man/man4/ddb.4

.\"
.\" Mach Operating System
.\" Copyright (c) 1991,1990 Carnegie Mellon University
.\" Copyright (c) 2007 Robert N. M. Watson
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.Dd May 28, 2025
.Dt DDB 4
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm ddb
.Nd interactive kernel debugger
.Sh SYNOPSIS
In order to enable kernel debugging facilities include:
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
.Cd options KDB
.Cd options DDB
.Ed
.Pp
To prevent activation of the debugger on kernel
.Xr panic 9 :
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
.Cd options KDB_UNATTENDED
.Ed
.Pp
In order to print a stack trace of the current thread on the console
for a panic:
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
.Cd options KDB_TRACE
.Ed
.Pp
To print the numerical value of symbols in addition to the symbolic
representation, define:
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
.Cd options DDB_NUMSYM
.Ed
.Pp
To enable the
.Xr gdb 4
backend, so that remote debugging with
.Xr kgdb 1 Pq Pa ports/devel/gdb
is possible, include:
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
.Cd options GDB
.Ed
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm
kernel debugger is an interactive debugger with a syntax inspired by
.Xr gdb 1 Pq Pa ports/devel/gdb .
If linked into the running kernel,
it can be invoked locally with the
.Ql debug
.Xr keymap 5
action, usually mapped to Ctrl+Alt+Esc, or by setting the
.Va debug.kdb.enter
sysctl to 1.
The debugger is also invoked on kernel
.Xr panic 9
if the
.Va debug.debugger_on_panic
.Xr sysctl 8
MIB variable is set non-zero,
which is the default
unless the
.Dv KDB_UNATTENDED
option is specified.
Similarly, if the
.Va debug.debugger_on_recursive_panic
variable is set to
.Dv 1 ,
then the debugger will be invoked on a recursive kernel panic.
This variable has a default value of
.Dv 0 ,
and has no effect if
.Va debug.debugger_on_panic
is already set non-zero.
.Pp
The current location is called
.Va dot .
The
.Va dot
is displayed with
a hexadecimal format at a prompt.
The commands
.Ic examine
and
.Ic write
update
.Va dot
to the address of the last line
examined or the last location modified, and set
.Va next
to the address of
the next location to be examined or changed.
Other commands do not change
.Va dot ,
and set
.Va next
to be the same as
.Va dot .
.Pp
The general command syntax is:
.Ar command Ns Op Li / Ns Ar modifier
.Oo Ar addr Oc Ns Op , Ns Ar count
.Pp
A blank line repeats the previous command from the address
.Va next
with
count 1 and no modifiers.
Specifying
.Ar addr
sets
.Va dot
to the address.
Omitting
.Ar addr
uses
.Va dot .
A missing
.Ar count
is taken
to be 1 for printing commands or infinity for stack traces.
A
.Ar count
of -1 is equivalent to a missing
.Ar count .
Options that are supplied but not supported by the given
.Ar command
are usually ignored.
.Pp
The
.Nm
debugger has a pager feature (like the
.Xr more 1
command)
for the output.
If an output line exceeds the number set in the
.Va lines
variable, it displays
.Dq Li --More--
and waits for a response.
The valid responses for it are:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -compact -width ".Li SPC"
.It Li SPC
one more page
.It Li RET
one more line
.It Li q
abort the current command, and return to the command input mode
.El
.Pp
Finally,
.Nm
provides a small (currently 10 items) command history, and offers
simple
.Nm emacs Ns -style
command line editing capabilities.
In addition to
the
.Nm emacs
control keys, the usual ANSI arrow keys may be used to browse through the
history buffer, and move the cursor within the current line.
.Sh COMMANDS
.Ss COMMON DEBUGGER COMMANDS
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It Ic help
Print a short summary of the available commands and command
abbreviations.
.Pp
.It Xo
.Ic examine Ns Op Li / Ns Cm AISabcdghilmorsuxz ...
.Oo Ar addr Oc Ns Op , Ns Ar count
.Xc
.It Xo
.Ic x       Ns Op Li / Ns Cm AISabcdghilmorsuxz ...
.Oo Ar addr Oc Ns Op , Ns Ar count
.Xc
Display the addressed locations according to the formats in the modifier.
Multiple modifier formats display multiple locations.
If no format is specified, the last format specified for this command
is used.
.Pp
The format characters are:
.Bl -tag -compact -width indent
.It Cm b
look at by bytes (8 bits)
.It Cm h
look at by half words (16 bits)
.It Cm l
look at by long words (32 bits)
.It Cm g
look at by quad words (64 bits)
.It Cm a
print the location being displayed
.It Cm A
print the location with a line number if possible
.It Cm x
display in unsigned hex
.It Cm z
display in signed hex
.It Cm o
display in unsigned octal
.It Cm d
display in signed decimal
.It Cm u
display in unsigned decimal
.It Cm r
display in current radix, signed
.It Cm c
display low 8 bits as a character.
Non-printing characters are displayed as an octal escape code (e.g.,
.Ql \e000 ) .
.It Cm s
display the null-terminated string at the location.
Non-printing characters are displayed as octal escapes.
.It Cm m
display in unsigned hex with character dump at the end of each line.
The location is also displayed in hex at the beginning of each line.
.It Cm i
display as a disassembled instruction
.It Cm I
display as a disassembled instruction with possible alternate formats
depending on the machine.
On i386, this selects the alternate format for the instruction decoding
(16 bits in a 32-bit code segment and vice versa).
.It Cm S
display a symbol name for the pointer stored at the address
.El
.Pp
.It Ic xf
Examine forward:
execute an
.Ic examine
command with the last specified parameters to it
except that the next address displayed by it is used as the start address.
.Pp
.It Ic xb
Examine backward:
execute an
.Ic examine
command with the last specified parameters to it
except that the last start address subtracted by the size displayed by it
is used as the start address.
.Pp
.It Ic print Ns Op Li / Ns Cm acdoruxz
.It Ic p Ns Op Li / Ns Cm acdoruxz
Print
.Ar addr Ns s
according to the modifier character (as described above for
.Cm examine ) .
Valid formats are:
.Cm a , x , z , o , d , u , r ,
and
.Cm c .
If no modifier is specified, the last one specified to it is used.
The argument
.Ar addr
can be a string, in which case it is printed as it is.
For example:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
print/x "eax = " $eax "\enecx = " $ecx "\en"
.Ed
.Pp
will print like:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
eax = xxxxxx
ecx = yyyyyy
.Ed
.Pp
.It Ic pprint Ns Oo Li / Ns Cm d depth Oc Oo Ar name Oc
Pretty-print symbol specified by
.Ar name
using CTF debugging data. Works for all symbols exported by the kernel and loaded kernel modules.
.Pp
If the
.Cm d
modifier has been specified, contents of structs nested up to
.Ar depth
levels deep will also be included in the output.
.Pp
.It Ic pprint struct Ns Oo Li / Ns Cm d depth Ic Oc Oo Ar name Oc Ns Op Ns Ar addr
Print memory at
.Ar addr
as struct
.Ar name Ns .
Works for all structs defined by the kernel and loaded kernel modules.
.Pp
If the
.Cm d
modifier has been specified, contents of structs nested up to
.Ar depth
levels deep will also be included in the output.
.Pp
.It Xo
.Ic write Ns Op Li / Ns Cm bhl
.Ar addr expr1 Op Ar expr2 ...
.Xc
.It Xo
.Ic w Ns Op Li / Ns Cm bhl
.Ar addr expr1 Op Ar expr2 ...
.Xc
Write the expressions specified after
.Ar addr
on the command line at succeeding locations starting with
.Ar addr .
The write unit size can be specified in the modifier with a letter
.Cm b
(byte),
.Cm h
(half word) or
.Cm l
(long word) respectively.
If omitted,
long word is assumed.
.Pp
.Sy Warning :
since there is no delimiter between expressions, strange
things may happen.
It is best to enclose each expression in parentheses.
.Pp
.It Ic set Li $ Ns Ar variable Oo Li = Oc Ar expr
Set the named variable or register with the value of
.Ar expr .
Valid variable names are described below.
.Pp
.It Ic break Ns Oo Li / Ns Cm u Oc Oo Ar addr Oc Ns Op , Ns Ar count
.It Ic b     Ns Oo Li / Ns Cm u Oc Oo Ar addr Oc Ns Op , Ns Ar count
Set a break point at
.Ar addr .
If
.Ar count
is supplied, the
.Ic continue
command will not stop at this break point on the first
.Ar count
\- 1 times that it is hit.
If the break point is set, a break point number is
printed with
.Ql # .
This number can be used in deleting the break point
or adding conditions to it.
.Pp
If the
.Cm u
modifier is specified, this command sets a break point in user
address space.
Without the
.Cm u
option, the address is considered to be in the kernel
space, and a wrong space address is rejected with an error message.
This modifier can be used only if it is supported by machine dependent
routines.
.Pp
.Sy Warning :
If a user text is shadowed by a normal user space debugger,
user space break points may not work correctly.
Setting a break
point at the low-level code paths may also cause strange behavior.
.Pp
.It Ic delete Op Ar addr
.It Ic d      Op Ar addr
.It Ic delete Li # Ns Ar number
.It Ic d      Li # Ns Ar number
Delete the specified break point.
The break point can be specified by a
break point number with
.Ql # ,
or by using the same
.Ar addr
specified in the original
.Ic break
command, or by omitting
.Ar addr
to get the default address of
.Va dot .
.Pp
.It Ic halt
Halt the system.
.Pp
.It Ic watch Oo Ar addr Oc Ns Op , Ns Ar size
Set a watchpoint for a region.
Execution stops when an attempt to modify the region occurs.
The
.Ar size
argument defaults to 4.
If you specify a wrong space address, the request is rejected
with an error message.
.Pp
.Sy Warning :
Attempts to watch wired kernel memory
may cause unrecoverable error in some systems such as i386.
Watchpoints on user addresses work best.
.Pp
.It Ic hwatch Oo Ar addr Oc Ns Op , Ns Ar size
Set a hardware watchpoint for a region if supported by the
architecture.
Execution stops when an attempt to modify the region occurs.
The
.Ar size
argument defaults to 4.
.Pp
.Sy Warning :
The hardware debug facilities do not have a concept of separate
address spaces like the watch command does.
Use
.Ic hwatch
for setting watchpoints on kernel address locations only, and avoid
its use on user mode address spaces.
.Pp
.It Ic dhwatch Oo Ar addr Oc Ns Op , Ns Ar size
Delete specified hardware watchpoint.
.Pp
.It Ic kill Ar sig pid
Send signal
.Ar sig
to process
.Ar pid .
The signal is acted on upon returning from the debugger.
This command can be used to kill a process causing resource contention
in the case of a hung system.
See
.Xr signal 3
for a list of signals.
Note that the arguments are reversed relative to
.Xr kill 2 .
.Pp
.It Ic step Ns Oo Li / Ns Cm p Oc Ns Op , Ns Ar count
.It Ic s    Ns Oo Li / Ns Cm p Oc Ns Op , Ns Ar count
Single step
.Ar count
times.
If the
.Cm p
modifier is specified, print each instruction at each step.
Otherwise, only print the last instruction.
.Pp
.Sy Warning :
depending on machine type, it may not be possible to
single-step through some low-level code paths or user space code.
On machines with software-emulated single-stepping (e.g., pmax),
stepping through code executed by interrupt handlers will probably
do the wrong thing.
.Pp
.It Ic continue Ns Op Li / Ns Cm c
.It Ic c Ns Op Li / Ns Cm c
Continue execution until a breakpoint or watchpoint.
If the
.Cm c
modifier is specified, count instructions while executing.
Some machines (e.g., pmax) also count loads and stores.
.Pp
.Sy Warning :
when counting, the debugger is really silently single-stepping.
This means that single-stepping on low-level code may cause strange
behavior.
.Pp
.It Ic until Ns Op Li / Ns Cm p
Stop at the next call or return instruction.
If the
.Cm p
modifier is specified, print the call nesting depth and the
cumulative instruction count at each call or return.
Otherwise,
only print when the matching return is hit.
.Pp
.It Ic next Ns Op Li / Ns Cm p
.It Ic match Ns Op Li / Ns Cm p
Stop at the matching return instruction.
If the
.Cm p
modifier is specified, print the call nesting depth and the
cumulative instruction count at each call or return.
Otherwise, only print when the matching return is hit.
.Pp
.It Xo
.Ic trace Ns Op Li / Ns Cm u
.Op Ar pid | tid Ns
.Op , Ns Ar count
.Xc
.It Xo
.Ic t Ns Op Li / Ns Cm u
.Op Ar pid | tid Ns
.Op , Ns Ar count
.Xc
.It Xo
.Ic where Ns Op Li / Ns Cm u
.Op Ar pid | tid Ns
.Op , Ns Ar count
.Xc
.It Xo
.Ic bt Ns Op Li / Ns Cm u
.Op Ar pid | tid Ns
.Op , Ns Ar count
.Xc
Stack trace.
The
.Cm u
option traces user space; if omitted,
.Ic trace
only traces
kernel space.
The optional argument
.Ar count
is the number of frames to be traced.
If
.Ar count
is omitted, all frames are printed.
.Pp
.Sy Warning :
User space stack trace is valid
only if the machine dependent code supports it.
.Pp
.It Xo
.Ic search Ns Op Li / Ns Cm bhl
.Ar addr
.Ar value
.Op Ar mask Ns
.Op , Ns Ar count
.Xc
Search memory for
.Ar value .
The optional
.Ar count
argument limits the search.
.\"
.Pp
.It Xo
.Ic Ic reboot Ns Op Li / Ns Cm s
.Op Ar seconds
.Xc
.It Xo
.Ic Ic reset Ns Op Li / Ns Cm s
.Op Ar seconds
.Xc
Hard reset the system.
If the optional argument
.Ar seconds
is given, the debugger will wait for this long, at most a week,
before rebooting.
When the
.Cm s
modifier is given, the command will skip running any registered shutdown
handlers and attempt the most basic reset.
.Pp
.It Ic thread Ar addr | tid
Switch the debugger to the thread with ID
.Ar tid ,
if the argument is a decimal number, or address
.Ar addr ,
otherwise.
.Pp
.It Ic watchdog Op Ar exp
Program the
.Xr watchdog 4
timer to fire in
.Pf 2^ Ar exp
seconds.
If no argument is provided, the watchdog timer is disabled.
.El
.Ss SPECIALIZED HELPER COMMANDS
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It Xo
.Ic findstack
.Ar addr
.Xc
Prints the address of the thread whose kernel-mode stack contains
.Ar addr ,
if any.
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm active trace
.It Ic acttrace
Show a stack trace for every thread running on a CPU.
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm all procs Ns Op Li / Ns Cm a
.It Ic ps Ns Op Li / Ns Cm a
Display all process information.
The process information may not be shown if it is not
supported in the machine, or the bottom of the stack of the
target process is not in the main memory at that time.
The
.Cm a
modifier will print command line arguments for each process.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm all tcpcbs Ns Op Li / Ns Cm l
Show the same output as "show tcpcb" does, but for all
TCP control blocks within the system.
Using the
.Cm l
modifier will limit the output to TCP control blocks, which are locked.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm all trace
.It Ic alltrace
Show a stack trace for every thread in the system.
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm all ttys
Show all TTY's within the system.
Output is similar to
.Xr pstat 8 ,
but also includes the address of the TTY structure.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm all vnets
Show the same output as "show vnet" does, but lists all
virtualized network stacks within the system.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm allchains
Show the same information like "show lockchain" does, but
for every thread in the system.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm alllocks
Show all locks that are currently held.
This command is only available if
.Xr witness 4
is included in the kernel.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm allpcpu
The same as "show pcpu", but for every CPU present in the system.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm allrman
Show information related with resource management, including
interrupt request lines, DMA request lines, I/O ports, I/O memory
addresses, and Resource IDs.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm apic
Dump data about APIC IDT vector mappings.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm badstacks
Walk the
.Xr witness 4
graph and print any lock-order violations.
This command is only available if
.Xr witness 4
is included in the kernel.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm breaks
Show breakpoints set with the "break" command.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm bio Ar addr
Show information about the bio structure
.Vt struct bio
present at
.Ar addr .
See the
.Pa sys/bio.h
header file and
.Xr g_bio 9
for more details on the exact meaning of the structure fields.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm buffer Ar addr
Show information about the buf structure
.Vt struct buf
present at
.Ar addr .
See the
.Pa sys/buf.h
header file for more details on the exact meaning of the structure fields.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm callout Ar addr
Show information about the callout structure
.Vt struct callout
present at
.Ar addr .
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm cdev Op Ar addr
Show the internal devfs state of the cdev structure located at
.Ar addr .
If no argument is provided, show the list of all created cdevs, consisting of
the devfs node name and the
.Vt struct cdev
address.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm conifhk
Lists hooks currently waiting for completion in
.Fn run_interrupt_driven_config_hooks .
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm cpusets
Print numbered root and assigned CPU affinity sets.
See
.Xr cpuset 2
for more details.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm cyrixreg
Show registers specific to the Cyrix processor.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm devmap
Prints the contents of the static device mapping table.
Currently only available on the
ARM
architecture.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm domain Ar addr
Print protocol domain structure
.Vt struct domain
at address
.Ar addr .
See the
.Pa sys/domain.h
header file for more details on the exact meaning of the structure fields.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm ffs Op Ar addr
Show brief information about ffs mount at the address
.Ar addr ,
if argument is given.
Otherwise, provides the summary about each ffs mount.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm file Ar addr
Show information about the file structure
.Vt struct file
present at address
.Ar addr .
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm files
Show information about every file structure in the system.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm freepages
Show the number of physical pages in each of the free lists.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm geom Op Ar addr
If the
.Ar addr
argument is not given, displays the entire GEOM topology.
If
.Ar addr
is given, displays details about the given GEOM object (class, geom,
provider or consumer).
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm idt
Show IDT layout.
The first column specifies the IDT vector.
The second one is the name of the interrupt/trap handler.
Those functions are machine dependent.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm igi_list Ar addr
Show information about the IGMP structure
.Vt struct igmp_ifsoftc
present at
.Ar addr .
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm iosched Ar addr
Show information about the I/O scheduler
.Vt struct cam_iosched_softc
located at
.Ar addr .
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm inodedeps Op Ar addr
Show brief information about each inodedep structure.
If
.Ar addr
is given, only inodedeps belonging to the fs located at the
supplied address are shown.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm inpcb Ar addr
Show information on IP Control Block
.Vt struct in_pcb
present at
.Ar addr .
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm intr
Dump information about interrupt handlers.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm intrcnt
Dump the interrupt statistics.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm irqs
Show interrupt lines and their respective kernel threads.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm ktr Ns Op Li / Ns Cm a Ns Cm v Ns Cm V
Print the contents of the
.Xr ktr 4
trace buffer.
The
.Cm v
modifier will request fully verbose output, causing the file, line number, and
timestamp to be printed for each trace entry.
The
.Cm V
modifier will request only the timestamps to be printed.
The
.Cm a
modifier will request that the output be unpaginated.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm lapic
Show information from the local APIC registers for this CPU.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm lock Ar addr
Show lock structure.
The output format is as follows:
.Bl -tag -width "flags"
.It Ic class :
Class of the lock.
Possible types include
.Xr mutex 9 ,
.Xr rmlock 9 ,
.Xr rwlock 9 ,
.Xr sx 9 .
.It Ic name :
Name of the lock.
.It Ic flags :
Flags passed to the lock initialization function.
.Em flags
values are lock class specific.
.It Ic state :
Current state of a lock.
.Em state
values are lock class specific.
.It Ic owner :
Lock owner.
.El
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm lockchain Ar addr
Show all threads a particular thread at address
.Ar addr
is waiting on based on non-spin locks.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm lockedbufs
Show the same information as "show buf", but for every locked
.Vt struct buf
object.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm lockedvnods
List all locked vnodes in the system.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm locks
Prints all locks that are currently acquired.
This command is only available if
.Xr witness 4
is included in the kernel.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm locktree
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm malloc Ns Op Li / Ns Cm i
Prints
.Xr malloc 9
memory allocator statistics.
If the
.Cm i
modifier is specified, format output as machine-parseable comma-separated
values ("CSV").
The output columns are as follows:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -compact -offset indent -width "Requests"
.It Ic Type
Specifies a type of memory.
It is the same as a description string used while defining the
given memory type with
.Xr MALLOC_DECLARE 9 .
.It Ic InUse
Number of memory allocations of the given type, for which
.Xr free 9
has not been called yet.
.It Ic MemUse
Total memory consumed by the given allocation type.
.It Ic Requests
Number of memory allocation requests for the given
memory type.
.El
.Pp
The same information can be gathered in userspace with
.Dq Nm vmstat Fl m .
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm map Ns Oo Li / Ns Cm f Oc Ar addr
Prints the VM map at
.Ar addr .
If the
.Cm f
modifier is specified the
complete map is printed.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm msgbuf
Print the system's message buffer.
It is the same output as in the
.Dq Nm dmesg
case.
It is useful if you got a kernel panic, attached a serial cable
to the machine and want to get the boot messages from before the
system hang.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm mount Op Ar addr
Displays details about the mount point located at
.Ar addr .
If no
.Ar addr
is specified,
displays short info about all currently mounted file systems.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm object Ns Oo Li / Ns Cm f Oc Ar addr
Prints the VM object at
.Ar addr .
If the
.Cm f
option is specified the
complete object is printed.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm panic
Print the panic message if set.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm page
Show statistics on VM pages.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm pageq
Show statistics on VM page queues.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm pciregs
Print PCI bus registers.
The same information can be gathered in userspace by running
.Dq Nm pciconf Fl lv .
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm pcpu
Print current processor state.
The output format is as follows:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -compact -offset indent -width "spin locks held:"
.It Ic cpuid
Processor identifier.
.It Ic curthread
Thread pointer, process identifier and the name of the process.
.It Ic curpcb
Control block pointer.
.It Ic fpcurthread
FPU thread pointer.
.It Ic idlethread
Idle thread pointer.
.It Ic APIC ID
CPU identifier coming from APIC.
.It Ic currentldt
LDT pointer.
.It Ic spin locks held
Names of spin locks held.
.El
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm pgrpdump
Dump process groups present within the system.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm prison Op Ar addr
Show the prison structure located at
.Ar addr .
If no
.Ar addr
argument is specified, show information about all prisons in the system.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm proc Op Ar addr
Show information about the process structure located at address
.Ar addr ,
or the current process if no argument is specified.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm procvm Op Ar addr
Show process virtual memory layout for the process located at
.Ar addr ,
or the current process if no argument is specified.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm protosw Ar addr
Print protocol switch structure
.Vt struct protosw
at address
.Ar addr .
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm registers Ns Op Li / Ns Cm u
Display the register set.
If the
.Cm u
modifier is specified, the register contents of the thread's previous
trapframe are displayed instead.
Usually, this corresponds to the saved state from userspace.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm rman Ar addr
Show resource manager object
.Vt struct rman
at address
.Ar addr .
Addresses of particular pointers can be gathered with "show allrman"
command.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm route Ar addr
Show route table result for destination
.Ar addr .
At this time, INET and INET6 formatted addresses are supported.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm routetable Oo Ar af Oc
Show full route table or tables.
If
.Ar af
is specified, show only routes for the given numeric address family.
If no argument is specified, dump the route table for all address families.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm rtc
Show real time clock value.
Useful for long debugging sessions.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm sleepchain
Deprecated.
Now an alias for
.Ic show Cm lockchain .
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm sleepq Ar addr
.It Ic show Cm sleepqueue Ar addr
Show the
.Xr sleepqueue 9
structure located at
.Ar addr .
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm sockbuf Ar addr
Show the socket buffer
.Va struct sockbuf
located at
.Ar addr .
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm socket Ar addr
Show the socket object
.Vt struct socket
located at
.Ar addr .
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm sysregs
Show system registers (e.g.,
.Li cr0-4
on i386.)
Not present on some platforms.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm tcpcb Ar addr
Print TCP control block
.Vt struct tcpcb
lying at address
.Ar addr .
For exact interpretation of output, visit
.Pa netinet/tcp.h
header file.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm thread Op Ar addr | tid
If no
.Ar addr
or
.Ar tid
is specified, show detailed information about current thread.
Otherwise, print information about the thread with ID
.Ar tid
or kernel address
.Ar addr .
(If the argument is a decimal number, it is assumed to be a tid.)
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm threads
Show all threads within the system.
Output format is as follows:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -compact -offset indent -width "Second column"
.It Ic First column
Thread identifier (TID)
.It Ic Second column
Thread structure address
.It Ic Third column
Backtrace.
.El
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm tty Ar addr
Display the contents of a TTY structure in a readable form.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm turnstile Ar addr
Show turnstile
.Vt struct turnstile
structure at address
.Ar addr .
Turnstiles are structures used within the
.Fx
kernel to implement
synchronization primitives which, while holding a specific type of lock, cannot
sleep or context switch to another thread.
Currently, those are:
.Xr mutex 9 ,
.Xr rwlock 9 ,
.Xr rmlock 9 .
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm uma Ns Op Li / Ns Cm i
Show UMA allocator statistics.
If the
.Cm i
modifier is specified, format output as machine-parseable comma-separated
values ("CSV").
The output contains the following columns:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -compact -offset indent -width "Total Mem"
.It Cm "Zone"
Name of the UMA zone.
The same string that was passed to
.Xr uma_zcreate 9
as a first argument.
.It Cm "Size"
Size of a given memory object (slab).
.It Cm "Used"
Number of slabs being currently used.
.It Cm "Free"
Number of free slabs within the UMA zone.
.It Cm "Requests"
Number of allocations requests to the given zone.
.It Cm "Total Mem"
Total memory in use (either allocated or free) by a zone, in bytes.
.It Cm "XFree"
Number of free slabs within the UMA zone that were freed on a different NUMA
domain than allocated.
(The count in the
.Cm "Free"
column is inclusive of
.Cm "XFree" . )
.El
.Pp
The same information might be gathered in the userspace
with the help of
.Dq Nm vmstat Fl z .
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm unpcb Ar addr
Shows UNIX domain socket private control block
.Vt struct unpcb
present at the address
.Ar addr .
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm vmochk
Prints, whether the internal VM objects are in a map somewhere
and none have zero ref counts.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm vmopag
Walk the list of VM objects in the system, printing the indices and physical
addresses of the VM pages belonging to each object.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm vnet Ar addr
Prints virtualized network stack
.Vt struct vnet
structure present at the address
.Ar addr .
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm vnode Ar addr
Prints vnode
.Vt struct vnode
structure lying at
.Ar addr .
For the exact interpretation of the output, look at the
.Pa sys/vnode.h
header file.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm vnodebufs Ar addr
Shows clean/dirty buffer lists of the vnode located at
.Ar addr .
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm vpath Ar addr
Walk the namecache to lookup the pathname of the vnode located at
.Ar addr .
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm watches
Displays all watchpoints.
Shows watchpoints set with "watch" command.
.\"
.Pp
.It Ic show Cm witness
Shows information about lock acquisition coming from the
.Xr witness 4
subsystem.
.El
.Ss OFFLINE DEBUGGING COMMANDS
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It Ic dump
Initiate a kernel core dump to the device(s) configured by
.Xr dumpon 8 .
.Pp
.It Ic gdb
Switches to remote GDB mode.
In remote GDB mode, another machine is required that runs
.Xr gdb 1 Pq Pa ports/devel/gdb
using the remote debug feature, with a connection to the serial
console port on the target machine.
.Pp
.It Ic netdump Fl s Ar server Oo Fl g Ar gateway Fl c Ar client Fl i Ar iface Oc
Configure
.Xr netdump 4
with the provided parameters, and immediately perform a netdump.
.Pp
There are some known limitations.
Principally,
.Xr netdump 4
only supports IPv4 at this time.
The address arguments to the
.Ic netdump
command must be dotted decimal IPv4 addresses.
(Hostnames are not supported.)
At present, the command only works if the machine is in a panic state.
Finally, the
.Nm
.Ic netdump
command does not provide any way to configure compression or encryption.
.Pp
.It Ic netgdb Fl s Ar server Oo Fl g Ar gateway Fl c Ar client Fl i Ar iface Oc
Initiate a
.Xr netgdb 4
session with the provided parameters.
.Pp
.Ic netgdb
has identical limitations to
.Ic netdump .
.Pp
.It Ic capture on
.It Ic capture off
.It Ic capture reset
.It Ic capture status
.Nm
supports a basic output capture facility, which can be used to retrieve the
results of debugging commands from userspace using
.Xr sysctl 3 .
.Ic capture on
enables output capture;
.Ic capture off
disables capture.
.Ic capture reset
will clear the capture buffer and disable capture.
.Ic capture status
will report current buffer use, buffer size, and disposition of output
capture.
.Pp
Userspace processes may inspect and manage
.Nm
capture state using
.Xr sysctl 8 :
.Pp
.Va debug.ddb.capture.bufsize
may be used to query or set the current capture buffer size.
.Pp
.Va debug.ddb.capture.maxbufsize
may be used to query the compile-time limit on the capture buffer size.
.Pp
.Va debug.ddb.capture.bytes
may be used to query the number of bytes of output currently in the capture
buffer.
.Pp
.Va debug.ddb.capture.data
returns the contents of the buffer as a string to an appropriately privileged
process.
.Pp
This facility is particularly useful in concert with the scripting and
.Xr textdump 4
facilities, allowing scripted debugging output to be captured and
committed to disk as part of a textdump for later analysis.
The contents of the capture buffer may also be inspected in a kernel core dump
using
.Xr kgdb 1 Pq Pa ports/devel/gdb .
.Pp
.It Ic run
.It Ic script
.It Ic scripts
.It Ic unscript
Run, define, list, and delete scripts.
See the
.Sx SCRIPTING
section for more information on the scripting facility.
.Pp
.It Ic textdump dump
.It Ic textdump set
.It Ic textdump status
.It Ic textdump unset
Use the
.Ic textdump dump
command to immediately perform a textdump.
More information may be found in
.Xr textdump 4 .
The
.Ic textdump set
command may be used to force the next kernel core dump to be a textdump
rather than a traditional memory dump or minidump.
.Ic textdump status
reports whether a textdump has been scheduled.
.Ic textdump unset
cancels a request to perform a textdump as the next kernel core dump.
.El
.Sh VARIABLES
The debugger accesses registers and variables as
.Li $ Ns Ar name .
Register names are as in the
.Dq Ic show Cm registers
command.
Some variables are suffixed with numbers, and may have some modifier
following a colon immediately after the variable name.
For example, register variables can have a
.Cm u
modifier to indicate user register (e.g.,
.Dq Li $eax:u ) .
.Pp
Built-in variables currently supported are:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Va tabstops" -compact
.It Va radix
Input and output radix.
.It Va maxoff
Addresses are printed as
.Dq Ar symbol Ns Li + Ns Ar offset
unless
.Ar offset
is greater than
.Va maxoff .
.It Va maxwidth
The width of the displayed line.
.It Va lines
The number of lines.
It is used by the built-in pager.
Setting it to 0 disables paging.
.It Va tabstops
Tab stop width.
.It Va work Ns Ar xx
Work variable;
.Ar xx
can take values from 0 to 31.
.El
.Sh EXPRESSIONS
Most expression operators in C are supported except
.Ql ~ ,
.Ql ^ ,
and unary
.Ql & .
Special rules in
.Nm
are:
.Bl -tag -width ".No Identifiers"
.It Identifiers
The name of a symbol is translated to the value of the symbol, which
is the address of the corresponding object.
.Ql \&.
and
.Ql \&:
can be used in the identifier.
If supported by an object format dependent routine,
.Sm off
.Oo Ar filename : Oc Ar func : lineno ,
.Sm on
.Oo Ar filename : Oc Ns Ar variable ,
and
.Oo Ar filename : Oc Ns Ar lineno
can be accepted as a symbol.
.It Numbers
Radix is determined by the first two letters:
.Ql 0x :
hex,
.Ql 0o :
octal,
.Ql 0t :
decimal; otherwise, follow current radix.
.It Li \&.
.Va dot
.It Li +
.Va next
.It Li ..
address of the start of the last line examined.
Unlike
.Va dot
or
.Va next ,
this is only changed by
.Ic examine
or
.Ic write
command.
.It Li '
last address explicitly specified.
.It Li $ Ns Ar variable
Translated to the value of the specified variable.
It may be followed by a
.Ql \&:
and modifiers as described above.
.It Ar a Ns Li # Ns Ar b
A binary operator which rounds up the left hand side to the next
multiple of right hand side.
.It Li * Ns Ar expr
Indirection.
It may be followed by a
.Ql \&:
and modifiers as described above.
.El
.Sh SCRIPTING
.Nm
supports a basic scripting facility to allow automating tasks or responses to
specific events.
Each script consists of a list of DDB commands to be executed sequentially,
and is assigned a unique name.
Certain script names have special meaning, and will be automatically run on
various
.Nm
events if scripts by those names have been defined.
.Pp
The
.Ic script
command may be used to define a script by name.
Scripts consist of a series of
.Nm
commands separated with the
.Ql \&;
character.
For example:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
script kdb.enter.panic=bt; show pcpu
script lockinfo=show alllocks; show lockedvnods
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Ic scripts
command lists currently defined scripts.
.Pp
The
.Ic run
command execute a script by name.
For example:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
run lockinfo
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Ic unscript
command may be used to delete a script by name.
For example:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
unscript kdb.enter.panic
.Ed
.Pp
These functions may also be performed from userspace using the
.Xr ddb 8
command.
.Pp
Certain scripts are run automatically, if defined, for specific
.Nm
events.
The follow scripts are run when various events occur:
.Bl -tag -width kdb.enter.powerfail
.It Va kdb.enter.acpi
The kernel debugger was entered as a result of an
.Xr acpi 4
event.
.It Va kdb.enter.bootflags
The kernel debugger was entered at boot as a result of the debugger boot
flag being set.
.It Va kdb.enter.break
The kernel debugger was entered as a result of a serial or console break.
.It Va kdb.enter.cam
The kernel debugger was entered as a result of a
.Xr CAM 4
event.
.It Va kdb.enter.mac
The kernel debugger was entered as a result of an assertion failure in the
.Xr mac_test 4
module of the
TrustedBSD MAC Framework.
.It Va kdb.enter.netgraph
The kernel debugger was entered as a result of a
.Xr netgraph 4
event.
.It Va kdb.enter.panic
.Xr panic 9
was called.
.It Va kdb.enter.powerpc
The kernel debugger was entered as a result of an unimplemented interrupt
type on the powerpc platform.
.It Va kdb.enter.sysctl
The kernel debugger was entered as a result of the
.Va debug.kdb.enter
sysctl being set.
.It Va kdb.enter.unionfs
The kernel debugger was entered as a result of an assertion failure in the
union file system.
.It Va kdb.enter.unknown
The kernel debugger was entered, but no reason has been set.
.It Va kdb.enter.vfslock
The kernel debugger was entered as a result of a VFS lock violation.
.It Va kdb.enter.watchdog
The kernel debugger was entered as a result of a watchdog firing.
.It Va kdb.enter.witness
The kernel debugger was entered as a result of a
.Xr witness 4
violation.
.El
.Pp
In the event that none of these scripts is found,
.Nm
will attempt to execute a default script:
.Bl -tag -width kdb.enter.powerfail
.It Va kdb.enter.default
The kernel debugger was entered, but a script exactly matching the reason for
entering was not defined.
This can be used as a catch-all to handle cases not specifically of interest;
for example,
.Va kdb.enter.witness
might be defined to have special handling, and
.Va kdb.enter.default
might be defined to simply panic and reboot.
.El
.Sh HINTS
On machines with an ISA expansion bus, a simple NMI generation card can be
constructed by connecting a push button between the A01 and B01 (CHCHK# and
GND) card fingers.
Momentarily shorting these two fingers together may cause the bridge chipset to
generate an NMI, which causes the kernel to pass control to
.Nm .
Some bridge chipsets do not generate a NMI on CHCHK#, so your mileage may vary.
The NMI allows one to break into the debugger on a wedged machine to
diagnose problems.
Other bus' bridge chipsets may be able to generate NMI using bus specific
methods.
There are many PCI and PCIe add-in cards which can generate NMI for
debugging.
Modern server systems typically use IPMI to generate signals to enter the
debugger.
The
.Va devel/ipmitool
port can be used to send the
.Cd chassis power diag
command which delivers an NMI to the processor.
Embedded systems often use JTAG for debugging, but rarely use it in
combination with
.Nm .
.Pp
Serial consoles can break to the debugger by sending a BREAK
condition on the serial line.
This requires a kernel built with
.Cd options BREAK_TO_DEBUGGER
is specified in the kernel.
Most terminal emulation programs can send a break sequence with a
special key sequence or menu selection.
Sending the break can be difficult or even happen spuriously in some setups.
An alternative method is to build a kernel with
.Cd options ALT_BREAK_TO_DEBUGGER
then the sequence of CR TILDE CTRL-B enters the debugger;
CR TILDE CTRL-P causes a panic; and
CR TILDE CTRL-R causes an immediate reboot.
In all these sequences, CR represents Carriage Return and is usually
sent by pressing the Enter or Return key.
TILDE is the ASCII tilde character (~).
CTRL-x is Control x, sent by pressing the Control key, then x, then releasing
both.
.Pp
The break-to-debugger behavior can be enabled by setting
.Xr sysctl 8
.Va debug.kdb.break_to_debugger
to 1.
The alt-break-to-debugger behavior can be enabled by setting
.Xr sysctl 8
.Va debug.kdb.alt_break_to_debugger
to 1.
The debugger can be entered by setting
.Xr sysctl 8
.Va debug.kdb.enter
to 1.
.Pp
Output can be interrupted, paused, and resumed with the control
characters CTRL-C, CTRL-S, and CTRL-Q.
Because these control characters are received as in-band data from the
console, there is an input buffer, and once that buffer fills
.Nm
must either stop responding to control characters or drop additional
input while continuing to search for control characters.
This behavior is controlled by the tunable
.Xr sysctl 8
.Va debug.ddb.prioritize_control_input ,
which defaults to 1.
The input buffer size is 512 bytes.
.Sh FILES
Header files mentioned in this manual page can be found below
.Pa /usr/include
directory.
.Pp
.Bl -dash -compact
.It
.Pa sys/buf.h
.It
.Pa sys/domain.h
.It
.Pa netinet/in_pcb.h
.It
.Pa sys/socket.h
.It
.Pa sys/vnode.h
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr gdb 1 Pq Pa ports/devel/gdb ,
.Xr kgdb 1 Pq Pa ports/devel/gdb ,
.Xr acpi 4 ,
.Xr CAM 4 ,
.Xr gdb 4 ,
.Xr mac_ddb 4 ,
.Xr mac_test 4 ,
.Xr netgraph 4 ,
.Xr textdump 4 ,
.Xr witness 4 ,
.Xr ddb 8 ,
.Xr sysctl 8 ,
.Xr panic 9
.Sh HISTORY
The
.Nm
debugger was developed for Mach, and ported to
.Bx 386 0.1 .
This manual page translated from
.Xr man 7
macros by
.An Garrett Wollman .
.Pp
.An Robert N. M. Watson
added support for
.Nm
output capture,
.Xr textdump 4
and scripting in
.Fx 7.1 .