xref: /freebsd/sbin/ping/ping.c (revision d34048812292b714a0bf99967270d18fe3097c62)
1 /*-
2  * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
3  *
4  * Copyright (c) 1989, 1993
5  *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
6  *
7  * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
8  * Mike Muuss.
9  *
10  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
11  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
12  * are met:
13  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
14  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
15  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
16  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
17  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
18  * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
19  *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
20  *    without specific prior written permission.
21  *
22  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
23  * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
24  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
25  * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
26  * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
27  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
28  * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
29  * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
30  * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
31  * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
32  * SUCH DAMAGE.
33  */
34 
35 #if 0
36 #ifndef lint
37 static const char copyright[] =
38 "@(#) Copyright (c) 1989, 1993\n\
39 	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.\n";
40 #endif /* not lint */
41 
42 #ifndef lint
43 static char sccsid[] = "@(#)ping.c	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93";
44 #endif /* not lint */
45 #endif
46 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
47 __FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");
48 
49 /*
50  *			P I N G . C
51  *
52  * Using the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) "ECHO" facility,
53  * measure round-trip-delays and packet loss across network paths.
54  *
55  * Author -
56  *	Mike Muuss
57  *	U. S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory
58  *	December, 1983
59  *
60  * Status -
61  *	Public Domain.  Distribution Unlimited.
62  * Bugs -
63  *	More statistics could always be gathered.
64  *	This program has to run SUID to ROOT to access the ICMP socket.
65  */
66 
67 #include <sys/param.h>		/* NB: we rely on this for <sys/types.h> */
68 #include <sys/capsicum.h>
69 #include <sys/socket.h>
70 #include <sys/sysctl.h>
71 #include <sys/time.h>
72 #include <sys/uio.h>
73 
74 #include <netinet/in.h>
75 #include <netinet/in_systm.h>
76 #include <netinet/ip.h>
77 #include <netinet/ip_icmp.h>
78 #include <netinet/ip_var.h>
79 #include <arpa/inet.h>
80 
81 #include <libcasper.h>
82 #include <casper/cap_dns.h>
83 
84 #ifdef IPSEC
85 #include <netipsec/ipsec.h>
86 #endif /*IPSEC*/
87 
88 #include <ctype.h>
89 #include <err.h>
90 #include <errno.h>
91 #include <math.h>
92 #include <netdb.h>
93 #include <signal.h>
94 #include <stdio.h>
95 #include <stdlib.h>
96 #include <string.h>
97 #include <sysexits.h>
98 #include <unistd.h>
99 
100 #define	INADDR_LEN	((int)sizeof(in_addr_t))
101 #define	TIMEVAL_LEN	((int)sizeof(struct tv32))
102 #define	MASK_LEN	(ICMP_MASKLEN - ICMP_MINLEN)
103 #define	TS_LEN		(ICMP_TSLEN - ICMP_MINLEN)
104 #define	DEFDATALEN	56		/* default data length */
105 #define	FLOOD_BACKOFF	20000		/* usecs to back off if F_FLOOD mode */
106 					/* runs out of buffer space */
107 #define	MAXIPLEN	(sizeof(struct ip) + MAX_IPOPTLEN)
108 #define	MAXICMPLEN	(ICMP_ADVLENMIN + MAX_IPOPTLEN)
109 #define	MAXWAIT		10000		/* max ms to wait for response */
110 #define	MAXALARM	(60 * 60)	/* max seconds for alarm timeout */
111 #define	MAXTOS		255
112 
113 #define	A(bit)		rcvd_tbl[(bit)>>3]	/* identify byte in array */
114 #define	B(bit)		(1 << ((bit) & 0x07))	/* identify bit in byte */
115 #define	SET(bit)	(A(bit) |= B(bit))
116 #define	CLR(bit)	(A(bit) &= (~B(bit)))
117 #define	TST(bit)	(A(bit) & B(bit))
118 
119 struct tv32 {
120 	int32_t tv32_sec;
121 	int32_t tv32_usec;
122 };
123 
124 /* various options */
125 static int options;
126 #define	F_FLOOD		0x0001
127 #define	F_INTERVAL	0x0002
128 #define	F_NUMERIC	0x0004
129 #define	F_PINGFILLED	0x0008
130 #define	F_QUIET		0x0010
131 #define	F_RROUTE	0x0020
132 #define	F_SO_DEBUG	0x0040
133 #define	F_SO_DONTROUTE	0x0080
134 #define	F_VERBOSE	0x0100
135 #define	F_QUIET2	0x0200
136 #define	F_NOLOOP	0x0400
137 #define	F_MTTL		0x0800
138 #define	F_MIF		0x1000
139 #define	F_AUDIBLE	0x2000
140 #ifdef IPSEC
141 #ifdef IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC
142 #define F_POLICY	0x4000
143 #endif /*IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC*/
144 #endif /*IPSEC*/
145 #define	F_TTL		0x8000
146 #define	F_MISSED	0x10000
147 #define	F_ONCE		0x20000
148 #define	F_HDRINCL	0x40000
149 #define	F_MASK		0x80000
150 #define	F_TIME		0x100000
151 #define	F_SWEEP		0x200000
152 #define	F_WAITTIME	0x400000
153 
154 /*
155  * MAX_DUP_CHK is the number of bits in received table, i.e. the maximum
156  * number of received sequence numbers we can keep track of.  Change 128
157  * to 8192 for complete accuracy...
158  */
159 #define	MAX_DUP_CHK	(8 * 128)
160 static int mx_dup_ck = MAX_DUP_CHK;
161 static char rcvd_tbl[MAX_DUP_CHK / 8];
162 
163 static struct sockaddr_in whereto;	/* who to ping */
164 static int datalen = DEFDATALEN;
165 static int maxpayload;
166 static int ssend;		/* send socket file descriptor */
167 static int srecv;		/* receive socket file descriptor */
168 static u_char outpackhdr[IP_MAXPACKET], *outpack;
169 static char BBELL = '\a';	/* characters written for MISSED and AUDIBLE */
170 static char BSPACE = '\b';	/* characters written for flood */
171 static char DOT = '.';
172 static char *hostname;
173 static char *shostname;
174 static int ident;		/* process id to identify our packets */
175 static int uid;			/* cached uid for micro-optimization */
176 static u_char icmp_type = ICMP_ECHO;
177 static u_char icmp_type_rsp = ICMP_ECHOREPLY;
178 static int phdr_len = 0;
179 static int send_len;
180 
181 /* counters */
182 static long nmissedmax;		/* max value of ntransmitted - nreceived - 1 */
183 static long npackets;		/* max packets to transmit */
184 static long nreceived;		/* # of packets we got back */
185 static long nrepeats;		/* number of duplicates */
186 static long ntransmitted;	/* sequence # for outbound packets = #sent */
187 static long snpackets;			/* max packets to transmit in one sweep */
188 static long sntransmitted;	/* # of packets we sent in this sweep */
189 static int sweepmax;		/* max value of payload in sweep */
190 static int sweepmin = 0;	/* start value of payload in sweep */
191 static int sweepincr = 1;	/* payload increment in sweep */
192 static int interval = 1000;	/* interval between packets, ms */
193 static int waittime = MAXWAIT;	/* timeout for each packet */
194 static long nrcvtimeout = 0;	/* # of packets we got back after waittime */
195 
196 /* timing */
197 static int timing;		/* flag to do timing */
198 static double tmin = 999999999.0;	/* minimum round trip time */
199 static double tmax = 0.0;	/* maximum round trip time */
200 static double tsum = 0.0;	/* sum of all times, for doing average */
201 static double tsumsq = 0.0;	/* sum of all times squared, for std. dev. */
202 
203 /* nonzero if we've been told to finish up */
204 static volatile sig_atomic_t finish_up;
205 static volatile sig_atomic_t siginfo_p;
206 
207 static cap_channel_t *capdns;
208 
209 static void fill(char *, char *);
210 static u_short in_cksum(u_short *, int);
211 static cap_channel_t *capdns_setup(void);
212 static void check_status(void);
213 static void finish(void) __dead2;
214 static void pinger(void);
215 static char *pr_addr(struct in_addr);
216 static char *pr_ntime(n_time);
217 static void pr_icmph(struct icmp *);
218 static void pr_iph(struct ip *);
219 static void pr_pack(char *, int, struct sockaddr_in *, struct timeval *);
220 static void pr_retip(struct ip *);
221 static void status(int);
222 static void stopit(int);
223 static void tvsub(struct timeval *, const struct timeval *);
224 static void usage(void) __dead2;
225 
226 int
227 main(int argc, char *const *argv)
228 {
229 	struct sockaddr_in from, sock_in;
230 	struct in_addr ifaddr;
231 	struct timeval last, intvl;
232 	struct iovec iov;
233 	struct ip *ip;
234 	struct msghdr msg;
235 	struct sigaction si_sa;
236 	size_t sz;
237 	u_char *datap, packet[IP_MAXPACKET] __aligned(4);
238 	char *ep, *source, *target, *payload;
239 	struct hostent *hp;
240 #ifdef IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC
241 	char *policy_in, *policy_out;
242 #endif
243 	struct sockaddr_in *to;
244 	double t;
245 	u_long alarmtimeout;
246 	long ltmp;
247 	int almost_done, ch, df, hold, i, icmp_len, mib[4], preload;
248 	int ssend_errno, srecv_errno, tos, ttl;
249 	char ctrl[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(struct timeval))];
250 	char hnamebuf[MAXHOSTNAMELEN], snamebuf[MAXHOSTNAMELEN];
251 #ifdef IP_OPTIONS
252 	char rspace[MAX_IPOPTLEN];	/* record route space */
253 #endif
254 	unsigned char loop, mttl;
255 
256 	payload = source = NULL;
257 #ifdef IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC
258 	policy_in = policy_out = NULL;
259 #endif
260 	cap_rights_t rights;
261 	bool cansandbox;
262 
263 	/*
264 	 * Do the stuff that we need root priv's for *first*, and
265 	 * then drop our setuid bit.  Save error reporting for
266 	 * after arg parsing.
267 	 *
268 	 * Historicaly ping was using one socket 's' for sending and for
269 	 * receiving. After capsicum(4) related changes we use two
270 	 * sockets. It was done for special ping use case - when user
271 	 * issue ping on multicast or broadcast address replies come
272 	 * from different addresses, not from the address we
273 	 * connect(2)'ed to, and send socket do not receive those
274 	 * packets.
275 	 */
276 	ssend = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_ICMP);
277 	ssend_errno = errno;
278 	srecv = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_ICMP);
279 	srecv_errno = errno;
280 
281 	if (setuid(getuid()) != 0)
282 		err(EX_NOPERM, "setuid() failed");
283 	uid = getuid();
284 
285 	if (ssend < 0) {
286 		errno = ssend_errno;
287 		err(EX_OSERR, "ssend socket");
288 	}
289 
290 	if (srecv < 0) {
291 		errno = srecv_errno;
292 		err(EX_OSERR, "srecv socket");
293 	}
294 
295 	alarmtimeout = df = preload = tos = 0;
296 
297 	outpack = outpackhdr + sizeof(struct ip);
298 	while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv,
299 		"Aac:DdfG:g:h:I:i:Ll:M:m:nop:QqRrS:s:T:t:vW:z:"
300 #ifdef IPSEC
301 #ifdef IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC
302 		"P:"
303 #endif /*IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC*/
304 #endif /*IPSEC*/
305 		)) != -1)
306 	{
307 		switch(ch) {
308 		case 'A':
309 			options |= F_MISSED;
310 			break;
311 		case 'a':
312 			options |= F_AUDIBLE;
313 			break;
314 		case 'c':
315 			ltmp = strtol(optarg, &ep, 0);
316 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || ltmp > LONG_MAX || ltmp <=0)
317 				errx(EX_USAGE,
318 				    "invalid count of packets to transmit: `%s'",
319 				    optarg);
320 			npackets = ltmp;
321 			break;
322 		case 'D':
323 			options |= F_HDRINCL;
324 			df = 1;
325 			break;
326 		case 'd':
327 			options |= F_SO_DEBUG;
328 			break;
329 		case 'f':
330 			if (uid) {
331 				errno = EPERM;
332 				err(EX_NOPERM, "-f flag");
333 			}
334 			options |= F_FLOOD;
335 			setbuf(stdout, (char *)NULL);
336 			break;
337 		case 'G': /* Maximum packet size for ping sweep */
338 			ltmp = strtol(optarg, &ep, 0);
339 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || ltmp <= 0)
340 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid packet size: `%s'",
341 				    optarg);
342 			if (uid != 0 && ltmp > DEFDATALEN) {
343 				errno = EPERM;
344 				err(EX_NOPERM,
345 				    "packet size too large: %ld > %u",
346 				    ltmp, DEFDATALEN);
347 			}
348 			options |= F_SWEEP;
349 			sweepmax = ltmp;
350 			break;
351 		case 'g': /* Minimum packet size for ping sweep */
352 			ltmp = strtol(optarg, &ep, 0);
353 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || ltmp <= 0)
354 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid packet size: `%s'",
355 				    optarg);
356 			if (uid != 0 && ltmp > DEFDATALEN) {
357 				errno = EPERM;
358 				err(EX_NOPERM,
359 				    "packet size too large: %ld > %u",
360 				    ltmp, DEFDATALEN);
361 			}
362 			options |= F_SWEEP;
363 			sweepmin = ltmp;
364 			break;
365 		case 'h': /* Packet size increment for ping sweep */
366 			ltmp = strtol(optarg, &ep, 0);
367 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || ltmp < 1)
368 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid increment size: `%s'",
369 				    optarg);
370 			if (uid != 0 && ltmp > DEFDATALEN) {
371 				errno = EPERM;
372 				err(EX_NOPERM,
373 				    "packet size too large: %ld > %u",
374 				    ltmp, DEFDATALEN);
375 			}
376 			options |= F_SWEEP;
377 			sweepincr = ltmp;
378 			break;
379 		case 'I':		/* multicast interface */
380 			if (inet_aton(optarg, &ifaddr) == 0)
381 				errx(EX_USAGE,
382 				    "invalid multicast interface: `%s'",
383 				    optarg);
384 			options |= F_MIF;
385 			break;
386 		case 'i':		/* wait between sending packets */
387 			t = strtod(optarg, &ep) * 1000.0;
388 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || t > (double)INT_MAX)
389 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid timing interval: `%s'",
390 				    optarg);
391 			options |= F_INTERVAL;
392 			interval = (int)t;
393 			if (uid && interval < 1000) {
394 				errno = EPERM;
395 				err(EX_NOPERM, "-i interval too short");
396 			}
397 			break;
398 		case 'L':
399 			options |= F_NOLOOP;
400 			loop = 0;
401 			break;
402 		case 'l':
403 			ltmp = strtol(optarg, &ep, 0);
404 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || ltmp > INT_MAX || ltmp < 0)
405 				errx(EX_USAGE,
406 				    "invalid preload value: `%s'", optarg);
407 			if (uid) {
408 				errno = EPERM;
409 				err(EX_NOPERM, "-l flag");
410 			}
411 			preload = ltmp;
412 			break;
413 		case 'M':
414 			switch(optarg[0]) {
415 			case 'M':
416 			case 'm':
417 				options |= F_MASK;
418 				break;
419 			case 'T':
420 			case 't':
421 				options |= F_TIME;
422 				break;
423 			default:
424 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid message: `%c'", optarg[0]);
425 				break;
426 			}
427 			break;
428 		case 'm':		/* TTL */
429 			ltmp = strtol(optarg, &ep, 0);
430 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || ltmp > MAXTTL || ltmp < 0)
431 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid TTL: `%s'", optarg);
432 			ttl = ltmp;
433 			options |= F_TTL;
434 			break;
435 		case 'n':
436 			options |= F_NUMERIC;
437 			break;
438 		case 'o':
439 			options |= F_ONCE;
440 			break;
441 #ifdef IPSEC
442 #ifdef IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC
443 		case 'P':
444 			options |= F_POLICY;
445 			if (!strncmp("in", optarg, 2))
446 				policy_in = strdup(optarg);
447 			else if (!strncmp("out", optarg, 3))
448 				policy_out = strdup(optarg);
449 			else
450 				errx(1, "invalid security policy");
451 			break;
452 #endif /*IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC*/
453 #endif /*IPSEC*/
454 		case 'p':		/* fill buffer with user pattern */
455 			options |= F_PINGFILLED;
456 			payload = optarg;
457 			break;
458 		case 'Q':
459 			options |= F_QUIET2;
460 			break;
461 		case 'q':
462 			options |= F_QUIET;
463 			break;
464 		case 'R':
465 			options |= F_RROUTE;
466 			break;
467 		case 'r':
468 			options |= F_SO_DONTROUTE;
469 			break;
470 		case 'S':
471 			source = optarg;
472 			break;
473 		case 's':		/* size of packet to send */
474 			ltmp = strtol(optarg, &ep, 0);
475 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || ltmp < 0)
476 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid packet size: `%s'",
477 				    optarg);
478 			if (uid != 0 && ltmp > DEFDATALEN) {
479 				errno = EPERM;
480 				err(EX_NOPERM,
481 				    "packet size too large: %ld > %u",
482 				    ltmp, DEFDATALEN);
483 			}
484 			datalen = ltmp;
485 			break;
486 		case 'T':		/* multicast TTL */
487 			ltmp = strtol(optarg, &ep, 0);
488 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || ltmp > MAXTTL || ltmp < 0)
489 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid multicast TTL: `%s'",
490 				    optarg);
491 			mttl = ltmp;
492 			options |= F_MTTL;
493 			break;
494 		case 't':
495 			alarmtimeout = strtoul(optarg, &ep, 0);
496 			if ((alarmtimeout < 1) || (alarmtimeout == ULONG_MAX))
497 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid timeout: `%s'",
498 				    optarg);
499 			if (alarmtimeout > MAXALARM)
500 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid timeout: `%s' > %d",
501 				    optarg, MAXALARM);
502 			alarm((int)alarmtimeout);
503 			break;
504 		case 'v':
505 			options |= F_VERBOSE;
506 			break;
507 		case 'W':		/* wait ms for answer */
508 			t = strtod(optarg, &ep);
509 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || t > (double)INT_MAX)
510 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid timing interval: `%s'",
511 				    optarg);
512 			options |= F_WAITTIME;
513 			waittime = (int)t;
514 			break;
515 		case 'z':
516 			options |= F_HDRINCL;
517 			ltmp = strtol(optarg, &ep, 0);
518 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || ltmp > MAXTOS || ltmp < 0)
519 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid TOS: `%s'", optarg);
520 			tos = ltmp;
521 			break;
522 		default:
523 			usage();
524 		}
525 	}
526 
527 	if (argc - optind != 1)
528 		usage();
529 	target = argv[optind];
530 
531 	switch (options & (F_MASK|F_TIME)) {
532 	case 0: break;
533 	case F_MASK:
534 		icmp_type = ICMP_MASKREQ;
535 		icmp_type_rsp = ICMP_MASKREPLY;
536 		phdr_len = MASK_LEN;
537 		if (!(options & F_QUIET))
538 			(void)printf("ICMP_MASKREQ\n");
539 		break;
540 	case F_TIME:
541 		icmp_type = ICMP_TSTAMP;
542 		icmp_type_rsp = ICMP_TSTAMPREPLY;
543 		phdr_len = TS_LEN;
544 		if (!(options & F_QUIET))
545 			(void)printf("ICMP_TSTAMP\n");
546 		break;
547 	default:
548 		errx(EX_USAGE, "ICMP_TSTAMP and ICMP_MASKREQ are exclusive.");
549 		break;
550 	}
551 	icmp_len = sizeof(struct ip) + ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len;
552 	if (options & F_RROUTE)
553 		icmp_len += MAX_IPOPTLEN;
554 	maxpayload = IP_MAXPACKET - icmp_len;
555 	if (datalen > maxpayload)
556 		errx(EX_USAGE, "packet size too large: %d > %d", datalen,
557 		    maxpayload);
558 	send_len = icmp_len + datalen;
559 	datap = &outpack[ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len + TIMEVAL_LEN];
560 	if (options & F_PINGFILLED) {
561 		fill((char *)datap, payload);
562 	}
563 	capdns = capdns_setup();
564 	if (source) {
565 		bzero((char *)&sock_in, sizeof(sock_in));
566 		sock_in.sin_family = AF_INET;
567 		if (inet_aton(source, &sock_in.sin_addr) != 0) {
568 			shostname = source;
569 		} else {
570 			hp = cap_gethostbyname2(capdns, source, AF_INET);
571 			if (!hp)
572 				errx(EX_NOHOST, "cannot resolve %s: %s",
573 				    source, hstrerror(h_errno));
574 
575 			sock_in.sin_len = sizeof sock_in;
576 			if ((unsigned)hp->h_length > sizeof(sock_in.sin_addr) ||
577 			    hp->h_length < 0)
578 				errx(1, "gethostbyname2: illegal address");
579 			memcpy(&sock_in.sin_addr, hp->h_addr_list[0],
580 			    sizeof(sock_in.sin_addr));
581 			(void)strncpy(snamebuf, hp->h_name,
582 			    sizeof(snamebuf) - 1);
583 			snamebuf[sizeof(snamebuf) - 1] = '\0';
584 			shostname = snamebuf;
585 		}
586 		if (bind(ssend, (struct sockaddr *)&sock_in, sizeof sock_in) ==
587 		    -1)
588 			err(1, "bind");
589 	}
590 
591 	bzero(&whereto, sizeof(whereto));
592 	to = &whereto;
593 	to->sin_family = AF_INET;
594 	to->sin_len = sizeof *to;
595 	if (inet_aton(target, &to->sin_addr) != 0) {
596 		hostname = target;
597 	} else {
598 		hp = cap_gethostbyname2(capdns, target, AF_INET);
599 		if (!hp)
600 			errx(EX_NOHOST, "cannot resolve %s: %s",
601 			    target, hstrerror(h_errno));
602 
603 		if ((unsigned)hp->h_length > sizeof(to->sin_addr))
604 			errx(1, "gethostbyname2 returned an illegal address");
605 		memcpy(&to->sin_addr, hp->h_addr_list[0], sizeof to->sin_addr);
606 		(void)strncpy(hnamebuf, hp->h_name, sizeof(hnamebuf) - 1);
607 		hnamebuf[sizeof(hnamebuf) - 1] = '\0';
608 		hostname = hnamebuf;
609 	}
610 
611 	/* From now on we will use only reverse DNS lookups. */
612 	if (capdns != NULL) {
613 		const char *types[1];
614 
615 		types[0] = "ADDR2NAME";
616 		if (cap_dns_type_limit(capdns, types, 1) < 0)
617 			err(1, "unable to limit access to system.dns service");
618 	}
619 
620 	if (connect(ssend, (struct sockaddr *)&whereto, sizeof(whereto)) != 0)
621 		err(1, "connect");
622 
623 	if (options & F_FLOOD && options & F_INTERVAL)
624 		errx(EX_USAGE, "-f and -i: incompatible options");
625 
626 	if (options & F_FLOOD && IN_MULTICAST(ntohl(to->sin_addr.s_addr)))
627 		errx(EX_USAGE,
628 		    "-f flag cannot be used with multicast destination");
629 	if (options & (F_MIF | F_NOLOOP | F_MTTL)
630 	    && !IN_MULTICAST(ntohl(to->sin_addr.s_addr)))
631 		errx(EX_USAGE,
632 		    "-I, -L, -T flags cannot be used with unicast destination");
633 
634 	if (datalen >= TIMEVAL_LEN)	/* can we time transfer */
635 		timing = 1;
636 
637 	if (!(options & F_PINGFILLED))
638 		for (i = TIMEVAL_LEN; i < datalen; ++i)
639 			*datap++ = i;
640 
641 	ident = getpid() & 0xFFFF;
642 
643 	hold = 1;
644 	if (options & F_SO_DEBUG) {
645 		(void)setsockopt(ssend, SOL_SOCKET, SO_DEBUG, (char *)&hold,
646 		    sizeof(hold));
647 		(void)setsockopt(srecv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_DEBUG, (char *)&hold,
648 		    sizeof(hold));
649 	}
650 	if (options & F_SO_DONTROUTE)
651 		(void)setsockopt(ssend, SOL_SOCKET, SO_DONTROUTE, (char *)&hold,
652 		    sizeof(hold));
653 #ifdef IPSEC
654 #ifdef IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC
655 	if (options & F_POLICY) {
656 		char *buf;
657 		if (policy_in != NULL) {
658 			buf = ipsec_set_policy(policy_in, strlen(policy_in));
659 			if (buf == NULL)
660 				errx(EX_CONFIG, "%s", ipsec_strerror());
661 			if (setsockopt(srecv, IPPROTO_IP, IP_IPSEC_POLICY,
662 					buf, ipsec_get_policylen(buf)) < 0)
663 				err(EX_CONFIG,
664 				    "ipsec policy cannot be configured");
665 			free(buf);
666 		}
667 
668 		if (policy_out != NULL) {
669 			buf = ipsec_set_policy(policy_out, strlen(policy_out));
670 			if (buf == NULL)
671 				errx(EX_CONFIG, "%s", ipsec_strerror());
672 			if (setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_IPSEC_POLICY,
673 					buf, ipsec_get_policylen(buf)) < 0)
674 				err(EX_CONFIG,
675 				    "ipsec policy cannot be configured");
676 			free(buf);
677 		}
678 	}
679 #endif /*IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC*/
680 #endif /*IPSEC*/
681 
682 	if (options & F_HDRINCL) {
683 		ip = (struct ip*)outpackhdr;
684 		if (!(options & (F_TTL | F_MTTL))) {
685 			mib[0] = CTL_NET;
686 			mib[1] = PF_INET;
687 			mib[2] = IPPROTO_IP;
688 			mib[3] = IPCTL_DEFTTL;
689 			sz = sizeof(ttl);
690 			if (sysctl(mib, 4, &ttl, &sz, NULL, 0) == -1)
691 				err(1, "sysctl(net.inet.ip.ttl)");
692 		}
693 		setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_HDRINCL, &hold, sizeof(hold));
694 		ip->ip_v = IPVERSION;
695 		ip->ip_hl = sizeof(struct ip) >> 2;
696 		ip->ip_tos = tos;
697 		ip->ip_id = 0;
698 		ip->ip_off = htons(df ? IP_DF : 0);
699 		ip->ip_ttl = ttl;
700 		ip->ip_p = IPPROTO_ICMP;
701 		ip->ip_src.s_addr = source ? sock_in.sin_addr.s_addr : INADDR_ANY;
702 		ip->ip_dst = to->sin_addr;
703         }
704 
705 	if (options & F_NUMERIC)
706 		cansandbox = true;
707 	else if (capdns != NULL)
708 		cansandbox = CASPER_SUPPORT;
709 	else
710 		cansandbox = false;
711 
712 	/*
713 	 * Here we enter capability mode. Further down access to global
714 	 * namespaces (e.g filesystem) is restricted (see capsicum(4)).
715 	 * We must connect(2) our socket before this point.
716 	 */
717 	if (cansandbox && cap_enter() < 0 && errno != ENOSYS)
718 		err(1, "cap_enter");
719 
720 	cap_rights_init(&rights, CAP_RECV, CAP_EVENT, CAP_SETSOCKOPT);
721 	if (cap_rights_limit(srecv, &rights) < 0 && errno != ENOSYS)
722 		err(1, "cap_rights_limit srecv");
723 
724 	cap_rights_init(&rights, CAP_SEND, CAP_SETSOCKOPT);
725 	if (cap_rights_limit(ssend, &rights) < 0 && errno != ENOSYS)
726 		err(1, "cap_rights_limit ssend");
727 
728 	/* record route option */
729 	if (options & F_RROUTE) {
730 #ifdef IP_OPTIONS
731 		bzero(rspace, sizeof(rspace));
732 		rspace[IPOPT_OPTVAL] = IPOPT_RR;
733 		rspace[IPOPT_OLEN] = sizeof(rspace) - 1;
734 		rspace[IPOPT_OFFSET] = IPOPT_MINOFF;
735 		rspace[sizeof(rspace) - 1] = IPOPT_EOL;
736 		if (setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_OPTIONS, rspace,
737 		    sizeof(rspace)) < 0)
738 			err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt IP_OPTIONS");
739 #else
740 		errx(EX_UNAVAILABLE,
741 		    "record route not available in this implementation");
742 #endif /* IP_OPTIONS */
743 	}
744 
745 	if (options & F_TTL) {
746 		if (setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TTL, &ttl,
747 		    sizeof(ttl)) < 0) {
748 			err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt IP_TTL");
749 		}
750 	}
751 	if (options & F_NOLOOP) {
752 		if (setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_LOOP, &loop,
753 		    sizeof(loop)) < 0) {
754 			err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt IP_MULTICAST_LOOP");
755 		}
756 	}
757 	if (options & F_MTTL) {
758 		if (setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_TTL, &mttl,
759 		    sizeof(mttl)) < 0) {
760 			err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt IP_MULTICAST_TTL");
761 		}
762 	}
763 	if (options & F_MIF) {
764 		if (setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_IF, &ifaddr,
765 		    sizeof(ifaddr)) < 0) {
766 			err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt IP_MULTICAST_IF");
767 		}
768 	}
769 #ifdef SO_TIMESTAMP
770 	{ int on = 1;
771 	if (setsockopt(srecv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_TIMESTAMP, &on, sizeof(on)) < 0)
772 		err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt SO_TIMESTAMP");
773 	}
774 #endif
775 	if (sweepmax) {
776 		if (sweepmin > sweepmax)
777 			errx(EX_USAGE, "Maximum packet size must be no less than the minimum packet size");
778 
779 		if (datalen != DEFDATALEN)
780 			errx(EX_USAGE, "Packet size and ping sweep are mutually exclusive");
781 
782 		if (npackets > 0) {
783 			snpackets = npackets;
784 			npackets = 0;
785 		} else
786 			snpackets = 1;
787 		datalen = sweepmin;
788 		send_len = icmp_len + sweepmin;
789 	}
790 	if (options & F_SWEEP && !sweepmax)
791 		errx(EX_USAGE, "Maximum sweep size must be specified");
792 
793 	/*
794 	 * When pinging the broadcast address, you can get a lot of answers.
795 	 * Doing something so evil is useful if you are trying to stress the
796 	 * ethernet, or just want to fill the arp cache to get some stuff for
797 	 * /etc/ethers.  But beware: RFC 1122 allows hosts to ignore broadcast
798 	 * or multicast pings if they wish.
799 	 */
800 
801 	/*
802 	 * XXX receive buffer needs undetermined space for mbuf overhead
803 	 * as well.
804 	 */
805 	hold = IP_MAXPACKET + 128;
806 	(void)setsockopt(srecv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF, (char *)&hold,
807 	    sizeof(hold));
808 	/* CAP_SETSOCKOPT removed */
809 	cap_rights_init(&rights, CAP_RECV, CAP_EVENT);
810 	if (cap_rights_limit(srecv, &rights) < 0 && errno != ENOSYS)
811 		err(1, "cap_rights_limit srecv setsockopt");
812 	if (uid == 0)
813 		(void)setsockopt(ssend, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, (char *)&hold,
814 		    sizeof(hold));
815 	/* CAP_SETSOCKOPT removed */
816 	cap_rights_init(&rights, CAP_SEND);
817 	if (cap_rights_limit(ssend, &rights) < 0 && errno != ENOSYS)
818 		err(1, "cap_rights_limit ssend setsockopt");
819 
820 	if (to->sin_family == AF_INET) {
821 		(void)printf("PING %s (%s)", hostname,
822 		    inet_ntoa(to->sin_addr));
823 		if (source)
824 			(void)printf(" from %s", shostname);
825 		if (sweepmax)
826 			(void)printf(": (%d ... %d) data bytes\n",
827 			    sweepmin, sweepmax);
828 		else
829 			(void)printf(": %d data bytes\n", datalen);
830 
831 	} else {
832 		if (sweepmax)
833 			(void)printf("PING %s: (%d ... %d) data bytes\n",
834 			    hostname, sweepmin, sweepmax);
835 		else
836 			(void)printf("PING %s: %d data bytes\n", hostname, datalen);
837 	}
838 
839 	/*
840 	 * Use sigaction() instead of signal() to get unambiguous semantics,
841 	 * in particular with SA_RESTART not set.
842 	 */
843 
844 	sigemptyset(&si_sa.sa_mask);
845 	si_sa.sa_flags = 0;
846 
847 	si_sa.sa_handler = stopit;
848 	if (sigaction(SIGINT, &si_sa, 0) == -1) {
849 		err(EX_OSERR, "sigaction SIGINT");
850 	}
851 
852 	si_sa.sa_handler = status;
853 	if (sigaction(SIGINFO, &si_sa, 0) == -1) {
854 		err(EX_OSERR, "sigaction");
855 	}
856 
857         if (alarmtimeout > 0) {
858 		si_sa.sa_handler = stopit;
859 		if (sigaction(SIGALRM, &si_sa, 0) == -1)
860 			err(EX_OSERR, "sigaction SIGALRM");
861         }
862 
863 	bzero(&msg, sizeof(msg));
864 	msg.msg_name = (caddr_t)&from;
865 	msg.msg_iov = &iov;
866 	msg.msg_iovlen = 1;
867 #ifdef SO_TIMESTAMP
868 	msg.msg_control = (caddr_t)ctrl;
869 #endif
870 	iov.iov_base = packet;
871 	iov.iov_len = IP_MAXPACKET;
872 
873 	if (preload == 0)
874 		pinger();		/* send the first ping */
875 	else {
876 		if (npackets != 0 && preload > npackets)
877 			preload = npackets;
878 		while (preload--)	/* fire off them quickies */
879 			pinger();
880 	}
881 	(void)gettimeofday(&last, NULL);
882 
883 	if (options & F_FLOOD) {
884 		intvl.tv_sec = 0;
885 		intvl.tv_usec = 10000;
886 	} else {
887 		intvl.tv_sec = interval / 1000;
888 		intvl.tv_usec = interval % 1000 * 1000;
889 	}
890 
891 	almost_done = 0;
892 	while (!finish_up) {
893 		struct timeval now, timeout;
894 		fd_set rfds;
895 		int cc, n;
896 
897 		check_status();
898 		if ((unsigned)srecv >= FD_SETSIZE)
899 			errx(EX_OSERR, "descriptor too large");
900 		FD_ZERO(&rfds);
901 		FD_SET(srecv, &rfds);
902 		(void)gettimeofday(&now, NULL);
903 		timeout.tv_sec = last.tv_sec + intvl.tv_sec - now.tv_sec;
904 		timeout.tv_usec = last.tv_usec + intvl.tv_usec - now.tv_usec;
905 		while (timeout.tv_usec < 0) {
906 			timeout.tv_usec += 1000000;
907 			timeout.tv_sec--;
908 		}
909 		while (timeout.tv_usec >= 1000000) {
910 			timeout.tv_usec -= 1000000;
911 			timeout.tv_sec++;
912 		}
913 		if (timeout.tv_sec < 0)
914 			timerclear(&timeout);
915 		n = select(srecv + 1, &rfds, NULL, NULL, &timeout);
916 		if (n < 0)
917 			continue;	/* Must be EINTR. */
918 		if (n == 1) {
919 			struct timeval *tv = NULL;
920 #ifdef SO_TIMESTAMP
921 			struct cmsghdr *cmsg = (struct cmsghdr *)&ctrl;
922 
923 			msg.msg_controllen = sizeof(ctrl);
924 #endif
925 			msg.msg_namelen = sizeof(from);
926 			if ((cc = recvmsg(srecv, &msg, 0)) < 0) {
927 				if (errno == EINTR)
928 					continue;
929 				warn("recvmsg");
930 				continue;
931 			}
932 #ifdef SO_TIMESTAMP
933 			if (cmsg->cmsg_level == SOL_SOCKET &&
934 			    cmsg->cmsg_type == SCM_TIMESTAMP &&
935 			    cmsg->cmsg_len == CMSG_LEN(sizeof *tv)) {
936 				/* Copy to avoid alignment problems: */
937 				memcpy(&now, CMSG_DATA(cmsg), sizeof(now));
938 				tv = &now;
939 			}
940 #endif
941 			if (tv == NULL) {
942 				(void)gettimeofday(&now, NULL);
943 				tv = &now;
944 			}
945 			pr_pack((char *)packet, cc, &from, tv);
946 			if ((options & F_ONCE && nreceived) ||
947 			    (npackets && nreceived >= npackets))
948 				break;
949 		}
950 		if (n == 0 || options & F_FLOOD) {
951 			if (sweepmax && sntransmitted == snpackets) {
952 				for (i = 0; i < sweepincr ; ++i)
953 					*datap++ = i;
954 				datalen += sweepincr;
955 				if (datalen > sweepmax)
956 					break;
957 				send_len = icmp_len + datalen;
958 				sntransmitted = 0;
959 			}
960 			if (!npackets || ntransmitted < npackets)
961 				pinger();
962 			else {
963 				if (almost_done)
964 					break;
965 				almost_done = 1;
966 				intvl.tv_usec = 0;
967 				if (nreceived) {
968 					intvl.tv_sec = 2 * tmax / 1000;
969 					if (!intvl.tv_sec)
970 						intvl.tv_sec = 1;
971 				} else {
972 					intvl.tv_sec = waittime / 1000;
973 					intvl.tv_usec = waittime % 1000 * 1000;
974 				}
975 			}
976 			(void)gettimeofday(&last, NULL);
977 			if (ntransmitted - nreceived - 1 > nmissedmax) {
978 				nmissedmax = ntransmitted - nreceived - 1;
979 				if (options & F_MISSED)
980 					(void)write(STDOUT_FILENO, &BBELL, 1);
981 			}
982 		}
983 	}
984 	finish();
985 	/* NOTREACHED */
986 	exit(0);	/* Make the compiler happy */
987 }
988 
989 /*
990  * stopit --
991  *	Set the global bit that causes the main loop to quit.
992  * Do NOT call finish() from here, since finish() does far too much
993  * to be called from a signal handler.
994  */
995 void
996 stopit(int sig __unused)
997 {
998 
999 	/*
1000 	 * When doing reverse DNS lookups, the finish_up flag might not
1001 	 * be noticed for a while.  Just exit if we get a second SIGINT.
1002 	 */
1003 	if (!(options & F_NUMERIC) && finish_up)
1004 		_exit(nreceived ? 0 : 2);
1005 	finish_up = 1;
1006 }
1007 
1008 /*
1009  * pinger --
1010  *	Compose and transmit an ICMP ECHO REQUEST packet.  The IP packet
1011  * will be added on by the kernel.  The ID field is our UNIX process ID,
1012  * and the sequence number is an ascending integer.  The first TIMEVAL_LEN
1013  * bytes of the data portion are used to hold a UNIX "timeval" struct in
1014  * host byte-order, to compute the round-trip time.
1015  */
1016 static void
1017 pinger(void)
1018 {
1019 	struct timeval now;
1020 	struct tv32 tv32;
1021 	struct ip *ip;
1022 	struct icmp *icp;
1023 	int cc, i;
1024 	u_char *packet;
1025 
1026 	packet = outpack;
1027 	icp = (struct icmp *)outpack;
1028 	icp->icmp_type = icmp_type;
1029 	icp->icmp_code = 0;
1030 	icp->icmp_cksum = 0;
1031 	icp->icmp_seq = htons(ntransmitted);
1032 	icp->icmp_id = ident;			/* ID */
1033 
1034 	CLR(ntransmitted % mx_dup_ck);
1035 
1036 	if ((options & F_TIME) || timing) {
1037 		(void)gettimeofday(&now, NULL);
1038 
1039 		tv32.tv32_sec = htonl(now.tv_sec);
1040 		tv32.tv32_usec = htonl(now.tv_usec);
1041 		if (options & F_TIME)
1042 			icp->icmp_otime = htonl((now.tv_sec % (24*60*60))
1043 				* 1000 + now.tv_usec / 1000);
1044 		if (timing)
1045 			bcopy((void *)&tv32,
1046 			    (void *)&outpack[ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len],
1047 			    sizeof(tv32));
1048 	}
1049 
1050 	cc = ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len + datalen;
1051 
1052 	/* compute ICMP checksum here */
1053 	icp->icmp_cksum = in_cksum((u_short *)icp, cc);
1054 
1055 	if (options & F_HDRINCL) {
1056 		cc += sizeof(struct ip);
1057 		ip = (struct ip *)outpackhdr;
1058 		ip->ip_len = htons(cc);
1059 		ip->ip_sum = in_cksum((u_short *)outpackhdr, cc);
1060 		packet = outpackhdr;
1061 	}
1062 	i = send(ssend, (char *)packet, cc, 0);
1063 	if (i < 0 || i != cc)  {
1064 		if (i < 0) {
1065 			if (options & F_FLOOD && errno == ENOBUFS) {
1066 				usleep(FLOOD_BACKOFF);
1067 				return;
1068 			}
1069 			warn("sendto");
1070 		} else {
1071 			warn("%s: partial write: %d of %d bytes",
1072 			     hostname, i, cc);
1073 		}
1074 	}
1075 	ntransmitted++;
1076 	sntransmitted++;
1077 	if (!(options & F_QUIET) && options & F_FLOOD)
1078 		(void)write(STDOUT_FILENO, &DOT, 1);
1079 }
1080 
1081 /*
1082  * pr_pack --
1083  *	Print out the packet, if it came from us.  This logic is necessary
1084  * because ALL readers of the ICMP socket get a copy of ALL ICMP packets
1085  * which arrive ('tis only fair).  This permits multiple copies of this
1086  * program to be run without having intermingled output (or statistics!).
1087  */
1088 static void
1089 pr_pack(char *buf, int cc, struct sockaddr_in *from, struct timeval *tv)
1090 {
1091 	struct in_addr ina;
1092 	u_char *cp, *dp;
1093 	struct icmp *icp;
1094 	struct ip *ip;
1095 	const void *tp;
1096 	double triptime;
1097 	int dupflag, hlen, i, j, recv_len, seq;
1098 	static int old_rrlen;
1099 	static char old_rr[MAX_IPOPTLEN];
1100 
1101 	/* Check the IP header */
1102 	ip = (struct ip *)buf;
1103 	hlen = ip->ip_hl << 2;
1104 	recv_len = cc;
1105 	if (cc < hlen + ICMP_MINLEN) {
1106 		if (options & F_VERBOSE)
1107 			warn("packet too short (%d bytes) from %s", cc,
1108 			     inet_ntoa(from->sin_addr));
1109 		return;
1110 	}
1111 
1112 	/* Now the ICMP part */
1113 	cc -= hlen;
1114 	icp = (struct icmp *)(buf + hlen);
1115 	if (icp->icmp_type == icmp_type_rsp) {
1116 		if (icp->icmp_id != ident)
1117 			return;			/* 'Twas not our ECHO */
1118 		++nreceived;
1119 		triptime = 0.0;
1120 		if (timing) {
1121 			struct timeval tv1;
1122 			struct tv32 tv32;
1123 #ifndef icmp_data
1124 			tp = &icp->icmp_ip;
1125 #else
1126 			tp = icp->icmp_data;
1127 #endif
1128 			tp = (const char *)tp + phdr_len;
1129 
1130 			if ((size_t)(cc - ICMP_MINLEN - phdr_len) >=
1131 			    sizeof(tv1)) {
1132 				/* Copy to avoid alignment problems: */
1133 				memcpy(&tv32, tp, sizeof(tv32));
1134 				tv1.tv_sec = ntohl(tv32.tv32_sec);
1135 				tv1.tv_usec = ntohl(tv32.tv32_usec);
1136 				tvsub(tv, &tv1);
1137  				triptime = ((double)tv->tv_sec) * 1000.0 +
1138  				    ((double)tv->tv_usec) / 1000.0;
1139 				tsum += triptime;
1140 				tsumsq += triptime * triptime;
1141 				if (triptime < tmin)
1142 					tmin = triptime;
1143 				if (triptime > tmax)
1144 					tmax = triptime;
1145 			} else
1146 				timing = 0;
1147 		}
1148 
1149 		seq = ntohs(icp->icmp_seq);
1150 
1151 		if (TST(seq % mx_dup_ck)) {
1152 			++nrepeats;
1153 			--nreceived;
1154 			dupflag = 1;
1155 		} else {
1156 			SET(seq % mx_dup_ck);
1157 			dupflag = 0;
1158 		}
1159 
1160 		if (options & F_QUIET)
1161 			return;
1162 
1163 		if (options & F_WAITTIME && triptime > waittime) {
1164 			++nrcvtimeout;
1165 			return;
1166 		}
1167 
1168 		if (options & F_FLOOD)
1169 			(void)write(STDOUT_FILENO, &BSPACE, 1);
1170 		else {
1171 			(void)printf("%d bytes from %s: icmp_seq=%u", cc,
1172 			   inet_ntoa(*(struct in_addr *)&from->sin_addr.s_addr),
1173 			   seq);
1174 			(void)printf(" ttl=%d", ip->ip_ttl);
1175 			if (timing)
1176 				(void)printf(" time=%.3f ms", triptime);
1177 			if (dupflag)
1178 				(void)printf(" (DUP!)");
1179 			if (options & F_AUDIBLE)
1180 				(void)write(STDOUT_FILENO, &BBELL, 1);
1181 			if (options & F_MASK) {
1182 				/* Just prentend this cast isn't ugly */
1183 				(void)printf(" mask=%s",
1184 					inet_ntoa(*(struct in_addr *)&(icp->icmp_mask)));
1185 			}
1186 			if (options & F_TIME) {
1187 				(void)printf(" tso=%s", pr_ntime(icp->icmp_otime));
1188 				(void)printf(" tsr=%s", pr_ntime(icp->icmp_rtime));
1189 				(void)printf(" tst=%s", pr_ntime(icp->icmp_ttime));
1190 			}
1191 			if (recv_len != send_len) {
1192                         	(void)printf(
1193 				     "\nwrong total length %d instead of %d",
1194 				     recv_len, send_len);
1195 			}
1196 			/* check the data */
1197 			cp = (u_char*)&icp->icmp_data[phdr_len];
1198 			dp = &outpack[ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len];
1199 			cc -= ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len;
1200 			i = 0;
1201 			if (timing) {   /* don't check variable timestamp */
1202 				cp += TIMEVAL_LEN;
1203 				dp += TIMEVAL_LEN;
1204 				cc -= TIMEVAL_LEN;
1205 				i += TIMEVAL_LEN;
1206 			}
1207 			for (; i < datalen && cc > 0; ++i, ++cp, ++dp, --cc) {
1208 				if (*cp != *dp) {
1209 	(void)printf("\nwrong data byte #%d should be 0x%x but was 0x%x",
1210 	    i, *dp, *cp);
1211 					(void)printf("\ncp:");
1212 					cp = (u_char*)&icp->icmp_data[0];
1213 					for (i = 0; i < datalen; ++i, ++cp) {
1214 						if ((i % 16) == 8)
1215 							(void)printf("\n\t");
1216 						(void)printf("%2x ", *cp);
1217 					}
1218 					(void)printf("\ndp:");
1219 					cp = &outpack[ICMP_MINLEN];
1220 					for (i = 0; i < datalen; ++i, ++cp) {
1221 						if ((i % 16) == 8)
1222 							(void)printf("\n\t");
1223 						(void)printf("%2x ", *cp);
1224 					}
1225 					break;
1226 				}
1227 			}
1228 		}
1229 	} else {
1230 		/*
1231 		 * We've got something other than an ECHOREPLY.
1232 		 * See if it's a reply to something that we sent.
1233 		 * We can compare IP destination, protocol,
1234 		 * and ICMP type and ID.
1235 		 *
1236 		 * Only print all the error messages if we are running
1237 		 * as root to avoid leaking information not normally
1238 		 * available to those not running as root.
1239 		 */
1240 #ifndef icmp_data
1241 		struct ip *oip = &icp->icmp_ip;
1242 #else
1243 		struct ip *oip = (struct ip *)icp->icmp_data;
1244 #endif
1245 		struct icmp *oicmp = (struct icmp *)(oip + 1);
1246 
1247 		if (((options & F_VERBOSE) && uid == 0) ||
1248 		    (!(options & F_QUIET2) &&
1249 		     (oip->ip_dst.s_addr == whereto.sin_addr.s_addr) &&
1250 		     (oip->ip_p == IPPROTO_ICMP) &&
1251 		     (oicmp->icmp_type == ICMP_ECHO) &&
1252 		     (oicmp->icmp_id == ident))) {
1253 		    (void)printf("%d bytes from %s: ", cc,
1254 			pr_addr(from->sin_addr));
1255 		    pr_icmph(icp);
1256 		} else
1257 		    return;
1258 	}
1259 
1260 	/* Display any IP options */
1261 	cp = (u_char *)buf + sizeof(struct ip);
1262 
1263 	for (; hlen > (int)sizeof(struct ip); --hlen, ++cp)
1264 		switch (*cp) {
1265 		case IPOPT_EOL:
1266 			hlen = 0;
1267 			break;
1268 		case IPOPT_LSRR:
1269 		case IPOPT_SSRR:
1270 			(void)printf(*cp == IPOPT_LSRR ?
1271 			    "\nLSRR: " : "\nSSRR: ");
1272 			j = cp[IPOPT_OLEN] - IPOPT_MINOFF + 1;
1273 			hlen -= 2;
1274 			cp += 2;
1275 			if (j >= INADDR_LEN &&
1276 			    j <= hlen - (int)sizeof(struct ip)) {
1277 				for (;;) {
1278 					bcopy(++cp, &ina.s_addr, INADDR_LEN);
1279 					if (ina.s_addr == 0)
1280 						(void)printf("\t0.0.0.0");
1281 					else
1282 						(void)printf("\t%s",
1283 						     pr_addr(ina));
1284 					hlen -= INADDR_LEN;
1285 					cp += INADDR_LEN - 1;
1286 					j -= INADDR_LEN;
1287 					if (j < INADDR_LEN)
1288 						break;
1289 					(void)putchar('\n');
1290 				}
1291 			} else
1292 				(void)printf("\t(truncated route)\n");
1293 			break;
1294 		case IPOPT_RR:
1295 			j = cp[IPOPT_OLEN];		/* get length */
1296 			i = cp[IPOPT_OFFSET];		/* and pointer */
1297 			hlen -= 2;
1298 			cp += 2;
1299 			if (i > j)
1300 				i = j;
1301 			i = i - IPOPT_MINOFF + 1;
1302 			if (i < 0 || i > (hlen - (int)sizeof(struct ip))) {
1303 				old_rrlen = 0;
1304 				continue;
1305 			}
1306 			if (i == old_rrlen
1307 			    && !bcmp((char *)cp, old_rr, i)
1308 			    && !(options & F_FLOOD)) {
1309 				(void)printf("\t(same route)");
1310 				hlen -= i;
1311 				cp += i;
1312 				break;
1313 			}
1314 			old_rrlen = i;
1315 			bcopy((char *)cp, old_rr, i);
1316 			(void)printf("\nRR: ");
1317 			if (i >= INADDR_LEN &&
1318 			    i <= hlen - (int)sizeof(struct ip)) {
1319 				for (;;) {
1320 					bcopy(++cp, &ina.s_addr, INADDR_LEN);
1321 					if (ina.s_addr == 0)
1322 						(void)printf("\t0.0.0.0");
1323 					else
1324 						(void)printf("\t%s",
1325 						     pr_addr(ina));
1326 					hlen -= INADDR_LEN;
1327 					cp += INADDR_LEN - 1;
1328 					i -= INADDR_LEN;
1329 					if (i < INADDR_LEN)
1330 						break;
1331 					(void)putchar('\n');
1332 				}
1333 			} else
1334 				(void)printf("\t(truncated route)");
1335 			break;
1336 		case IPOPT_NOP:
1337 			(void)printf("\nNOP");
1338 			break;
1339 		default:
1340 			(void)printf("\nunknown option %x", *cp);
1341 			break;
1342 		}
1343 	if (!(options & F_FLOOD)) {
1344 		(void)putchar('\n');
1345 		(void)fflush(stdout);
1346 	}
1347 }
1348 
1349 /*
1350  * in_cksum --
1351  *	Checksum routine for Internet Protocol family headers (C Version)
1352  */
1353 u_short
1354 in_cksum(u_short *addr, int len)
1355 {
1356 	int nleft, sum;
1357 	u_short *w;
1358 	union {
1359 		u_short	us;
1360 		u_char	uc[2];
1361 	} last;
1362 	u_short answer;
1363 
1364 	nleft = len;
1365 	sum = 0;
1366 	w = addr;
1367 
1368 	/*
1369 	 * Our algorithm is simple, using a 32 bit accumulator (sum), we add
1370 	 * sequential 16 bit words to it, and at the end, fold back all the
1371 	 * carry bits from the top 16 bits into the lower 16 bits.
1372 	 */
1373 	while (nleft > 1)  {
1374 		sum += *w++;
1375 		nleft -= 2;
1376 	}
1377 
1378 	/* mop up an odd byte, if necessary */
1379 	if (nleft == 1) {
1380 		last.uc[0] = *(u_char *)w;
1381 		last.uc[1] = 0;
1382 		sum += last.us;
1383 	}
1384 
1385 	/* add back carry outs from top 16 bits to low 16 bits */
1386 	sum = (sum >> 16) + (sum & 0xffff);	/* add hi 16 to low 16 */
1387 	sum += (sum >> 16);			/* add carry */
1388 	answer = ~sum;				/* truncate to 16 bits */
1389 	return(answer);
1390 }
1391 
1392 /*
1393  * tvsub --
1394  *	Subtract 2 timeval structs:  out = out - in.  Out is assumed to
1395  * be >= in.
1396  */
1397 static void
1398 tvsub(struct timeval *out, const struct timeval *in)
1399 {
1400 
1401 	if ((out->tv_usec -= in->tv_usec) < 0) {
1402 		--out->tv_sec;
1403 		out->tv_usec += 1000000;
1404 	}
1405 	out->tv_sec -= in->tv_sec;
1406 }
1407 
1408 /*
1409  * status --
1410  *	Print out statistics when SIGINFO is received.
1411  */
1412 
1413 static void
1414 status(int sig __unused)
1415 {
1416 
1417 	siginfo_p = 1;
1418 }
1419 
1420 static void
1421 check_status(void)
1422 {
1423 
1424 	if (siginfo_p) {
1425 		siginfo_p = 0;
1426 		(void)fprintf(stderr, "\r%ld/%ld packets received (%.1f%%)",
1427 		    nreceived, ntransmitted,
1428 		    ntransmitted ? nreceived * 100.0 / ntransmitted : 0.0);
1429 		if (nreceived && timing)
1430 			(void)fprintf(stderr, " %.3f min / %.3f avg / %.3f max",
1431 			    tmin, tsum / (nreceived + nrepeats), tmax);
1432 		(void)fprintf(stderr, "\n");
1433 	}
1434 }
1435 
1436 /*
1437  * finish --
1438  *	Print out statistics, and give up.
1439  */
1440 static void
1441 finish(void)
1442 {
1443 
1444 	(void)signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
1445 	(void)signal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
1446 	(void)putchar('\n');
1447 	(void)fflush(stdout);
1448 	(void)printf("--- %s ping statistics ---\n", hostname);
1449 	(void)printf("%ld packets transmitted, ", ntransmitted);
1450 	(void)printf("%ld packets received, ", nreceived);
1451 	if (nrepeats)
1452 		(void)printf("+%ld duplicates, ", nrepeats);
1453 	if (ntransmitted) {
1454 		if (nreceived > ntransmitted)
1455 			(void)printf("-- somebody's printing up packets!");
1456 		else
1457 			(void)printf("%.1f%% packet loss",
1458 			    ((ntransmitted - nreceived) * 100.0) /
1459 			    ntransmitted);
1460 	}
1461 	if (nrcvtimeout)
1462 		(void)printf(", %ld packets out of wait time", nrcvtimeout);
1463 	(void)putchar('\n');
1464 	if (nreceived && timing) {
1465 		double n = nreceived + nrepeats;
1466 		double avg = tsum / n;
1467 		double vari = tsumsq / n - avg * avg;
1468 		(void)printf(
1469 		    "round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = %.3f/%.3f/%.3f/%.3f ms\n",
1470 		    tmin, avg, tmax, sqrt(vari));
1471 	}
1472 
1473 	if (nreceived)
1474 		exit(0);
1475 	else
1476 		exit(2);
1477 }
1478 
1479 #ifdef notdef
1480 static char *ttab[] = {
1481 	"Echo Reply",		/* ip + seq + udata */
1482 	"Dest Unreachable",	/* net, host, proto, port, frag, sr + IP */
1483 	"Source Quench",	/* IP */
1484 	"Redirect",		/* redirect type, gateway, + IP  */
1485 	"Echo",
1486 	"Time Exceeded",	/* transit, frag reassem + IP */
1487 	"Parameter Problem",	/* pointer + IP */
1488 	"Timestamp",		/* id + seq + three timestamps */
1489 	"Timestamp Reply",	/* " */
1490 	"Info Request",		/* id + sq */
1491 	"Info Reply"		/* " */
1492 };
1493 #endif
1494 
1495 /*
1496  * pr_icmph --
1497  *	Print a descriptive string about an ICMP header.
1498  */
1499 static void
1500 pr_icmph(struct icmp *icp)
1501 {
1502 
1503 	switch(icp->icmp_type) {
1504 	case ICMP_ECHOREPLY:
1505 		(void)printf("Echo Reply\n");
1506 		/* XXX ID + Seq + Data */
1507 		break;
1508 	case ICMP_UNREACH:
1509 		switch(icp->icmp_code) {
1510 		case ICMP_UNREACH_NET:
1511 			(void)printf("Destination Net Unreachable\n");
1512 			break;
1513 		case ICMP_UNREACH_HOST:
1514 			(void)printf("Destination Host Unreachable\n");
1515 			break;
1516 		case ICMP_UNREACH_PROTOCOL:
1517 			(void)printf("Destination Protocol Unreachable\n");
1518 			break;
1519 		case ICMP_UNREACH_PORT:
1520 			(void)printf("Destination Port Unreachable\n");
1521 			break;
1522 		case ICMP_UNREACH_NEEDFRAG:
1523 			(void)printf("frag needed and DF set (MTU %d)\n",
1524 					ntohs(icp->icmp_nextmtu));
1525 			break;
1526 		case ICMP_UNREACH_SRCFAIL:
1527 			(void)printf("Source Route Failed\n");
1528 			break;
1529 		case ICMP_UNREACH_FILTER_PROHIB:
1530 			(void)printf("Communication prohibited by filter\n");
1531 			break;
1532 		default:
1533 			(void)printf("Dest Unreachable, Bad Code: %d\n",
1534 			    icp->icmp_code);
1535 			break;
1536 		}
1537 		/* Print returned IP header information */
1538 #ifndef icmp_data
1539 		pr_retip(&icp->icmp_ip);
1540 #else
1541 		pr_retip((struct ip *)icp->icmp_data);
1542 #endif
1543 		break;
1544 	case ICMP_SOURCEQUENCH:
1545 		(void)printf("Source Quench\n");
1546 #ifndef icmp_data
1547 		pr_retip(&icp->icmp_ip);
1548 #else
1549 		pr_retip((struct ip *)icp->icmp_data);
1550 #endif
1551 		break;
1552 	case ICMP_REDIRECT:
1553 		switch(icp->icmp_code) {
1554 		case ICMP_REDIRECT_NET:
1555 			(void)printf("Redirect Network");
1556 			break;
1557 		case ICMP_REDIRECT_HOST:
1558 			(void)printf("Redirect Host");
1559 			break;
1560 		case ICMP_REDIRECT_TOSNET:
1561 			(void)printf("Redirect Type of Service and Network");
1562 			break;
1563 		case ICMP_REDIRECT_TOSHOST:
1564 			(void)printf("Redirect Type of Service and Host");
1565 			break;
1566 		default:
1567 			(void)printf("Redirect, Bad Code: %d", icp->icmp_code);
1568 			break;
1569 		}
1570 		(void)printf("(New addr: %s)\n", inet_ntoa(icp->icmp_gwaddr));
1571 #ifndef icmp_data
1572 		pr_retip(&icp->icmp_ip);
1573 #else
1574 		pr_retip((struct ip *)icp->icmp_data);
1575 #endif
1576 		break;
1577 	case ICMP_ECHO:
1578 		(void)printf("Echo Request\n");
1579 		/* XXX ID + Seq + Data */
1580 		break;
1581 	case ICMP_TIMXCEED:
1582 		switch(icp->icmp_code) {
1583 		case ICMP_TIMXCEED_INTRANS:
1584 			(void)printf("Time to live exceeded\n");
1585 			break;
1586 		case ICMP_TIMXCEED_REASS:
1587 			(void)printf("Frag reassembly time exceeded\n");
1588 			break;
1589 		default:
1590 			(void)printf("Time exceeded, Bad Code: %d\n",
1591 			    icp->icmp_code);
1592 			break;
1593 		}
1594 #ifndef icmp_data
1595 		pr_retip(&icp->icmp_ip);
1596 #else
1597 		pr_retip((struct ip *)icp->icmp_data);
1598 #endif
1599 		break;
1600 	case ICMP_PARAMPROB:
1601 		(void)printf("Parameter problem: pointer = 0x%02x\n",
1602 		    icp->icmp_hun.ih_pptr);
1603 #ifndef icmp_data
1604 		pr_retip(&icp->icmp_ip);
1605 #else
1606 		pr_retip((struct ip *)icp->icmp_data);
1607 #endif
1608 		break;
1609 	case ICMP_TSTAMP:
1610 		(void)printf("Timestamp\n");
1611 		/* XXX ID + Seq + 3 timestamps */
1612 		break;
1613 	case ICMP_TSTAMPREPLY:
1614 		(void)printf("Timestamp Reply\n");
1615 		/* XXX ID + Seq + 3 timestamps */
1616 		break;
1617 	case ICMP_IREQ:
1618 		(void)printf("Information Request\n");
1619 		/* XXX ID + Seq */
1620 		break;
1621 	case ICMP_IREQREPLY:
1622 		(void)printf("Information Reply\n");
1623 		/* XXX ID + Seq */
1624 		break;
1625 	case ICMP_MASKREQ:
1626 		(void)printf("Address Mask Request\n");
1627 		break;
1628 	case ICMP_MASKREPLY:
1629 		(void)printf("Address Mask Reply\n");
1630 		break;
1631 	case ICMP_ROUTERADVERT:
1632 		(void)printf("Router Advertisement\n");
1633 		break;
1634 	case ICMP_ROUTERSOLICIT:
1635 		(void)printf("Router Solicitation\n");
1636 		break;
1637 	default:
1638 		(void)printf("Bad ICMP type: %d\n", icp->icmp_type);
1639 	}
1640 }
1641 
1642 /*
1643  * pr_iph --
1644  *	Print an IP header with options.
1645  */
1646 static void
1647 pr_iph(struct ip *ip)
1648 {
1649 	struct in_addr ina;
1650 	u_char *cp;
1651 	int hlen;
1652 
1653 	hlen = ip->ip_hl << 2;
1654 	cp = (u_char *)ip + 20;		/* point to options */
1655 
1656 	(void)printf("Vr HL TOS  Len   ID Flg  off TTL Pro  cks      Src      Dst\n");
1657 	(void)printf(" %1x  %1x  %02x %04x %04x",
1658 	    ip->ip_v, ip->ip_hl, ip->ip_tos, ntohs(ip->ip_len),
1659 	    ntohs(ip->ip_id));
1660 	(void)printf("   %1lx %04lx",
1661 	    (u_long) (ntohl(ip->ip_off) & 0xe000) >> 13,
1662 	    (u_long) ntohl(ip->ip_off) & 0x1fff);
1663 	(void)printf("  %02x  %02x %04x", ip->ip_ttl, ip->ip_p,
1664 							    ntohs(ip->ip_sum));
1665 	memcpy(&ina, &ip->ip_src.s_addr, sizeof ina);
1666 	(void)printf(" %s ", inet_ntoa(ina));
1667 	memcpy(&ina, &ip->ip_dst.s_addr, sizeof ina);
1668 	(void)printf(" %s ", inet_ntoa(ina));
1669 	/* dump any option bytes */
1670 	while (hlen-- > 20) {
1671 		(void)printf("%02x", *cp++);
1672 	}
1673 	(void)putchar('\n');
1674 }
1675 
1676 /*
1677  * pr_addr --
1678  *	Return an ascii host address as a dotted quad and optionally with
1679  * a hostname.
1680  */
1681 static char *
1682 pr_addr(struct in_addr ina)
1683 {
1684 	struct hostent *hp;
1685 	static char buf[16 + 3 + MAXHOSTNAMELEN];
1686 
1687 	if (options & F_NUMERIC)
1688 		return inet_ntoa(ina);
1689 
1690 	hp = cap_gethostbyaddr(capdns, (char *)&ina, 4, AF_INET);
1691 
1692 	if (hp == NULL)
1693 		return inet_ntoa(ina);
1694 
1695 	(void)snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s (%s)", hp->h_name,
1696 	    inet_ntoa(ina));
1697 	return(buf);
1698 }
1699 
1700 /*
1701  * pr_retip --
1702  *	Dump some info on a returned (via ICMP) IP packet.
1703  */
1704 static void
1705 pr_retip(struct ip *ip)
1706 {
1707 	u_char *cp;
1708 	int hlen;
1709 
1710 	pr_iph(ip);
1711 	hlen = ip->ip_hl << 2;
1712 	cp = (u_char *)ip + hlen;
1713 
1714 	if (ip->ip_p == 6)
1715 		(void)printf("TCP: from port %u, to port %u (decimal)\n",
1716 		    (*cp * 256 + *(cp + 1)), (*(cp + 2) * 256 + *(cp + 3)));
1717 	else if (ip->ip_p == 17)
1718 		(void)printf("UDP: from port %u, to port %u (decimal)\n",
1719 			(*cp * 256 + *(cp + 1)), (*(cp + 2) * 256 + *(cp + 3)));
1720 }
1721 
1722 static char *
1723 pr_ntime(n_time timestamp)
1724 {
1725 	static char buf[10];
1726 	int hour, min, sec;
1727 
1728 	sec = ntohl(timestamp) / 1000;
1729 	hour = sec / 60 / 60;
1730 	min = (sec % (60 * 60)) / 60;
1731 	sec = (sec % (60 * 60)) % 60;
1732 
1733 	(void)snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%02d:%02d:%02d", hour, min, sec);
1734 
1735 	return (buf);
1736 }
1737 
1738 static void
1739 fill(char *bp, char *patp)
1740 {
1741 	char *cp;
1742 	int pat[16];
1743 	u_int ii, jj, kk;
1744 
1745 	for (cp = patp; *cp; cp++) {
1746 		if (!isxdigit(*cp))
1747 			errx(EX_USAGE,
1748 			    "patterns must be specified as hex digits");
1749 
1750 	}
1751 	ii = sscanf(patp,
1752 	    "%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x",
1753 	    &pat[0], &pat[1], &pat[2], &pat[3], &pat[4], &pat[5], &pat[6],
1754 	    &pat[7], &pat[8], &pat[9], &pat[10], &pat[11], &pat[12],
1755 	    &pat[13], &pat[14], &pat[15]);
1756 
1757 	if (ii > 0)
1758 		for (kk = 0; kk <= maxpayload - (TIMEVAL_LEN + ii); kk += ii)
1759 			for (jj = 0; jj < ii; ++jj)
1760 				bp[jj + kk] = pat[jj];
1761 	if (!(options & F_QUIET)) {
1762 		(void)printf("PATTERN: 0x");
1763 		for (jj = 0; jj < ii; ++jj)
1764 			(void)printf("%02x", bp[jj] & 0xFF);
1765 		(void)printf("\n");
1766 	}
1767 }
1768 
1769 static cap_channel_t *
1770 capdns_setup(void)
1771 {
1772 	cap_channel_t *capcas, *capdnsloc;
1773 	const char *types[2];
1774 	int families[1];
1775 
1776 	capcas = cap_init();
1777 	if (capcas == NULL)
1778 		err(1, "unable to create casper process");
1779 	capdnsloc = cap_service_open(capcas, "system.dns");
1780 	/* Casper capability no longer needed. */
1781 	cap_close(capcas);
1782 	if (capdnsloc == NULL)
1783 		err(1, "unable to open system.dns service");
1784 	types[0] = "NAME2ADDR";
1785 	types[1] = "ADDR2NAME";
1786 	if (cap_dns_type_limit(capdnsloc, types, 2) < 0)
1787 		err(1, "unable to limit access to system.dns service");
1788 	families[0] = AF_INET;
1789 	if (cap_dns_family_limit(capdnsloc, families, 1) < 0)
1790 		err(1, "unable to limit access to system.dns service");
1791 
1792 	return (capdnsloc);
1793 }
1794 
1795 #if defined(IPSEC) && defined(IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC)
1796 #define	SECOPT		" [-P policy]"
1797 #else
1798 #define	SECOPT		""
1799 #endif
1800 static void
1801 usage(void)
1802 {
1803 
1804 	(void)fprintf(stderr, "%s\n%s\n%s\n%s\n%s\n%s\n%s\n%s\n",
1805 "usage: ping [-AaDdfnoQqRrv] [-c count] [-G sweepmaxsize] [-g sweepminsize]",
1806 "            [-h sweepincrsize] [-i wait] [-l preload] [-M mask | time] [-m ttl]",
1807 "           " SECOPT " [-p pattern] [-S src_addr] [-s packetsize] [-t timeout]",
1808 "            [-W waittime] [-z tos] host",
1809 "       ping [-AaDdfLnoQqRrv] [-c count] [-I iface] [-i wait] [-l preload]",
1810 "            [-M mask | time] [-m ttl]" SECOPT " [-p pattern] [-S src_addr]",
1811 "            [-s packetsize] [-T ttl] [-t timeout] [-W waittime]",
1812 "            [-z tos] mcast-group");
1813 	exit(EX_USAGE);
1814 }
1815