgement:
21  *      This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
22  *      Wasabi Systems, Inc.
23  * 4. The name of Wasabi Systems, Inc. may not be used to endorse
24  *    or promote products derived from this software without specific prior
25  *    written permission.
26  *
27  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY WASABI SYSTEMS, INC. ``AS IS'' AND
28  * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
29  * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
30  * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL WASABI SYSTEMS, INC
31  * BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
32  * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
33  * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
34  * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
35  * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
36  * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
37  * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
38  */
39 /*
40  * Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1993
41  *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
42  *
43  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
44  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
45  * are met:
46  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
47  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
48  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
49  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
50  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
51  * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
52  *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
53  *    without specific prior written permission.
54  *
55  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
56  * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
57  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
58  * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
59  * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
60  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
61  * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
62  * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
63  * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
64  * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
65  * SUCH DAMAGE.
66  *
67  *	@(#)ffs_alloc.c	8.19 (Berkeley) 7/13/95
68  */
69 
70 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
71 __FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");
72 
73 #if HAVE_NBTOOL_CONFIG_H
74 #include "nbtool_config.h"
75 #endif
76 
77 #include <sys/param.h>
78 
79 #include <sys/mount.h>
80 
81 #include <assert.h>
82 #include <errno.h>
83 #include <fcntl.h>
84 #include <stdarg.h>
85 #include <stdint.h>
86 #include <stdio.h>
87 #include <stdlib.h>
88 #include <string.h>
89 #include <time.h>
90 #include <unistd.h>
91 #include <util.h>
92 
93 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STATVFS_F_IOSIZE && HAVE_FSTATVFS
94 #include <sys/statvfs.h>
95 #endif
96 
97 #include <ufs/ufs/dinode.h>
98 #include <ufs/ufs/dir.h>
99 #include <ufs/ffs/fs.h>
100 
101 #include "ffs/ufs_bswap.h"
102 #include "ffs/ufs_inode.h"
103 #include "ffs/newfs_extern.h"
104 #include "ffs/ffs_extern.h"
105 
106 #undef clrbuf
107 #include "makefs.h"
108 #include "ffs.h"
109 
110 #undef DIP
111 #define DIP(dp, field) \
112 	((ffs_opts->version == 1) ? \
113 	(dp)->ffs1_din.di_##field : (dp)->ffs2_din.di_##field)
114 
115 /*
116  * Various file system defaults (cribbed from newfs(8)).
117  */
118 #define	DFL_FRAGSIZE		4096		/* fragment size */
119 #define	DFL_BLKSIZE		32768		/* block size */
120 #define	DFL_SECSIZE		512		/* sector size */
121 #define	DFL_CYLSPERGROUP	65536		/* cylinders per group */
122 #define	DFL_FRAGSPERINODE	4		/* fragments per inode */
123 #define	DFL_ROTDELAY		0		/* rotational delay */
124 #define	DFL_NRPOS		1		/* rotational positions */
125 #define	DFL_RPM			3600		/* rpm of disk */
126 #define	DFL_NSECTORS		64		/* # of sectors */
127 #define	DFL_NTRACKS		16		/* # of tracks */
128 
129 
130 typedef struct {
131 	u_char		*buf;		/* buf for directory */
132 	doff_t		size;		/* full size of buf */
133 	doff_t		cur;		/* offset of current entry */
134 } dirbuf_t;
135 
136 
137 static	int	ffs_create_image(const char *, fsinfo_t *);
138 static	void	ffs_dump_fsinfo(fsinfo_t *);
139 static	void	ffs_dump_dirbuf(dirbuf_t *, const char *, int);
140 static	void	ffs_make_dirbuf(dirbuf_t *, const char *, fsnode *, int);
141 static	int	ffs_populate_dir(const char *, fsnode *, fsinfo_t *);
142 static	void	ffs_size_dir(fsnode *, fsinfo_t *);
143 static	void	ffs_validate(const char *, fsnode *, fsinfo_t *);
144 static	void	ffs_write_file(union dinode *, uint32_t, void *, fsinfo_t *);
145 static	void	ffs_write_inode(union dinode *, uint32_t, const fsinfo_t *);
146 static  void	*ffs_build_dinode1(struct ufs1_dinode *, dirbuf_t *, fsnode *,
147 				 fsnode *, fsinfo_t *);
148 static  void	*ffs_build_dinode2(struct ufs2_dinode *, dirbuf_t *, fsnode *,
149 				 fsnode *, fsinfo_t *);
150 
151 
152 	/* publicly visible functions */
153 
154 void
155 ffs_prep_opts(fsinfo_t *fsopts)
156 {
157 	ffs_opt_t *ffs_opts = ecalloc(1, sizeof(*ffs_opts));
158 
159 	const option_t ffs_options[] = {
160 	    { 'b', "bsize", &ffs_opts->bsize, OPT_INT32,
161 	      1, INT_MAX, "block size" },
162 	    { 'f', "fsize", &ffs_opts->fsize, OPT_INT32,
163 	      1, INT_MAX, "fragment size" },
164 	    { 'd', "density", &ffs_opts->density, OPT_INT32,
165 	      1, INT_MAX, "bytes per inode" },
166 	    { 'm', "minfree", &ffs_opts->minfree, OPT_INT32,
167 	      0, 99, "minfree" },
168 	    { 'M', "maxbpg", &ffs_opts->maxbpg, OPT_INT32,
169 	      1, INT_MAX, "max blocks per file in a cg" },
170 	    { 'a', "avgfilesize", &ffs_opts->avgfilesize, OPT_INT32,
171 	      1, INT_MAX, "expected average file size" },
172 	    { 'n', "avgfpdir", &ffs_opts->avgfpdir, OPT_INT32,
173 	      1, INT_MAX, "expected # of files per directory" },
174 	    { 'x', "extent", &ffs_opts->maxbsize, OPT_INT32,
175 	      1, INT_MAX, "maximum # extent size" },
176 	    { 'g', "maxbpcg", &ffs_opts->maxblkspercg, OPT_INT32,
177 	      1, INT_MAX, "max # of blocks per group" },
178 	    { 'v', "version", &ffs_opts->version, OPT_INT32,
179 	      1, 2, "UFS version" },
180 	    { 'o', "optimization", NULL, OPT_STRBUF,
181 	      0, 0, "Optimization (time|space)" },
182 	    { 'l', "label", ffs_opts->label, OPT_STRARRAY,
183 	      1, sizeof(ffs_opts->label), "UFS label" },
184 	    { 's', "softupdates", &ffs_opts->softupdates, OPT_INT32,
185 	      0, 1, "enable softupdates" },
186 	    { .name = NULL }
187 	};
188 
189 	ffs_opts->bsize= -1;
190 	ffs_opts->fsize= -1;
191 	ffs_opts->cpg= -1;
192 	ffs_opts->density= -1;
193 	ffs_opts->min_inodes= false;
194 	ffs_opts->minfree= -1;
195 	ffs_opts->optimization= -1;
196 	ffs_opts->maxcontig= -1;
197 	ffs_opts->maxbpg= -1;
198 	ffs_opts->avgfilesize= -1;
199 	ffs_opts->avgfpdir= -1;
200 	ffs_opts->version = 1;
201 	ffs_opts->softupdates = 0;
202 
203 	fsopts->fs_specific = ffs_opts;
204 	fsopts->fs_options = copy_opts(ffs_options);
205 }
206 
207 void
208 ffs_cleanup_opts(fsinfo_t *fsopts)
209 {
210 	free(fsopts->fs_specific);
211 	free(fsopts->fs_options);
212 }
213 
214 int
215 ffs_parse_opts(const char *option, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
216 {
217 	ffs_opt_t	*ffs_opts = fsopts->fs_specific;
218 	option_t *ffs_options = fsopts->fs_options;
219 	char buf[1024];
220 
221 	int	rv;
222 
223 	assert(option != NULL);
224 	assert(fsopts != NULL);
225 	assert(ffs_opts != NULL);
226 
227 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_PARSE_OPTS)
228 		printf("ffs_parse_opts: got `%s'\n", option);
229 
230 	rv = set_option(ffs_options, option, buf, sizeof(buf));
231 	if (rv == -1)
232 		return 0;
233 
234 	if (ffs_options[rv].name == NULL)
235 		abort();
236 
237 	switch (ffs_options[rv].letter) {
238 	case 'o':
239 		if (strcmp(buf, "time") == 0) {
240 			ffs_opts->optimization = FS_OPTTIME;
241 		} else if (strcmp(buf, "space") == 0) {
242 			ffs_opts->optimization = FS_OPTSPACE;
243 		} else {
244 			warnx("Invalid optimization `%s'", buf);
245 			return 0;
246 		}
247 		break;
248 	default:
249 		break;
250 	}
251 	return 1;
252 }
253 
254 
255 void
256 ffs_makefs(const char *image, const char *dir, fsnode *root, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
257 {
258 	struct fs	*superblock;
259 	struct timeval	start;
260 
261 	assert(image != NULL);
262 	assert(dir != NULL);
263 	assert(root != NULL);
264 	assert(fsopts != NULL);
265 
266 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_MAKEFS)
267 		printf("ffs_makefs: image %s directory %s root %p\n",
268 		    image, dir, root);
269 
270 		/* if user wants no free space, use minimum number of inodes */
271 	if (fsopts->minsize == 0 && fsopts->freeblockpc == 0 &&
272 	    fsopts->freeblocks == 0)
273 		((ffs_opt_t *)fsopts->fs_specific)->min_inodes = true;
274 
275 		/* validate tree and options */
276 	TIMER_START(start);
277 	ffs_validate(dir, root, fsopts);
278 	TIMER_RESULTS(start, "ffs_validate");
279 
280 	printf("Calculated size of `%s': %lld bytes, %lld inodes\n",
281 	    image, (long long)fsopts->size, (long long)fsopts->inodes);
282 
283 		/* create image */
284 	TIMER_START(start);
285 	if (ffs_create_image(image, fsopts) == -1)
286 		errx(1, "Image file `%s' not created.", image);
287 	TIMER_RESULTS(start, "ffs_create_image");
288 
289 	fsopts->curinode = UFS_ROOTINO;
290 
291 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_MAKEFS)
292 		putchar('\n');
293 
294 		/* populate image */
295 	printf("Populating `%s'\n", image);
296 	TIMER_START(start);
297 	if (! ffs_populate_dir(dir, root, fsopts))
298 		errx(1, "Image file `%s' not populated.", image);
299 	TIMER_RESULTS(start, "ffs_populate_dir");
300 
301 		/* ensure no outstanding buffers remain */
302 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_MAKEFS)
303 		bcleanup();
304 
305 		/* update various superblock parameters */
306 	superblock = fsopts->superblock;
307 	superblock->fs_fmod = 0;
308 	superblock->fs_old_cstotal.cs_ndir   = superblock->fs_cstotal.cs_ndir;
309 	superblock->fs_old_cstotal.cs_nbfree = superblock->fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree;
310 	superblock->fs_old_cstotal.cs_nifree = superblock->fs_cstotal.cs_nifree;
311 	superblock->fs_old_cstotal.cs_nffree = superblock->fs_cstotal.cs_nffree;
312 
313 		/* write out superblock; image is now complete */
314 	ffs_write_superblock(fsopts->superblock, fsopts);
315 	if (close(fsopts->fd) == -1)
316 		err(1, "Closing `%s'", image);
317 	fsopts->fd = -1;
318 	printf("Image `%s' complete\n", image);
319 }
320 
321 	/* end of public functions */
322 
323 
324 static void
325 ffs_validate(const char *dir, fsnode *root, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
326 {
327 	int32_t	ncg = 1;
328 #ifdef notyet
329 	int32_t	spc, nspf, ncyl, fssize;
330 #endif
331 	ffs_opt_t	*ffs_opts = fsopts->fs_specific;
332 
333 	assert(dir != NULL);
334 	assert(root != NULL);
335 	assert(fsopts != NULL);
336 	assert(ffs_opts != NULL);
337 
338 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_VALIDATE) {
339 		printf("ffs_validate: before defaults set:\n");
340 		ffs_dump_fsinfo(fsopts);
341 	}
342 
343 		/* set FFS defaults */
344 	if (fsopts->sectorsize == -1)
345 		fsopts->sectorsize = DFL_SECSIZE;
346 	if (ffs_opts->fsize == -1)
347 		ffs_opts->fsize = MAX(DFL_FRAGSIZE, fsopts->sectorsize);
348 	if (ffs_opts->bsize == -1)
349 		ffs_opts->bsize = MIN(DFL_BLKSIZE, 8 * ffs_opts->fsize);
350 	if (ffs_opts->cpg == -1)
351 		ffs_opts->cpg = DFL_CYLSPERGROUP;
352 	else
353 		ffs_opts->cpgflg = 1;
354 				/* fsopts->density is set below */
355 	if (ffs_opts->nsectors == -1)
356 		ffs_opts->nsectors = DFL_NSECTORS;
357 	if (ffs_opts->minfree == -1)
358 		ffs_opts->minfree = MINFREE;
359 	if (ffs_opts->optimization == -1)
360 		ffs_opts->optimization = DEFAULTOPT;
361 	if (ffs_opts->maxcontig == -1)
362 		ffs_opts->maxcontig =
363 		    MAX(1, MIN(MAXPHYS, FFS_MAXBSIZE) / ffs_opts->bsize);
364 	/* XXX ondisk32 */
365 	if (ffs_opts->maxbpg == -1)
366 		ffs_opts->maxbpg = ffs_opts->bsize / sizeof(int32_t);
367 	if (ffs_opts->avgfilesize == -1)
368 		ffs_opts->avgfilesize = AVFILESIZ;
369 	if (ffs_opts->avgfpdir == -1)
370 		ffs_opts->avgfpdir = AFPDIR;
371 
372 	if (fsopts->maxsize > 0 &&
373 	    roundup(fsopts->minsize, ffs_opts->bsize) > fsopts->maxsize)
374 		errx(1, "`%s' minsize of %lld rounded up to ffs bsize of %d "
375 		    "exceeds maxsize %lld.  Lower bsize, or round the minimum "
376 		    "and maximum sizes to bsize.", dir,
377 		    (long long)fsopts->minsize, ffs_opts->bsize,
378 		    (long long)fsopts->maxsize);
379 
380 		/* calculate size of tree */
381 	ffs_size_dir(root, fsopts);
382 	fsopts->inodes += UFS_ROOTINO;		/* include first two inodes */
383 
384 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_VALIDATE)
385 		printf("ffs_validate: size of tree: %lld bytes, %lld inodes\n",
386 		    (long long)fsopts->size, (long long)fsopts->inodes);
387 
388 		/* add requested slop */
389 	fsopts->size += fsopts->freeblocks;
390 	fsopts->inodes += fsopts->freefiles;
391 	if (fsopts->freefilepc > 0)
392 		fsopts->inodes =
393 		    fsopts->inodes * (100 + fsopts->freefilepc) / 100;
394 	if (fsopts->freeblockpc > 0)
395 		fsopts->size =
396 		    fsopts->size * (100 + fsopts->freeblockpc) / 100;
397 
398 		/* add space needed for superblocks */
399 	/*
400 	 * The old SBOFF (SBLOCK_UFS1) is used here because makefs is
401 	 * typically used for small filesystems where space matters.
402 	 * XXX make this an option.
403 	 */
404 	fsopts->size += (SBLOCK_UFS1 + SBLOCKSIZE) * ncg;
405 		/* add space needed to store inodes, x3 for blockmaps, etc */
406 	if (ffs_opts->version == 1)
407 		fsopts->size += ncg * DINODE1_SIZE *
408 		    roundup(fsopts->inodes / ncg,
409 			ffs_opts->bsize / DINODE1_SIZE);
410 	else
411 		fsopts->size += ncg * DINODE2_SIZE *
412 		    roundup(fsopts->inodes / ncg,
413 			ffs_opts->bsize / DINODE2_SIZE);
414 
415 		/* add minfree */
416 	if (ffs_opts->minfree > 0)
417 		fsopts->size =
418 		    fsopts->size * (100 + ffs_opts->minfree) / 100;
419 	/*
420 	 * XXX	any other fs slop to add, such as csum's, bitmaps, etc ??
421 	 */
422 
423 	if (fsopts->size < fsopts->minsize)	/* ensure meets minimum size */
424 		fsopts->size = fsopts->minsize;
425 
426 		/* round up to the next block */
427 	fsopts->size = roundup(fsopts->size, ffs_opts->bsize);
428 
429 		/* round up to requested block size, if any */
430 	if (fsopts->roundup > 0)
431 		fsopts->size = roundup(fsopts->size, fsopts->roundup);
432 
433 		/* calculate density to just fit inodes if no free space */
434 	if (ffs_opts->density == -1)
435 		ffs_opts->density = fsopts->size / fsopts->inodes + 1;
436 
437 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_VALIDATE) {
438 		printf("ffs_validate: after defaults set:\n");
439 		ffs_dump_fsinfo(fsopts);
440 		printf("ffs_validate: dir %s; %lld bytes, %lld inodes\n",
441 		    dir, (long long)fsopts->size, (long long)fsopts->inodes);
442 	}
443 		/* now check calculated sizes vs requested sizes */
444 	if (fsopts->maxsize > 0 && fsopts->size > fsopts->maxsize) {
445 		errx(1, "`%s' size of %lld is larger than the maxsize of %lld.",
446 		    dir, (long long)fsopts->size, (long long)fsopts->maxsize);
447 	}
448 }
449 
450 
451 static void
452 ffs_dump_fsinfo(fsinfo_t *f)
453 {
454 
455 	ffs_opt_t	*fs = f->fs_specific;
456 
457 	printf("fsopts at %p\n", f);
458 
459 	printf("\tsize %lld, inodes %lld, curinode %u\n",
460 	    (long long)f->size, (long long)f->inodes, f->curinode);
461 
462 	printf("\tminsize %lld, maxsize %lld\n",
463 	    (long long)f->minsize, (long long)f->maxsize);
464 	printf("\tfree files %lld, freefile %% %d\n",
465 	    (long long)f->freefiles, f->freefilepc);
466 	printf("\tfree blocks %lld, freeblock %% %d\n",
467 	    (long long)f->freeblocks, f->freeblockpc);
468 	printf("\tneedswap %d, sectorsize %d\n", f->needswap, f->sectorsize);
469 
470 	printf("\tbsize %d, fsize %d, cpg %d, density %d\n",
471 	    fs->bsize, fs->fsize, fs->cpg, fs->density);
472 	printf("\tnsectors %d, rpm %d, minfree %d\n",
473 	    fs->nsectors, fs->rpm, fs->minfree);
474 	printf("\tmaxcontig %d, maxbpg %d\n",
475 	    fs->maxcontig, fs->maxbpg);
476 	printf("\toptimization %s\n",
477 	    fs->optimization == FS_OPTSPACE ? "space" : "time");
478 }
479 
480 
481 static int
482 ffs_create_image(const char *image, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
483 {
484 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STATVFS_F_IOSIZE && HAVE_FSTATVFS
485 	struct statvfs	sfs;
486 #endif
487 	struct fs	*fs;
488 	char	*buf;
489 	int	i, bufsize;
490 	off_t	bufrem;
491 	int	oflags = O_RDWR | O_CREAT;
492 	time_t	tstamp;
493 
494 	assert (image != NULL);
495 	assert (fsopts != NULL);
496 
497 		/* create image */
498 	if (fsopts->offset == 0)
499 		oflags |= O_TRUNC;
500 	if ((fsopts->fd = open(image, oflags, 0666)) == -1) {
501 		warn("Can't open `%s' for writing", image);
502 		return (-1);
503 	}
504 
505 		/* zero image */
506 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STATVFS_F_IOSIZE && HAVE_FSTATVFS
507 	if (fstatvfs(fsopts->fd, &sfs) == -1) {
508 #endif
509 		bufsize = 8192;
510 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STATVFS_F_IOSIZE && HAVE_FSTATVFS
511 		warn("can't fstatvfs `%s', using default %d byte chunk",
512 		    image, bufsize);
513 	} else
514 		bufsize = sfs.f_iosize;
515 #endif
516 	bufrem = fsopts->size;
517 	if (fsopts->sparse) {
518 		if (ftruncate(fsopts->fd, bufrem) == -1) {
519 			warn("sparse option disabled.");
520 			fsopts->sparse = 0;
521 		}
522 	}
523 	if (fsopts->sparse) {
524 		/* File truncated at bufrem. Remaining is 0 */
525 		bufrem = 0;
526 		buf = NULL;
527 	} else {
528 		if (debug & DEBUG_FS_CREATE_IMAGE)
529 			printf("zero-ing image `%s', %lld sectors, "
530 			    "using %d byte chunks\n", image, (long long)bufrem,
531 			    bufsize);
532 		buf = ecalloc(1, bufsize);
533 	}
534 
535 	if (fsopts->offset != 0)
536 		if (lseek(fsopts->fd, fsopts->offset, SEEK_SET) == -1) {
537 			warn("can't seek");
538 			free(buf);
539 			return -1;
540 		}
541 
542 	while (bufrem > 0) {
543 		i = write(fsopts->fd, buf, MIN(bufsize, bufrem));
544 		if (i == -1) {
545 			warn("zeroing image, %lld bytes to go",
546 			    (long long)bufrem);
547 			free(buf);
548 			return (-1);
549 		}
550 		bufrem -= i;
551 	}
552 	if (buf)
553 		free(buf);
554 
555 		/* make the file system */
556 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_CREATE_IMAGE)
557 		printf("calling mkfs(\"%s\", ...)\n", image);
558 
559 	if (stampst.st_ino != 0)
560 		tstamp = stampst.st_ctime;
561 	else
562 		tstamp = start_time.tv_sec;
563 
564 	srandom(tstamp);
565 
566 	fs = ffs_mkfs(image, fsopts, tstamp);
567 	fsopts->superblock = (void *)fs;
568 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_CREATE_IMAGE) {
569 		time_t t;
570 
571 		t = (time_t)((struct fs *)fsopts->superblock)->fs_time;
572 		printf("mkfs returned %p; fs_time %s",
573 		    fsopts->superblock, ctime(&t));
574 		printf("fs totals: nbfree %lld, nffree %lld, nifree %lld, ndir %lld\n",
575 		    (long long)fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree,
576 		    (long long)fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nffree,
577 		    (long long)fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nifree,
578 		    (long long)fs->fs_cstotal.cs_ndir);
579 	}
580 
581 	if (fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nifree + UFS_ROOTINO < fsopts->inodes) {
582 		warnx(
583 		"Image file `%s' has %lld free inodes; %lld are required.",
584 		    image,
585 		    (long long)(fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nifree + UFS_ROOTINO),
586 		    (long long)fsopts->inodes);
587 		return (-1);
588 	}
589 	return (fsopts->fd);
590 }
591 
592 
593 static void
594 ffs_size_dir(fsnode *root, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
595 {
596 	struct direct	tmpdir;
597 	fsnode *	node;
598 	int		curdirsize, this;
599 	ffs_opt_t	*ffs_opts = fsopts->fs_specific;
600 
601 	/* node may be NULL (empty directory) */
602 	assert(fsopts != NULL);
603 	assert(ffs_opts != NULL);
604 
605 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_SIZE_DIR)
606 		printf("ffs_size_dir: entry: bytes %lld inodes %lld\n",
607 		    (long long)fsopts->size, (long long)fsopts->inodes);
608 
609 #define	ADDDIRENT(e) do {						\
610 	tmpdir.d_namlen = strlen((e));					\
611 	this = DIRSIZ_SWAP(0, &tmpdir, 0);					\
612 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_SIZE_DIR_ADD_DIRENT)			\
613 		printf("ADDDIRENT: was: %s (%d) this %d cur %d\n",	\
614 		    e, tmpdir.d_namlen, this, curdirsize);		\
615 	if (this + curdirsize > roundup(curdirsize, DIRBLKSIZ))		\
616 		curdirsize = roundup(curdirsize, DIRBLKSIZ);		\
617 	curdirsize += this;						\
618 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_SIZE_DIR_ADD_DIRENT)			\
619 		printf("ADDDIRENT: now: %s (%d) this %d cur %d\n",	\
620 		    e, tmpdir.d_namlen, this, curdirsize);		\
621 } while (0);
622 
623 	/*
624 	 * XXX	this needs to take into account extra space consumed
625 	 *	by indirect blocks, etc.
626 	 */
627 #define	ADDSIZE(x) do {							\
628 	fsopts->size += roundup((x), ffs_opts->fsize);			\
629 } while (0);
630 
631 	curdirsize = 0;
632 	for (node = root; node != NULL; node = node->next) {
633 		ADDDIRENT(node->name);
634 		if (node == root) {			/* we're at "." */
635 			assert(strcmp(node->name, ".") == 0);
636 			ADDDIRENT("..");
637 		} else if ((node->inode->flags & FI_SIZED) == 0) {
638 				/* don't count duplicate names */
639 			node->inode->flags |= FI_SIZED;
640 			if (debug & DEBUG_FS_SIZE_DIR_NODE)
641 				printf("ffs_size_dir: `%s' size %lld\n",
642 				    node->name,
643 				    (long long)node->inode->st.st_size);
644 			fsopts->inodes++;
645 			if (node->type == S_IFREG)
646 				ADDSIZE(node->inode->st.st_size);
647 			if (node->type == S_IFLNK) {
648 				size_t slen;
649 
650 				slen = strlen(node->symlink) + 1;
651 				if (slen >= (ffs_opts->version == 1 ?
652 						UFS1_MAXSYMLINKLEN :
653 						UFS2_MAXSYMLINKLEN))
654 					ADDSIZE(slen);
655 			}
656 		}
657 		if (node->type == S_IFDIR)
658 			ffs_size_dir(node->child, fsopts);
659 	}
660 	ADDSIZE(curdirsize);
661 
662 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_SIZE_DIR)
663 		printf("ffs_size_dir: exit: size %lld inodes %lld\n",
664 		    (long long)fsopts->size, (long long)fsopts->inodes);
665 }
666 
667 static void *
668 ffs_build_dinode1(struct ufs1_dinode *dinp, dirbuf_t *dbufp, fsnode *cur,
669 		 fsnode *root, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
670 {
671 	size_t slen;
672 	void *membuf;
673 	struct stat *st = stampst.st_ino != 0 ? &stampst : &cur->inode->st;
674 
675 	memset(dinp, 0, sizeof(*dinp));
676 	dinp->di_mode = cur->inode->st.st_mode;
677 	dinp->di_nlink = cur->inode->nlink;
678 	dinp->di_size = cur->inode->st.st_size;
679 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS
680 	dinp->di_flags = cur->inode->st.st_flags;
681 #endif
682 	dinp->di_gen = random();
683 	dinp->di_uid = cur->inode->st.st_uid;
684 	dinp->di_gid = cur->inode->st.st_gid;
685 
686 	dinp->di_atime = st->st_atime;
687 	dinp->di_mtime = st->st_mtime;
688 	dinp->di_ctime = st->st_ctime;
689 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_MTIMENSEC
690 	dinp->di_atimensec = st->st_atimensec;
691 	dinp->di_mtimensec = st->st_mtimensec;
692 	dinp->di_ctimensec = st->st_ctimensec;
693 #endif
694 		/* not set: di_db, di_ib, di_blocks, di_spare */
695 
696 	membuf = NULL;
697 	if (cur == root) {			/* "."; write dirbuf */
698 		membuf = dbufp->buf;
699 		dinp->di_size = dbufp->size;
700 	} else if (S_ISBLK(cur->type) || S_ISCHR(cur->type)) {
701 		dinp->di_size = 0;	/* a device */
702 		dinp->di_rdev =
703 		    ufs_rw32(cur->inode->st.st_rdev, fsopts->needswap);
704 	} else if (S_ISLNK(cur->type)) {	/* symlink */
705 		slen = strlen(cur->symlink);
706 		if (slen < UFS1_MAXSYMLINKLEN) {	/* short link */
707 			memcpy(dinp->di_db, cur->symlink, slen);
708 		} else
709 			membuf = cur->symlink;
710 		dinp->di_size = slen;
711 	}
712 	return membuf;
713 }
714 
715 static void *
716 ffs_build_dinode2(struct ufs2_dinode *dinp, dirbuf_t *dbufp, fsnode *cur,
717 		 fsnode *root, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
718 {
719 	size_t slen;
720 	void *membuf;
721 	struct stat *st = stampst.st_ino != 0 ? &stampst : &cur->inode->st;
722 
723 	memset(dinp, 0, sizeof(*dinp));
724 	dinp->di_mode = cur->inode->st.st_mode;
725 	dinp->di_nlink = cur->inode->nlink;
726 	dinp->di_size = cur->inode->st.st_size;
727 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS
728 	dinp->di_flags = cur->inode->st.st_flags;
729 #endif
730 	dinp->di_gen = random();
731 	dinp->di_uid = cur->inode->st.st_uid;
732 	dinp->di_gid = cur->inode->st.st_gid;
733 
734 	dinp->di_atime = st->st_atime;
735 	dinp->di_mtime = st->st_mtime;
736 	dinp->di_ctime = st->st_ctime;
737 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_BIRTHTIME
738 	dinp->di_birthtime = st->st_birthtime;
739 #else
740 	dinp->di_birthtime = st->st_ctime;
741 #endif
742 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_MTIMENSEC
743 	dinp->di_atimensec = st->st_atimensec;
744 	dinp->di_mtimensec = st->st_mtimensec;
745 	dinp->di_ctimensec = st->st_ctimensec;
746 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_BIRTHTIME
747 	dinp->di_birthnsec = st->st_birthtimensec;
748 #else
749 	dinp->di_birthnsec = st->st_ctimensec;
750 #endif
751 #endif
752 
753 		/* not set: di_db, di_ib, di_blocks, di_spare */
754 
755 	membuf = NULL;
756 	if (cur == root) {			/* "."; write dirbuf */
757 		membuf = dbufp->buf;
758 		dinp->di_size = dbufp->size;
759 	} else if (S_ISBLK(cur->type) || S_ISCHR(cur->type)) {
760 		dinp->di_size = 0;	/* a device */
761 		dinp->di_rdev =
762 		    ufs_rw64(cur->inode->st.st_rdev, fsopts->needswap);
763 	} else if (S_ISLNK(cur->type)) {	/* symlink */
764 		slen = strlen(cur->symlink);
765 		if (slen < UFS2_MAXSYMLINKLEN) {	/* short link */
766 			memcpy(dinp->di_db, cur->symlink, slen);
767 		} else
768 			membuf = cur->symlink;
769 		dinp->di_size = slen;
770 	}
771 	return membuf;
772 }
773 
774 static int
775 ffs_populate_dir(const char *dir, fsnode *root, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
776 {
777 	fsnode		*cur;
778 	dirbuf_t	dirbuf;
779 	union dinode	din;
780 	void		*membuf;
781 	char		path[MAXPATHLEN + 1];
782 	ffs_opt_t	*ffs_opts = fsopts->fs_specific;
783 
784 	assert(dir != NULL);
785 	assert(root != NULL);
786 	assert(fsopts != NULL);
787 	assert(ffs_opts != NULL);
788 
789 	(void)memset(&dirbuf, 0, sizeof(dirbuf));
790 
791 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_POPULATE)
792 		printf("ffs_populate_dir: PASS 1  dir %s node %p\n", dir, root);
793 
794 		/*
795 		 * pass 1: allocate inode numbers, build directory `file'
796 		 */
797 	for (cur = root; cur != NULL; cur = cur->next) {
798 		if ((cur->inode->flags & FI_ALLOCATED) == 0) {
799 			cur->inode->flags |= FI_ALLOCATED;
800 			if (cur == root && cur->parent != NULL)
801 				cur->inode->ino = cur->parent->inode->ino;
802 			else {
803 				cur->inode->ino = fsopts->curinode;
804 				fsopts->curinode++;
805 			}
806 		}
807 		ffs_make_dirbuf(&dirbuf, cur->name, cur, fsopts->needswap);
808 		if (cur == root) {		/* we're at "."; add ".." */
809 			ffs_make_dirbuf(&dirbuf, "..",
810 			    cur->parent == NULL ? cur : cur->parent->first,
811 			    fsopts->needswap);
812 			root->inode->nlink++;	/* count my parent's link */
813 		} else if (cur->child != NULL)
814 			root->inode->nlink++;	/* count my child's link */
815 
816 		/*
817 		 * XXX	possibly write file and long symlinks here,
818 		 *	ensuring that blocks get written before inodes?
819 		 *	otoh, this isn't a real filesystem, so who
820 		 *	cares about ordering? :-)
821 		 */
822 	}
823 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_POPULATE_DIRBUF)
824 		ffs_dump_dirbuf(&dirbuf, dir, fsopts->needswap);
825 
826 		/*
827 		 * pass 2: write out dirbuf, then non-directories at this level
828 		 */
829 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_POPULATE)
830 		printf("ffs_populate_dir: PASS 2  dir %s\n", dir);
831 	for (cur = root; cur != NULL; cur = cur->next) {
832 		if (cur->inode->flags & FI_WRITTEN)
833 			continue;		/* skip hard-linked entries */
834 		cur->inode->flags |= FI_WRITTEN;
835 
836 		if (cur->contents == NULL) {
837 			if (snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s/%s/%s", cur->root,
838 			    cur->path, cur->name) >= (int)sizeof(path))
839 				errx(1, "Pathname too long.");
840 		}
841 
842 		if (cur->child != NULL)
843 			continue;		/* child creates own inode */
844 
845 				/* build on-disk inode */
846 		if (ffs_opts->version == 1)
847 			membuf = ffs_build_dinode1(&din.ffs1_din, &dirbuf, cur,
848 			    root, fsopts);
849 		else
850 			membuf = ffs_build_dinode2(&din.ffs2_din, &dirbuf, cur,
851 			    root, fsopts);
852 
853 		if (debug & DEBUG_FS_POPULATE_NODE) {
854 			printf("ffs_populate_dir: writing ino %d, %s",
855 			    cur->inode->ino, inode_type(cur->type));
856 			if (cur->inode->nlink > 1)
857 				printf(", nlink %d", cur->inode->nlink);
858 			putchar('\n');
859 		}
860 
861 		if (membuf != NULL) {
862 			ffs_write_file(&din, cur->inode->ino, membuf, fsopts);
863 		} else if (S_ISREG(cur->type)) {
864 			ffs_write_file(&din, cur->inode->ino,
865 			    (cur->contents) ?  cur->contents : path, fsopts);
866 		} else {
867 			assert (! S_ISDIR(cur->type));
868 			ffs_write_inode(&din, cur->inode->ino, fsopts);
869 		}
870 	}
871 
872 		/*
873 		 * pass 3: write out sub-directories
874 		 */
875 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_POPULATE)
876 		printf("ffs_populate_dir: PASS 3  dir %s\n", dir);
877 	for (cur = root; cur != NULL; cur = cur->next) {
878 		if (cur->child == NULL)
879 			continue;
880 		if ((size_t)snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s/%s", dir,
881 		    cur->name) >= sizeof(path))
882 			errx(1, "Pathname too long.");
883 		if (! ffs_populate_dir(path, cur->child, fsopts))
884 			return (0);
885 	}
886 
887 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_POPULATE)
888 		printf("ffs_populate_dir: DONE dir %s\n", dir);
889 
890 		/* cleanup */
891 	if (dirbuf.buf != NULL)
892 		free(dirbuf.buf);
893 	return (1);
894 }
895 
896 
897 static void
898 ffs_write_file(union dinode *din, uint32_t ino, void *buf, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
899 {
900 	int 	isfile, ffd;
901 	char	*fbuf, *p;
902 	off_t	bufleft, chunk, offset;
903 	ssize_t nread;
904 	struct inode	in;
905 	struct m_buf *	bp;
906 	ffs_opt_t	*ffs_opts = fsopts->fs_specific;
907 	struct m_vnode vp = { fsopts, NULL };
908 
909 	assert (din != NULL);
910 	assert (buf != NULL);
911 	assert (fsopts != NULL);
912 	assert (ffs_opts != NULL);
913 
914 	isfile = S_ISREG(DIP(din, mode));
915 	fbuf = NULL;
916 	ffd = -1;
917 	p = NULL;
918 
919 	in.i_fs = (struct fs *)fsopts->superblock;
920 	in.i_devvp = (void *)&vp;
921 
922 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_WRITE_FILE) {
923 		printf(
924 		    "ffs_write_file: ino %u, din %p, isfile %d, %s, size %lld",
925 		    ino, din, isfile, inode_type(DIP(din, mode) & S_IFMT),
926 		    (long long)DIP(din, size));
927 		if (isfile)
928 			printf(", file '%s'\n", (char *)buf);
929 		else
930 			printf(", buffer %p\n", buf);
931 	}
932 
933 	in.i_number = ino;
934 	in.i_size = DIP(din, size);
935 	if (ffs_opts->version == 1)
936 		memcpy(&in.i_din.ffs1_din, &din->ffs1_din,
937 		    sizeof(in.i_din.ffs1_din));
938 	else
939 		memcpy(&in.i_din.ffs2_din, &din->ffs2_din,
940 		    sizeof(in.i_din.ffs2_din));
941 
942 	if (DIP(din, size) == 0)
943 		goto write_inode_and_leave;		/* mmm, cheating */
944 
945 	if (isfile) {
946 		fbuf = emalloc(ffs_opts->bsize);
947 		if ((ffd = open((char *)buf, O_RDONLY, 0444)) == -1) {
948 			err(EXIT_FAILURE, "Can't open `%s' for reading", (char *)buf);
949 		}
950 	} else {
951 		p = buf;
952 	}
953 
954 	chunk = 0;
955 	for (bufleft = DIP(din, size); bufleft > 0; bufleft -= chunk) {
956 		chunk = MIN(bufleft, ffs_opts->bsize);
957 		if (!isfile)
958 			;
959 		else if ((nread = read(ffd, fbuf, chunk)) == -1)
960 			err(EXIT_FAILURE, "Reading `%s', %lld bytes to go",
961 			    (char *)buf, (long long)bufleft);
962 		else if (nread != chunk)
963 			errx(EXIT_FAILURE, "Reading `%s', %lld bytes to go, "
964 			    "read %zd bytes, expected %ju bytes, does "
965 			    "metalog size= attribute mismatch source size?",
966 			    (char *)buf, (long long)bufleft, nread,
967 			    (uintmax_t)chunk);
968 		else
969 			p = fbuf;
970 		offset = DIP(din, size) - bufleft;
971 		if (debug & DEBUG_FS_WRITE_FILE_BLOCK)
972 			printf(
973 		"ffs_write_file: write %p offset %lld size %lld left %lld\n",
974 			    p, (long long)offset,
975 			    (long long)chunk, (long long)bufleft);
976 	/*
977 	 * XXX	if holey support is desired, do the check here
978 	 *
979 	 * XXX	might need to write out last bit in fragroundup
980 	 *	sized chunk. however, ffs_balloc() handles this for us
981 	 */
982 		errno = ffs_balloc(&in, offset, chunk, &bp);
983  bad_ffs_write_file:
984 		if (errno != 0)
985 			err(1,
986 			    "Writing inode %d (%s), bytes %lld + %lld",
987 			    ino,
988 			    isfile ? (char *)buf :
989 			      inode_type(DIP(din, mode) & S_IFMT),
990 			    (long long)offset, (long long)chunk);
991 		memcpy(bp->b_data, p, chunk);
992 		errno = bwrite(bp);
993 		if (errno != 0)
994 			goto bad_ffs_write_file;
995 		brelse(bp);
996 		if (!isfile)
997 			p += chunk;
998 	}
999 
1000  write_inode_and_leave:
1001 	ffs_write_inode(&in.i_din, in.i_number, fsopts);
1002 	if (fbuf)
1003 		free(fbuf);
1004 	if (ffd != -1)
1005 		close(ffd);
1006 }
1007 
1008 
1009 static void
1010 ffs_dump_dirbuf(dirbuf_t *dbuf, const char *dir, int needswap)
1011 {
1012 	doff_t		i;
1013 	struct direct	*de;
1014 	uint16_t	reclen;
1015 
1016 	assert (dbuf != NULL);
1017 	assert (dir != NULL);
1018 	printf("ffs_dump_dirbuf: dir %s size %d cur %d\n",
1019 	    dir, dbuf->size, dbuf->cur);
1020 
1021 	for (i = 0; i < dbuf->size; ) {
1022 		de = (struct direct *)(dbuf->buf + i);
1023 		reclen = ufs_rw16(de->d_reclen, needswap);
1024 		printf(
1025 	    " inode %4d %7s offset %4d reclen %3d namlen %3d name %s\n",
1026 		    ufs_rw32(de->d_ino, needswap),
1027 		    inode_type(DTTOIF(de->d_type)), i, reclen,
1028 		    de->d_namlen, de->d_name);
1029 		i += reclen;
1030 		assert(reclen > 0);
1031 	}
1032 }
1033 
1034 static void
1035 ffs_make_dirbuf(dirbuf_t *dbuf, const char *name, fsnode *node, int needswap)
1036 {
1037 	struct direct	de, *dp;
1038 	uint16_t	llen, reclen;
1039 	u_char		*newbuf;
1040 
1041 	assert (dbuf != NULL);
1042 	assert (name != NULL);
1043 	assert (node != NULL);
1044 					/* create direct entry */
1045 	(void)memset(&de, 0, sizeof(de));
1046 	de.d_ino = ufs_rw32(node->inode->ino, needswap);
1047 	de.d_type = IFTODT(node->type);
1048 	de.d_namlen = (uint8_t)strlen(name);
1049 	strcpy(de.d_name, name);
1050 	reclen = DIRSIZ_SWAP(0, &de, needswap);
1051 	de.d_reclen = ufs_rw16(reclen, needswap);
1052 
1053 	dp = (struct direct *)(dbuf->buf + dbuf->cur);
1054 	llen = 0;
1055 	if (dp != NULL)
1056 		llen = DIRSIZ_SWAP(0, dp, needswap);
1057 
1058 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_MAKE_DIRBUF)
1059 		printf(
1060 		    "ffs_make_dirbuf: dbuf siz %d cur %d lastlen %d\n"
1061 		    "  ino %d type %d reclen %d namlen %d name %.30s\n",
1062 		    dbuf->size, dbuf->cur, llen,
1063 		    ufs_rw32(de.d_ino, needswap), de.d_type, reclen,
1064 		    de.d_namlen, de.d_name);
1065 
1066 	if (reclen + dbuf->cur + llen > roundup(dbuf->size, DIRBLKSIZ)) {
1067 		if (debug & DEBUG_FS_MAKE_DIRBUF)
1068 			printf("ffs_make_dirbuf: growing buf to %d\n",
1069 			    dbuf->size + DIRBLKSIZ);
1070 		newbuf = erealloc(dbuf->buf, dbuf->size + DIRBLKSIZ);
1071 		dbuf->buf = newbuf;
1072 		dbuf->size += DIRBLKSIZ;
1073 		memset(dbuf->buf + dbuf->size - DIRBLKSIZ, 0, DIRBLKSIZ);
1074 		dbuf->cur = dbuf->size - DIRBLKSIZ;
1075 	} else if (dp) {			/* shrink end of previous */
1076 		dp->d_reclen = ufs_rw16(llen,needswap);
1077 		dbuf->cur += llen;
1078 	}
1079 	dp = (struct direct *)(dbuf->buf + dbuf->cur);
1080 	memcpy(dp, &de, reclen);
1081 	dp->d_reclen = ufs_rw16(dbuf->size - dbuf->cur, needswap);
1082 }
1083 
1084 /*
1085  * cribbed from sys/ufs/ffs/ffs_alloc.c
1086  */
1087 static void
1088 ffs_write_inode(union dinode *dp, uint32_t ino, const fsinfo_t *fsopts)
1089 {
1090 	char 		*buf;
1091 	struct ufs1_dinode *dp1;
1092 	struct ufs2_dinode *dp2, *dip;
1093 	struct cg	*cgp;
1094 	struct fs	*fs;
1095 	int		cg, cgino;
1096 	uint32_t	i;
1097 	daddr_t		d;
1098 	char		sbbuf[FFS_MAXBSIZE];
1099 	uint32_t	initediblk;
1100 	ffs_opt_t	*ffs_opts = fsopts->fs_specific;
1101 
1102 	assert (dp != NULL);
1103 	assert (ino > 0);
1104 	assert (fsopts != NULL);
1105 	assert (ffs_opts != NULL);
1106 
1107 	fs = (struct fs *)fsopts->superblock;
1108 	cg = ino_to_cg(fs, ino);
1109 	cgino = ino % fs->fs_ipg;
1110 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_WRITE_INODE)
1111 		printf("ffs_write_inode: din %p ino %u cg %d cgino %d\n",
1112 		    dp, ino, cg, cgino);
1113 
1114 	ffs_rdfs(fsbtodb(fs, cgtod(fs, cg)), (int)fs->fs_cgsize, &sbbuf,
1115 	    fsopts);
1116 	cgp = (struct cg *)sbbuf;
1117 	if (!cg_chkmagic_swap(cgp, fsopts->needswap))
1118 		errx(1, "ffs_write_inode: cg %d: bad magic number", cg);
1119 
1120 	assert (isclr(cg_inosused_swap(cgp, fsopts->needswap), cgino));
1121 
1122 	buf = emalloc(fs->fs_bsize);
1123 	dp1 = (struct ufs1_dinode *)buf;
1124 	dp2 = (struct ufs2_dinode *)buf;
1125 
1126 	if (fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nifree == 0)
1127 		errx(1, "ffs_write_inode: fs out of inodes for ino %u",
1128 		    ino);
1129 	if (fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nifree == 0)
1130 		errx(1,
1131 		    "ffs_write_inode: cg %d out of inodes for ino %u",
1132 		    cg, ino);
1133 	setbit(cg_inosused_swap(cgp, fsopts->needswap), cgino);
1134 	ufs_add32(cgp->cg_cs.cs_nifree, -1, fsopts->needswap);
1135 	fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nifree--;
1136 	fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nifree--;
1137 	if (S_ISDIR(DIP(dp, mode))) {
1138 		ufs_add32(cgp->cg_cs.cs_ndir, 1, fsopts->needswap);
1139 		fs->fs_cstotal.cs_ndir++;
1140 		fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_ndir++;
1141 	}
1142 
1143 	/*
1144 	 * Initialize inode blocks on the fly for UFS2.
1145 	 */
1146 	initediblk = ufs_rw32(cgp->cg_initediblk, fsopts->needswap);
1147 	while (ffs_opts->version == 2 && cgino + INOPB(fs) > initediblk &&
1148 	    initediblk < ufs_rw32(cgp->cg_niblk, fsopts->needswap)) {
1149 		memset(buf, 0, fs->fs_bsize);
1150 		dip = (struct ufs2_dinode *)buf;
1151 		for (i = 0; i < INOPB(fs); i++) {
1152 			dip->di_gen = random();
1153 			dip++;
1154 		}
1155 		ffs_wtfs(fsbtodb(fs, ino_to_fsba(fs,
1156 				  cg * fs->fs_ipg + initediblk)),
1157 		    fs->fs_bsize, buf, fsopts);
1158 		initediblk += INOPB(fs);
1159 		cgp->cg_initediblk = ufs_rw32(initediblk, fsopts->needswap);
1160 	}
1161 
1162 
1163 	ffs_wtfs(fsbtodb(fs, cgtod(fs, cg)), (int)fs->fs_cgsize, &sbbuf,
1164 	    fsopts);
1165 
1166 					/* now write inode */
1167 	d = fsbtodb(fs, ino_to_fsba(fs, ino));
1168 	ffs_rdfs(d, fs->fs_bsize, buf, fsopts);
1169 	if (fsopts->needswap) {
1170 		if (ffs_opts->version == 1)
1171 			ffs_dinode1_swap(&dp->ffs1_din,
1172 			    &dp1[ino_to_fsbo(fs, ino)]);
1173 		else
1174 			ffs_dinode2_swap(&dp->ffs2_din,
1175 			    &dp2[ino_to_fsbo(fs, ino)]);
1176 	} else {
1177 		if (ffs_opts->version == 1)
1178 			dp1[ino_to_fsbo(fs, ino)] = dp->ffs1_din;
1179 		else
1180 			dp2[ino_to_fsbo(fs, ino)] = dp->ffs2_din;
1181 	}
1182 	ffs_wtfs(d, fs->fs_bsize, buf, fsopts);
1183 	free(buf);
1184 }
1185 
1186 void
1187 panic(const char *fmt, ...)
1188 {
1189 	va_list ap;
1190 
1191 	va_start(ap, fmt);
1192 	vwarnx(fmt, ap);
1193 	va_end(ap);
1194 	exit(1);
1195 }
1196