xref: /freebsd/share/man/man4/ip6.4 (revision f5f47d5068fb97df18eb114a66ae8ef51a0b3c8c)
1.\"	$KAME: ip6.4,v 1.23 2005/01/11 05:56:25 itojun Exp $
2.\"	$OpenBSD: ip6.4,v 1.21 2005/01/06 03:50:46 itojun Exp $
3.\"
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31.\" $FreeBSD$
32.\"
33.Dd March 13, 2011
34.Dt IP6 4
35.Os
36.Sh NAME
37.Nm ip6
38.Nd Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) network layer
39.Sh SYNOPSIS
40.In sys/socket.h
41.In netinet/in.h
42.Ft int
43.Fn socket AF_INET6 SOCK_RAW proto
44.Sh DESCRIPTION
45The IPv6 network layer is used by the IPv6 protocol family for
46transporting data.
47IPv6 packets contain an IPv6 header that is not provided as part of the
48payload contents when passed to an application.
49IPv6 header options affect the behavior of this protocol and may be used
50by high-level protocols (such as the
51.Xr tcp 4
52and
53.Xr udp 4
54protocols) as well as directly by
55.Dq raw sockets ,
56which process IPv6 messages at a lower-level and may be useful for
57developing new protocols and special-purpose applications.
58.Ss Header
59All IPv6 packets begin with an IPv6 header.
60When data received by the kernel are passed to the application, this
61header is not included in buffer, even when raw sockets are being used.
62Likewise, when data are sent to the kernel for transmit from the
63application, the buffer is not examined for an IPv6 header:
64the kernel always constructs the header.
65To directly access IPv6 headers from received packets and specify them
66as part of the buffer passed to the kernel, link-level access
67.Po
68.Xr bpf 4 ,
69for example
70.Pc
71must instead be utilized.
72.Pp
73The header has the following definition:
74.Bd -literal -offset indent
75struct ip6_hdr {
76     union {
77          struct ip6_hdrctl {
78               uint32_t ip6_un1_flow;	/* 20 bits of flow ID */
79               uint16_t ip6_un1_plen;	/* payload length */
80               uint8_t  ip6_un1_nxt;	/* next header */
81               uint8_t  ip6_un1_hlim;	/* hop limit */
82          } ip6_un1;
83          uint8_t ip6_un2_vfc;	/* version and class */
84     } ip6_ctlun;
85     struct in6_addr ip6_src;	/* source address */
86     struct in6_addr ip6_dst;	/* destination address */
87} __packed;
88
89#define ip6_vfc		ip6_ctlun.ip6_un2_vfc
90#define ip6_flow	ip6_ctlun.ip6_un1.ip6_un1_flow
91#define ip6_plen	ip6_ctlun.ip6_un1.ip6_un1_plen
92#define ip6_nxt		ip6_ctlun.ip6_un1.ip6_un1_nxt
93#define ip6_hlim	ip6_ctlun.ip6_un1.ip6_un1_hlim
94#define ip6_hops	ip6_ctlun.ip6_un1.ip6_un1_hlim
95.Ed
96.Pp
97All fields are in network-byte order.
98Any options specified (see
99.Sx Options
100below) must also be specified in network-byte order.
101.Pp
102.Va ip6_flow
103specifies the flow ID.
104.Va ip6_plen
105specifies the payload length.
106.Va ip6_nxt
107specifies the type of the next header.
108.Va ip6_hlim
109specifies the hop limit.
110.Pp
111The top 4 bits of
112.Va ip6_vfc
113specify the class and the bottom 4 bits specify the version.
114.Pp
115.Va ip6_src
116and
117.Va ip6_dst
118specify the source and destination addresses.
119.Pp
120The IPv6 header may be followed by any number of extension headers that start
121with the following generic definition:
122.Bd -literal -offset indent
123struct ip6_ext {
124     uint8_t ip6e_nxt;
125     uint8_t ip6e_len;
126} __packed;
127.Ed
128.Ss Options
129IPv6 allows header options on packets to manipulate the behavior of the
130protocol.
131These options and other control requests are accessed with the
132.Xr getsockopt 2
133and
134.Xr setsockopt 2
135system calls at level
136.Dv IPPROTO_IPV6
137and by using ancillary data in
138.Xr recvmsg 2
139and
140.Xr sendmsg 2 .
141They can be used to access most of the fields in the IPv6 header and
142extension headers.
143.Pp
144The following socket options are supported:
145.Bl -tag -width Ds
146.\" .It Dv IPV6_OPTIONS
147.It Dv IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS Fa "int *"
148Get or set the default hop limit header field for outgoing unicast
149datagrams sent on this socket.
150.\" .It Dv IPV6_RECVOPTS Fa "int *"
151.\" Get or set the status of whether all header options will be
152.\" delivered along with the datagram when it is received.
153.\" .It Dv IPV6_RECVRETOPTS Fa "int *"
154.\" Get or set the status of whether header options will be delivered
155.\" for reply.
156.\" .It Dv IPV6_RECVDSTADDR Fa "int *"
157.\" Get or set the status of whether datagrams are received with
158.\" destination addresses.
159.\" .It Dv IPV6_RETOPTS
160.\" Get or set IPv6 options.
161.It Dv IPV6_MULTICAST_IF Fa "u_int *"
162Get or set the interface from which multicast packets will be sent.
163For hosts with multiple interfaces, each multicast transmission is sent
164from the primary network interface.
165The interface is specified as its index as provided by
166.Xr if_nametoindex 3 .
167A value of zero specifies the default interface.
168.It Dv IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS Fa "int *"
169Get or set the default hop limit header field for outgoing multicast
170datagrams sent on this socket.
171This option controls the scope of multicast datagram transmissions.
172.Pp
173Datagrams with a hop limit of 1 are not forwarded beyond the local
174network.
175Multicast datagrams with a hop limit of zero will not be transmitted on
176any network but may be delivered locally if the sending host belongs to
177the destination group and if multicast loopback (see below) has not been
178disabled on the sending socket.
179Multicast datagrams with a hop limit greater than 1 may be forwarded to
180the other networks if a multicast router (such as
181.Xr mrouted 8 Pq Pa ports/net/mrouted )
182is attached to the local network.
183.It Dv IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP Fa "u_int *"
184Get or set the status of whether multicast datagrams will be looped back
185for local delivery when a multicast datagram is sent to a group to which
186the sending host belongs.
187.Pp
188This option improves performance for applications that may have no more
189than one instance on a single host (such as a router daemon) by
190eliminating the overhead of receiving their own transmissions.
191It should generally not be used by applications for which there may be
192more than one instance on a single host (such as a conferencing program)
193or for which the sender does not belong to the destination group
194(such as a time-querying program).
195.Pp
196A multicast datagram sent with an initial hop limit greater than 1 may
197be delivered to the sending host on a different interface from that on
198which it was sent if the host belongs to the destination group on that
199other interface.
200The multicast loopback control option has no effect on such delivery.
201.It Dv IPV6_JOIN_GROUP Fa "struct ipv6_mreq *"
202Join a multicast group.
203A host must become a member of a multicast group before it can receive
204datagrams sent to the group.
205.Bd -literal
206struct ipv6_mreq {
207	struct in6_addr	ipv6mr_multiaddr;
208	unsigned int	ipv6mr_interface;
209};
210.Ed
211.Pp
212.Va ipv6mr_interface
213may be set to zeroes to choose the default multicast interface or to the
214index of a particular multicast-capable interface if the host is
215multihomed.
216Membership is associated with a single interface; programs running on
217multihomed hosts may need to join the same group on more than one
218interface.
219.Pp
220If the multicast address is unspecified (i.e., all zeroes), messages
221from all multicast addresses will be accepted by this group.
222Note that setting to this value requires superuser privileges.
223.It Dv IPV6_LEAVE_GROUP Fa "struct ipv6_mreq *"
224Drop membership from the associated multicast group.
225Memberships are automatically dropped when the socket is closed or when
226the process exits.
227.It Dv IPV6_PORTRANGE Fa "int *"
228Get or set the allocation policy of ephemeral ports for when the kernel
229automatically binds a local address to this socket.
230The following values are available:
231.Pp
232.Bl -tag -width IPV6_PORTRANGE_DEFAULT -compact
233.It Dv IPV6_PORTRANGE_DEFAULT
234Use the regular range of non-reserved ports (varies, see
235.Xr ip 4 ) .
236.It Dv IPV6_PORTRANGE_HIGH
237Use a high range (varies, see
238.Xr ip 4 ) .
239.It Dv IPV6_PORTRANGE_LOW
240Use a low, reserved range (600\-1023, see
241.Xr ip 4 ) .
242.El
243.It Dv IPV6_PKTINFO Fa "int *"
244Get or set whether additional information about subsequent packets will
245be provided as ancillary data along with the payload in subsequent
246.Xr recvmsg 2
247calls.
248The information is stored in the following structure in the ancillary
249data returned:
250.Bd -literal
251struct in6_pktinfo {
252	struct in6_addr ipi6_addr;    /* src/dst IPv6 address */
253	unsigned int    ipi6_ifindex; /* send/recv if index */
254};
255.Ed
256.It Dv IPV6_HOPLIMIT Fa "int *"
257Get or set whether the hop limit header field from subsequent packets
258will be provided as ancillary data along with the payload in subsequent
259.Xr recvmsg 2
260calls.
261The value is stored as an
262.Vt int
263in the ancillary data returned.
264.\" .It Dv IPV6_NEXTHOP Fa "int *"
265.\" Get or set whether the address of the next hop for subsequent
266.\" packets will be provided as ancillary data along with the payload in
267.\" subsequent
268.\" .Xr recvmsg 2
269.\" calls.
270.\" The option is stored as a
271.\" .Vt sockaddr
272.\" structure in the ancillary data returned.
273.\" .Pp
274.\" This option requires superuser privileges.
275.It Dv IPV6_HOPOPTS Fa "int *"
276Get or set whether the hop-by-hop options from subsequent packets will be
277provided as ancillary data along with the payload in subsequent
278.Xr recvmsg 2
279calls.
280The option is stored in the following structure in the ancillary data
281returned:
282.Bd -literal
283struct ip6_hbh {
284	uint8_t ip6h_nxt;	/* next header */
285	uint8_t ip6h_len;	/* length in units of 8 octets */
286/* followed by options */
287} __packed;
288.Ed
289.Pp
290The
291.Fn inet6_option_space
292routine and family of routines may be used to manipulate this data.
293.Pp
294This option requires superuser privileges.
295.It Dv IPV6_DSTOPTS Fa "int *"
296Get or set whether the destination options from subsequent packets will
297be provided as ancillary data along with the payload in subsequent
298.Xr recvmsg 2
299calls.
300The option is stored in the following structure in the ancillary data
301returned:
302.Bd -literal
303struct ip6_dest {
304	uint8_t ip6d_nxt;	/* next header */
305	uint8_t ip6d_len;	/* length in units of 8 octets */
306/* followed by options */
307} __packed;
308.Ed
309.Pp
310The
311.Fn inet6_option_space
312routine and family of routines may be used to manipulate this data.
313.Pp
314This option requires superuser privileges.
315.It Dv IPV6_TCLASS Fa "int *"
316Get or set the value of the traffic class field used for outgoing datagrams
317on this socket.
318The value must be between \-1 and 255.
319A value of \-1 resets to the default value.
320.It Dv IPV6_RECVTCLASS Fa "int *"
321Get or set the status of whether the traffic class header field will be
322provided as ancillary data along with the payload in subsequent
323.Xr recvmsg 2
324calls.
325The header field is stored as a single value of type
326.Vt int .
327.It Dv IPV6_RTHDR Fa "int *"
328Get or set whether the routing header from subsequent packets will be
329provided as ancillary data along with the payload in subsequent
330.Xr recvmsg 2
331calls.
332The header is stored in the following structure in the ancillary data
333returned:
334.Bd -literal
335struct ip6_rthdr {
336	uint8_t ip6r_nxt;	/* next header */
337	uint8_t ip6r_len;	/* length in units of 8 octets */
338	uint8_t ip6r_type;	/* routing type */
339	uint8_t ip6r_segleft;	/* segments left */
340/* followed by routing-type-specific data */
341} __packed;
342.Ed
343.Pp
344The
345.Fn inet6_option_space
346routine and family of routines may be used to manipulate this data.
347.Pp
348This option requires superuser privileges.
349.It Dv IPV6_PKTOPTIONS Fa "struct cmsghdr *"
350Get or set all header options and extension headers at one time on the
351last packet sent or received on the socket.
352All options must fit within the size of an mbuf (see
353.Xr mbuf 9 ) .
354Options are specified as a series of
355.Vt cmsghdr
356structures followed by corresponding values.
357.Va cmsg_level
358is set to
359.Dv IPPROTO_IPV6 ,
360.Va cmsg_type
361to one of the other values in this list, and trailing data to the option
362value.
363When setting options, if the length
364.Va optlen
365to
366.Xr setsockopt 2
367is zero, all header options will be reset to their default values.
368Otherwise, the length should specify the size the series of control
369messages consumes.
370.Pp
371Instead of using
372.Xr sendmsg 2
373to specify option values, the ancillary data used in these calls that
374correspond to the desired header options may be directly specified as
375the control message in the series of control messages provided as the
376argument to
377.Xr setsockopt 2 .
378.It Dv IPV6_CHECKSUM Fa "int *"
379Get or set the byte offset into a packet where the 16-bit checksum is
380located.
381When set, this byte offset is where incoming packets will be expected
382to have checksums of their data stored and where outgoing packets will
383have checksums of their data computed and stored by the kernel.
384A value of \-1 specifies that no checksums will be checked on incoming
385packets and that no checksums will be computed or stored on outgoing
386packets.
387The offset of the checksum for ICMPv6 sockets cannot be relocated or
388turned off.
389.It Dv IPV6_V6ONLY Fa "int *"
390Get or set whether only IPv6 connections can be made to this socket.
391For wildcard sockets, this can restrict connections to IPv6 only.
392.\"With
393.\".Ox
394.\"IPv6 sockets are always IPv6-only, so the socket option is read-only
395.\"(not modifiable).
396.It Dv IPV6_FAITH Fa "int *"
397Get or set the status of whether
398.Xr faith 4
399connections can be made to this socket.
400.It Dv IPV6_USE_MIN_MTU Fa "int *"
401Get or set whether the minimal IPv6 maximum transmission unit (MTU) size
402will be used to avoid fragmentation from occurring for subsequent
403outgoing datagrams.
404.It Dv IPV6_AUTH_LEVEL Fa "int *"
405Get or set the
406.Xr ipsec 4
407authentication level.
408.It Dv IPV6_ESP_TRANS_LEVEL Fa "int *"
409Get or set the ESP transport level.
410.It Dv IPV6_ESP_NETWORK_LEVEL Fa "int *"
411Get or set the ESP encapsulation level.
412.It Dv IPV6_IPCOMP_LEVEL Fa "int *"
413Get or set the
414.Xr ipcomp 4
415level.
416.El
417.Pp
418The
419.Dv IPV6_PKTINFO ,
420.\" .Dv IPV6_NEXTHOP ,
421.Dv IPV6_HOPLIMIT ,
422.Dv IPV6_HOPOPTS ,
423.Dv IPV6_DSTOPTS ,
424and
425.Dv IPV6_RTHDR
426options will return ancillary data along with payload contents in subsequent
427.Xr recvmsg 2
428calls with
429.Va cmsg_level
430set to
431.Dv IPPROTO_IPV6
432and
433.Va cmsg_type
434set to respective option name value (e.g.,
435.Dv IPV6_HOPTLIMIT ) .
436These options may also be used directly as ancillary
437.Va cmsg_type
438values in
439.Xr sendmsg 2
440to set options on the packet being transmitted by the call.
441The
442.Va cmsg_level
443value must be
444.Dv IPPROTO_IPV6 .
445For these options, the ancillary data object value format is the same
446as the value returned as explained for each when received with
447.Xr recvmsg 2 .
448.Pp
449Note that using
450.Xr sendmsg 2
451to specify options on particular packets works only on UDP and raw sockets.
452To manipulate header options for packets on TCP sockets, only the socket
453options may be used.
454.Pp
455In some cases, there are multiple APIs defined for manipulating an IPv6
456header field.
457A good example is the outgoing interface for multicast datagrams, which
458can be set by the
459.Dv IPV6_MULTICAST_IF
460socket option, through the
461.Dv IPV6_PKTINFO
462option, and through the
463.Va sin6_scope_id
464field of the socket address passed to the
465.Xr sendto 2
466system call.
467.Pp
468Resolving these conflicts is implementation dependent.
469This implementation determines the value in the following way:
470options specified by using ancillary data (i.e.,
471.Xr sendmsg 2 )
472are considered first,
473options specified by using
474.Dv IPV6_PKTOPTIONS
475to set
476.Dq sticky
477options are considered second,
478options specified by using the individual, basic, and direct socket
479options (e.g.,
480.Dv IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS )
481are considered third,
482and options specified in the socket address supplied to
483.Xr sendto 2
484are the last choice.
485.Ss Multicasting
486IPv6 multicasting is supported only on
487.Dv AF_INET6
488sockets of type
489.Dv SOCK_DGRAM
490and
491.Dv SOCK_RAW ,
492and only on networks where the interface driver supports
493multicasting.
494Socket options (see above) that manipulate membership of
495multicast groups and other multicast options include
496.Dv IPV6_MULTICAST_IF ,
497.Dv IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS ,
498.Dv IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP ,
499.Dv IPV6_LEAVE_GROUP ,
500and
501.Dv IPV6_JOIN_GROUP .
502.Ss Raw Sockets
503Raw IPv6 sockets are connectionless and are normally used with the
504.Xr sendto 2
505and
506.Xr recvfrom 2
507calls, although the
508.Xr connect 2
509call may be used to fix the destination address for future outgoing
510packets so that
511.Xr send 2
512may instead be used and the
513.Xr bind 2
514call may be used to fix the source address for future outgoing
515packets instead of having the kernel choose a source address.
516.Pp
517By using
518.Xr connect 2
519or
520.Xr bind 2 ,
521raw socket input is constrained to only packets with their
522source address matching the socket destination address if
523.Xr connect 2
524was used and to packets with their destination address
525matching the socket source address if
526.Xr bind 2
527was used.
528.Pp
529If the
530.Ar proto
531argument to
532.Xr socket 2
533is zero, the default protocol
534.Pq Dv IPPROTO_RAW
535is used for outgoing packets.
536For incoming packets, protocols recognized by kernel are
537.Sy not
538passed to the application socket (e.g.,
539.Xr tcp 4
540and
541.Xr udp 4 )
542except for some ICMPv6 messages.
543The ICMPv6 messages not passed to raw sockets include echo, timestamp,
544and address mask requests.
545If
546.Ar proto
547is non-zero, only packets with this protocol will be passed to the
548socket.
549.Pp
550IPv6 fragments are also not passed to application sockets until
551they have been reassembled.
552If reception of all packets is desired, link-level access (such as
553.Xr bpf 4 )
554must be used instead.
555.Pp
556Outgoing packets automatically have an IPv6 header prepended to them
557(based on the destination address and the protocol number the socket
558was created with).
559Incoming packets are received by an application without the IPv6 header
560or any extension headers.
561.Pp
562Outgoing packets will be fragmented automatically by the kernel if they
563are too large.
564Incoming packets will be reassembled before being sent to the raw socket,
565so packet fragments or fragment headers will never be seen on a raw socket.
566.Sh EXAMPLES
567The following determines the hop limit on the next packet received:
568.Bd -literal
569struct iovec iov[2];
570u_char buf[BUFSIZ];
571struct cmsghdr *cm;
572struct msghdr m;
573int found, optval;
574u_char data[2048];
575
576/* Create socket. */
577
578(void)memset(&m, 0, sizeof(m));
579(void)memset(&iov, 0, sizeof(iov));
580
581iov[0].iov_base = data;		/* buffer for packet payload */
582iov[0].iov_len = sizeof(data);	/* expected packet length */
583
584m.msg_name = &from;		/* sockaddr_in6 of peer */
585m.msg_namelen = sizeof(from);
586m.msg_iov = iov;
587m.msg_iovlen = 1;
588m.msg_control = (caddr_t)buf;	/* buffer for control messages */
589m.msg_controllen = sizeof(buf);
590
591/*
592 * Enable the hop limit value from received packets to be
593 * returned along with the payload.
594 */
595optval = 1;
596if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_HOPLIMIT, &optval,
597    sizeof(optval)) == -1)
598	err(1, "setsockopt");
599
600found = 0;
601while (!found) {
602	if (recvmsg(s, &m, 0) == -1)
603		err(1, "recvmsg");
604	for (cm = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&m); cm != NULL;
605	     cm = CMSG_NXTHDR(&m, cm)) {
606		if (cm->cmsg_level == IPPROTO_IPV6 &&
607		    cm->cmsg_type == IPV6_HOPLIMIT &&
608		    cm->cmsg_len == CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int))) {
609			found = 1;
610			(void)printf("hop limit: %d\en",
611			    *(int *)CMSG_DATA(cm));
612			break;
613		}
614	}
615}
616.Ed
617.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
618A socket operation may fail with one of the following errors returned:
619.Bl -tag -width EADDRNOTAVAILxx
620.It Bq Er EISCONN
621when trying to establish a connection on a socket which
622already has one or when trying to send a datagram with the destination
623address specified and the socket is already connected.
624.It Bq Er ENOTCONN
625when trying to send a datagram, but
626no destination address is specified, and the socket has not been
627connected.
628.It Bq Er ENOBUFS
629when the system runs out of memory for
630an internal data structure.
631.It Bq Er EADDRNOTAVAIL
632when an attempt is made to create a
633socket with a network address for which no network interface
634exists.
635.It Bq Er EACCES
636when an attempt is made to create
637a raw IPv6 socket by a non-privileged process.
638.El
639.Pp
640The following errors specific to IPv6 may occur when setting or getting
641header options:
642.Bl -tag -width EADDRNOTAVAILxx
643.It Bq Er EINVAL
644An unknown socket option name was given.
645.It Bq Er EINVAL
646An ancillary data object was improperly formed.
647.El
648.Sh SEE ALSO
649.Xr getsockopt 2 ,
650.Xr recv 2 ,
651.Xr send 2 ,
652.Xr setsockopt 2 ,
653.Xr socket 2 ,
654.\" .Xr inet6_option_space 3 ,
655.\" .Xr inet6_rthdr_space 3 ,
656.Xr if_nametoindex 3 ,
657.Xr bpf 4 ,
658.Xr icmp6 4 ,
659.Xr ip 4 ,
660.Xr inet6 4 ,
661.Xr netintro 4 ,
662.Xr tcp 4 ,
663.Xr udp 4
664.Rs
665.%A W. Stevens
666.%A M. Thomas
667.%T Advanced Sockets API for IPv6
668.%R RFC 2292
669.%D February 1998
670.Re
671.Rs
672.%A S. Deering
673.%A R. Hinden
674.%T Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification
675.%R RFC 2460
676.%D December 1998
677.Re
678.Rs
679.%A R. Gilligan
680.%A S. Thomson
681.%A J. Bound
682.%A W. Stevens
683.%T Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6
684.%R RFC 2553
685.%D March 1999
686.Re
687.Rs
688.%A W. Stevens
689.%A B. Fenner
690.%A A. Rudoff
691.%T UNIX Network Programming, third edition
692.Re
693.Sh STANDARDS
694Most of the socket options are defined in RFC 2292 or RFC 2553.
695The
696.Dv IPV6_V6ONLY
697socket option is defined in RFC 3493 Section 5.3.
698The
699.Dv IPV6_PORTRANGE
700socket option and the conflict resolution rule are not defined in the
701RFCs and should be considered implementation dependent.
702