xref: /freebsd/sbin/ping/ping.c (revision 8881d206f4e68b564c2c5f50fc717086fc3e827a)
1 /*-
2  * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
3  *
4  * Copyright (c) 1989, 1993
5  *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
6  *
7  * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
8  * Mike Muuss.
9  *
10  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
11  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
12  * are met:
13  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
14  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
15  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
16  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
17  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
18  * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
19  *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
20  *    without specific prior written permission.
21  *
22  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
23  * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
24  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
25  * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
26  * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
27  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
28  * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
29  * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
30  * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
31  * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
32  * SUCH DAMAGE.
33  */
34 
35 #if 0
36 #ifndef lint
37 static const char copyright[] =
38 "@(#) Copyright (c) 1989, 1993\n\
39 	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.\n";
40 #endif /* not lint */
41 
42 #ifndef lint
43 static char sccsid[] = "@(#)ping.c	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93";
44 #endif /* not lint */
45 #endif
46 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
47 __FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");
48 
49 /*
50  *			P I N G . C
51  *
52  * Using the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) "ECHO" facility,
53  * measure round-trip-delays and packet loss across network paths.
54  *
55  * Author -
56  *	Mike Muuss
57  *	U. S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory
58  *	December, 1983
59  *
60  * Status -
61  *	Public Domain.  Distribution Unlimited.
62  * Bugs -
63  *	More statistics could always be gathered.
64  *	This program has to run SUID to ROOT to access the ICMP socket.
65  */
66 
67 #include <sys/param.h>		/* NB: we rely on this for <sys/types.h> */
68 #include <sys/capsicum.h>
69 #include <sys/socket.h>
70 #include <sys/sysctl.h>
71 #include <sys/time.h>
72 #include <sys/uio.h>
73 
74 #include <netinet/in.h>
75 #include <netinet/in_systm.h>
76 #include <netinet/ip.h>
77 #include <netinet/ip_icmp.h>
78 #include <netinet/ip_var.h>
79 #include <arpa/inet.h>
80 
81 #include <libcasper.h>
82 #include <casper/cap_dns.h>
83 
84 #ifdef IPSEC
85 #include <netipsec/ipsec.h>
86 #endif /*IPSEC*/
87 
88 #include <capsicum_helpers.h>
89 #include <ctype.h>
90 #include <err.h>
91 #include <errno.h>
92 #include <math.h>
93 #include <netdb.h>
94 #include <stddef.h>
95 #include <signal.h>
96 #include <stdio.h>
97 #include <stdlib.h>
98 #include <string.h>
99 #include <sysexits.h>
100 #include <time.h>
101 #include <unistd.h>
102 
103 #include "main.h"
104 #include "ping.h"
105 #include "utils.h"
106 
107 #define	INADDR_LEN	((int)sizeof(in_addr_t))
108 #define	TIMEVAL_LEN	((int)sizeof(struct tv32))
109 #define	MASK_LEN	(ICMP_MASKLEN - ICMP_MINLEN)
110 #define	TS_LEN		(ICMP_TSLEN - ICMP_MINLEN)
111 #define	DEFDATALEN	56		/* default data length */
112 #define	FLOOD_BACKOFF	20000		/* usecs to back off if F_FLOOD mode */
113 					/* runs out of buffer space */
114 #define	MAXIPLEN	(sizeof(struct ip) + MAX_IPOPTLEN)
115 #define	MAXICMPLEN	(ICMP_ADVLENMIN + MAX_IPOPTLEN)
116 #define	MAXWAIT		10000		/* max ms to wait for response */
117 #define	MAXALARM	(60 * 60)	/* max seconds for alarm timeout */
118 #define	MAXTOS		255
119 
120 #define	A(bit)		rcvd_tbl[(bit)>>3]	/* identify byte in array */
121 #define	B(bit)		(1 << ((bit) & 0x07))	/* identify bit in byte */
122 #define	SET(bit)	(A(bit) |= B(bit))
123 #define	CLR(bit)	(A(bit) &= (~B(bit)))
124 #define	TST(bit)	(A(bit) & B(bit))
125 
126 struct tv32 {
127 	int32_t tv32_sec;
128 	int32_t tv32_nsec;
129 };
130 
131 /* various options */
132 static int options;
133 #define	F_FLOOD		0x0001
134 #define	F_INTERVAL	0x0002
135 #define	F_NUMERIC	0x0004
136 #define	F_PINGFILLED	0x0008
137 #define	F_QUIET		0x0010
138 #define	F_RROUTE	0x0020
139 #define	F_SO_DEBUG	0x0040
140 #define	F_SO_DONTROUTE	0x0080
141 #define	F_VERBOSE	0x0100
142 #define	F_QUIET2	0x0200
143 #define	F_NOLOOP	0x0400
144 #define	F_MTTL		0x0800
145 #define	F_MIF		0x1000
146 #define	F_AUDIBLE	0x2000
147 #ifdef IPSEC
148 #ifdef IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC
149 #define F_POLICY	0x4000
150 #endif /*IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC*/
151 #endif /*IPSEC*/
152 #define	F_TTL		0x8000
153 #define	F_MISSED	0x10000
154 #define	F_ONCE		0x20000
155 #define	F_HDRINCL	0x40000
156 #define	F_MASK		0x80000
157 #define	F_TIME		0x100000
158 #define	F_SWEEP		0x200000
159 #define	F_WAITTIME	0x400000
160 #define	F_IP_VLAN_PCP	0x800000
161 
162 /*
163  * MAX_DUP_CHK is the number of bits in received table, i.e. the maximum
164  * number of received sequence numbers we can keep track of.  Change 128
165  * to 8192 for complete accuracy...
166  */
167 #define	MAX_DUP_CHK	(8 * 128)
168 static int mx_dup_ck = MAX_DUP_CHK;
169 static char rcvd_tbl[MAX_DUP_CHK / 8];
170 
171 static struct sockaddr_in whereto;	/* who to ping */
172 static int datalen = DEFDATALEN;
173 static int maxpayload;
174 static int ssend;		/* send socket file descriptor */
175 static int srecv;		/* receive socket file descriptor */
176 static u_char outpackhdr[IP_MAXPACKET], *outpack;
177 static char BBELL = '\a';	/* characters written for MISSED and AUDIBLE */
178 static char BSPACE = '\b';	/* characters written for flood */
179 static char DOT = '.';
180 static char *hostname;
181 static char *shostname;
182 static int ident;		/* process id to identify our packets */
183 static int uid;			/* cached uid for micro-optimization */
184 static u_char icmp_type = ICMP_ECHO;
185 static u_char icmp_type_rsp = ICMP_ECHOREPLY;
186 static int phdr_len = 0;
187 static int send_len;
188 
189 /* counters */
190 static long nmissedmax;		/* max value of ntransmitted - nreceived - 1 */
191 static long npackets;		/* max packets to transmit */
192 static long nreceived;		/* # of packets we got back */
193 static long nrepeats;		/* number of duplicates */
194 static long ntransmitted;	/* sequence # for outbound packets = #sent */
195 static long snpackets;			/* max packets to transmit in one sweep */
196 static long sntransmitted;	/* # of packets we sent in this sweep */
197 static int sweepmax;		/* max value of payload in sweep */
198 static int sweepmin = 0;	/* start value of payload in sweep */
199 static int sweepincr = 1;	/* payload increment in sweep */
200 static int interval = 1000;	/* interval between packets, ms */
201 static int waittime = MAXWAIT;	/* timeout for each packet */
202 static long nrcvtimeout = 0;	/* # of packets we got back after waittime */
203 
204 /* timing */
205 static int timing;		/* flag to do timing */
206 static double tmin = 999999999.0;	/* minimum round trip time */
207 static double tmax = 0.0;	/* maximum round trip time */
208 static double tsum = 0.0;	/* sum of all times, for doing average */
209 static double tsumsq = 0.0;	/* sum of all times squared, for std. dev. */
210 
211 /* nonzero if we've been told to finish up */
212 static volatile sig_atomic_t finish_up;
213 static volatile sig_atomic_t siginfo_p;
214 
215 static cap_channel_t *capdns;
216 
217 static void fill(char *, char *);
218 static cap_channel_t *capdns_setup(void);
219 static void check_status(void);
220 static void finish(void) __dead2;
221 static void pinger(void);
222 static char *pr_addr(struct in_addr);
223 static char *pr_ntime(n_time);
224 static void pr_icmph(struct icmp *, struct ip *, const u_char *const);
225 static void pr_iph(struct ip *);
226 static void pr_pack(char *, ssize_t, struct sockaddr_in *, struct timespec *);
227 static void pr_retip(struct ip *, const u_char *);
228 static void status(int);
229 static void stopit(int);
230 
231 int
232 ping(int argc, char *const *argv)
233 {
234 	struct sockaddr_in from, sock_in;
235 	struct in_addr ifaddr;
236 	struct timespec last, intvl;
237 	struct iovec iov;
238 	struct msghdr msg;
239 	struct sigaction si_sa;
240 	size_t sz;
241 	u_char *datap, packet[IP_MAXPACKET] __aligned(4);
242 	const char *errstr;
243 	char *ep, *source, *target, *payload;
244 	struct hostent *hp;
245 #ifdef IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC
246 	char *policy_in, *policy_out;
247 #endif
248 	struct sockaddr_in *to;
249 	double t;
250 	u_long alarmtimeout;
251 	long long ltmp;
252 	int almost_done, ch, df, hold, i, icmp_len, mib[4], preload;
253 	int ssend_errno, srecv_errno, tos, ttl, pcp;
254 	char ctrl[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(struct timespec))];
255 	char hnamebuf[MAXHOSTNAMELEN], snamebuf[MAXHOSTNAMELEN];
256 #ifdef IP_OPTIONS
257 	char rspace[MAX_IPOPTLEN];	/* record route space */
258 #endif
259 	unsigned char loop, mttl;
260 
261 	payload = source = NULL;
262 #ifdef IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC
263 	policy_in = policy_out = NULL;
264 #endif
265 	cap_rights_t rights;
266 
267 	options |= F_NUMERIC;
268 
269 	/*
270 	 * Do the stuff that we need root priv's for *first*, and
271 	 * then drop our setuid bit.  Save error reporting for
272 	 * after arg parsing.
273 	 *
274 	 * Historicaly ping was using one socket 's' for sending and for
275 	 * receiving. After capsicum(4) related changes we use two
276 	 * sockets. It was done for special ping use case - when user
277 	 * issue ping on multicast or broadcast address replies come
278 	 * from different addresses, not from the address we
279 	 * connect(2)'ed to, and send socket do not receive those
280 	 * packets.
281 	 */
282 	ssend = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_ICMP);
283 	ssend_errno = errno;
284 	srecv = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_ICMP);
285 	srecv_errno = errno;
286 
287 	if (setuid(getuid()) != 0)
288 		err(EX_NOPERM, "setuid() failed");
289 	uid = getuid();
290 
291 	if (ssend < 0) {
292 		errno = ssend_errno;
293 		err(EX_OSERR, "ssend socket");
294 	}
295 
296 	if (srecv < 0) {
297 		errno = srecv_errno;
298 		err(EX_OSERR, "srecv socket");
299 	}
300 
301 	alarmtimeout = df = preload = tos = pcp = 0;
302 
303 	outpack = outpackhdr + sizeof(struct ip);
304 	while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, PING4OPTS)) != -1) {
305 		switch(ch) {
306 		case '4':
307 			/* This option is processed in main(). */
308 			break;
309 		case 'A':
310 			options |= F_MISSED;
311 			break;
312 		case 'a':
313 			options |= F_AUDIBLE;
314 			break;
315 		case 'C':
316 			options |= F_IP_VLAN_PCP;
317 			ltmp = strtonum(optarg, -1, 7, &errstr);
318 			if (errstr != NULL)
319 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid PCP: `%s'", optarg);
320 			pcp = ltmp;
321 			break;
322 		case 'c':
323 			ltmp = strtonum(optarg, 1, LONG_MAX, &errstr);
324 			if (errstr != NULL)
325 				errx(EX_USAGE,
326 				    "invalid count of packets to transmit: `%s'",
327 				    optarg);
328 			npackets = (long)ltmp;
329 			break;
330 		case 'D':
331 			options |= F_HDRINCL;
332 			df = 1;
333 			break;
334 		case 'd':
335 			options |= F_SO_DEBUG;
336 			break;
337 		case 'f':
338 			if (uid) {
339 				errno = EPERM;
340 				err(EX_NOPERM, "-f flag");
341 			}
342 			options |= F_FLOOD;
343 			setbuf(stdout, (char *)NULL);
344 			break;
345 		case 'G': /* Maximum packet size for ping sweep */
346 			ltmp = strtonum(optarg, 1, INT_MAX, &errstr);
347 			if (errstr != NULL) {
348 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid packet size: `%s'",
349 				    optarg);
350 			}
351 			sweepmax = (int)ltmp;
352 			if (uid != 0 && sweepmax > DEFDATALEN) {
353 				errc(EX_NOPERM, EPERM,
354 				    "packet size too large: %d > %u",
355 				    sweepmax, DEFDATALEN);
356 			}
357 			options |= F_SWEEP;
358 			break;
359 		case 'g': /* Minimum packet size for ping sweep */
360 			ltmp = strtonum(optarg, 1, INT_MAX, &errstr);
361 			if (errstr != NULL) {
362 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid packet size: `%s'",
363 				    optarg);
364 			}
365 			sweepmin = (int)ltmp;
366 			if (uid != 0 && sweepmin > DEFDATALEN) {
367 				errc(EX_NOPERM, EPERM,
368 				    "packet size too large: %d > %u",
369 				    sweepmin, DEFDATALEN);
370 			}
371 			options |= F_SWEEP;
372 			break;
373 		case 'H':
374 			options &= ~F_NUMERIC;
375 			break;
376 		case 'h': /* Packet size increment for ping sweep */
377 			ltmp = strtonum(optarg, 1, INT_MAX, &errstr);
378 			if (errstr != NULL) {
379 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid packet size: `%s'",
380 				    optarg);
381 			}
382 			sweepincr = (int)ltmp;
383 			if (uid != 0 && sweepincr > DEFDATALEN) {
384 				errc(EX_NOPERM, EPERM,
385 				    "packet size too large: %d > %u",
386 				    sweepincr, DEFDATALEN);
387 			}
388 			options |= F_SWEEP;
389 			break;
390 		case 'I':		/* multicast interface */
391 			if (inet_aton(optarg, &ifaddr) == 0)
392 				errx(EX_USAGE,
393 				    "invalid multicast interface: `%s'",
394 				    optarg);
395 			options |= F_MIF;
396 			break;
397 		case 'i':		/* wait between sending packets */
398 			t = strtod(optarg, &ep) * 1000.0;
399 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || t > (double)INT_MAX)
400 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid timing interval: `%s'",
401 				    optarg);
402 			options |= F_INTERVAL;
403 			interval = (int)t;
404 			if (uid && interval < 1000) {
405 				errno = EPERM;
406 				err(EX_NOPERM, "-i interval too short");
407 			}
408 			break;
409 		case 'L':
410 			options |= F_NOLOOP;
411 			loop = 0;
412 			break;
413 		case 'l':
414 			ltmp = strtonum(optarg, 0, INT_MAX, &errstr);
415 			if (errstr != NULL)
416 				errx(EX_USAGE,
417 				    "invalid preload value: `%s'", optarg);
418 			if (uid) {
419 				errno = EPERM;
420 				err(EX_NOPERM, "-l flag");
421 			}
422 			preload = (int)ltmp;
423 			break;
424 		case 'M':
425 			switch(optarg[0]) {
426 			case 'M':
427 			case 'm':
428 				options |= F_MASK;
429 				break;
430 			case 'T':
431 			case 't':
432 				options |= F_TIME;
433 				break;
434 			default:
435 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid message: `%c'", optarg[0]);
436 				break;
437 			}
438 			break;
439 		case 'm':		/* TTL */
440 			ltmp = strtonum(optarg, 0, MAXTTL, &errstr);
441 			if (errstr != NULL)
442 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid TTL: `%s'", optarg);
443 			ttl = (int)ltmp;
444 			options |= F_TTL;
445 			break;
446 		case 'n':
447 			options |= F_NUMERIC;
448 			break;
449 		case 'o':
450 			options |= F_ONCE;
451 			break;
452 #ifdef IPSEC
453 #ifdef IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC
454 		case 'P':
455 			options |= F_POLICY;
456 			if (!strncmp("in", optarg, 2))
457 				policy_in = strdup(optarg);
458 			else if (!strncmp("out", optarg, 3))
459 				policy_out = strdup(optarg);
460 			else
461 				errx(1, "invalid security policy");
462 			break;
463 #endif /*IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC*/
464 #endif /*IPSEC*/
465 		case 'p':		/* fill buffer with user pattern */
466 			options |= F_PINGFILLED;
467 			payload = optarg;
468 			break;
469 		case 'Q':
470 			options |= F_QUIET2;
471 			break;
472 		case 'q':
473 			options |= F_QUIET;
474 			break;
475 		case 'R':
476 			options |= F_RROUTE;
477 			break;
478 		case 'r':
479 			options |= F_SO_DONTROUTE;
480 			break;
481 		case 'S':
482 			source = optarg;
483 			break;
484 		case 's':		/* size of packet to send */
485 			ltmp = strtonum(optarg, 0, INT_MAX, &errstr);
486 			if (errstr != NULL)
487 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid packet size: `%s'",
488 				    optarg);
489 			datalen = (int)ltmp;
490 			if (uid != 0 && datalen > DEFDATALEN) {
491 				errno = EPERM;
492 				err(EX_NOPERM,
493 				    "packet size too large: %d > %u",
494 				    datalen, DEFDATALEN);
495 			}
496 			break;
497 		case 'T':		/* multicast TTL */
498 			ltmp = strtonum(optarg, 0, MAXTTL, &errstr);
499 			if (errstr != NULL)
500 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid multicast TTL: `%s'",
501 				    optarg);
502 			mttl = (unsigned char)ltmp;
503 			options |= F_MTTL;
504 			break;
505 		case 't':
506 			alarmtimeout = strtoul(optarg, &ep, 0);
507 			if ((alarmtimeout < 1) || (alarmtimeout == ULONG_MAX))
508 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid timeout: `%s'",
509 				    optarg);
510 			if (alarmtimeout > MAXALARM)
511 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid timeout: `%s' > %d",
512 				    optarg, MAXALARM);
513 			{
514 				struct itimerval itv;
515 
516 				timerclear(&itv.it_interval);
517 				timerclear(&itv.it_value);
518 				itv.it_value.tv_sec = (time_t)alarmtimeout;
519 				if (setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &itv, NULL) != 0)
520 					err(1, "setitimer");
521 			}
522 			break;
523 		case 'v':
524 			options |= F_VERBOSE;
525 			break;
526 		case 'W':		/* wait ms for answer */
527 			t = strtod(optarg, &ep);
528 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || t > (double)INT_MAX)
529 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid timing interval: `%s'",
530 				    optarg);
531 			options |= F_WAITTIME;
532 			waittime = (int)t;
533 			break;
534 		case 'z':
535 			options |= F_HDRINCL;
536 			ltmp = strtol(optarg, &ep, 0);
537 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || ltmp > MAXTOS || ltmp < 0)
538 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid TOS: `%s'", optarg);
539 			tos = ltmp;
540 			break;
541 		default:
542 			usage();
543 		}
544 	}
545 
546 	if (argc - optind != 1)
547 		usage();
548 	target = argv[optind];
549 
550 	switch (options & (F_MASK|F_TIME)) {
551 	case 0: break;
552 	case F_MASK:
553 		icmp_type = ICMP_MASKREQ;
554 		icmp_type_rsp = ICMP_MASKREPLY;
555 		phdr_len = MASK_LEN;
556 		if (!(options & F_QUIET))
557 			(void)printf("ICMP_MASKREQ\n");
558 		break;
559 	case F_TIME:
560 		icmp_type = ICMP_TSTAMP;
561 		icmp_type_rsp = ICMP_TSTAMPREPLY;
562 		phdr_len = TS_LEN;
563 		if (!(options & F_QUIET))
564 			(void)printf("ICMP_TSTAMP\n");
565 		break;
566 	default:
567 		errx(EX_USAGE, "ICMP_TSTAMP and ICMP_MASKREQ are exclusive.");
568 		break;
569 	}
570 	icmp_len = sizeof(struct ip) + ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len;
571 	if (options & F_RROUTE)
572 		icmp_len += MAX_IPOPTLEN;
573 	maxpayload = IP_MAXPACKET - icmp_len;
574 	if (datalen > maxpayload)
575 		errx(EX_USAGE, "packet size too large: %d > %d", datalen,
576 		    maxpayload);
577 	send_len = icmp_len + datalen;
578 	datap = &outpack[ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len + TIMEVAL_LEN];
579 	if (options & F_PINGFILLED) {
580 		fill((char *)datap, payload);
581 	}
582 	capdns = capdns_setup();
583 	if (source) {
584 		bzero((char *)&sock_in, sizeof(sock_in));
585 		sock_in.sin_family = AF_INET;
586 		if (inet_aton(source, &sock_in.sin_addr) != 0) {
587 			shostname = source;
588 		} else {
589 			hp = cap_gethostbyname2(capdns, source, AF_INET);
590 			if (!hp)
591 				errx(EX_NOHOST, "cannot resolve %s: %s",
592 				    source, hstrerror(h_errno));
593 
594 			sock_in.sin_len = sizeof sock_in;
595 			if ((unsigned)hp->h_length > sizeof(sock_in.sin_addr) ||
596 			    hp->h_length < 0)
597 				errx(1, "gethostbyname2: illegal address");
598 			memcpy(&sock_in.sin_addr, hp->h_addr_list[0],
599 			    sizeof(sock_in.sin_addr));
600 			(void)strncpy(snamebuf, hp->h_name,
601 			    sizeof(snamebuf) - 1);
602 			snamebuf[sizeof(snamebuf) - 1] = '\0';
603 			shostname = snamebuf;
604 		}
605 		if (bind(ssend, (struct sockaddr *)&sock_in, sizeof sock_in) ==
606 		    -1)
607 			err(1, "bind");
608 	}
609 
610 	bzero(&whereto, sizeof(whereto));
611 	to = &whereto;
612 	to->sin_family = AF_INET;
613 	to->sin_len = sizeof *to;
614 	if (inet_aton(target, &to->sin_addr) != 0) {
615 		hostname = target;
616 	} else {
617 		hp = cap_gethostbyname2(capdns, target, AF_INET);
618 		if (!hp)
619 			errx(EX_NOHOST, "cannot resolve %s: %s",
620 			    target, hstrerror(h_errno));
621 
622 		if ((unsigned)hp->h_length > sizeof(to->sin_addr))
623 			errx(1, "gethostbyname2 returned an illegal address");
624 		memcpy(&to->sin_addr, hp->h_addr_list[0], sizeof to->sin_addr);
625 		(void)strncpy(hnamebuf, hp->h_name, sizeof(hnamebuf) - 1);
626 		hnamebuf[sizeof(hnamebuf) - 1] = '\0';
627 		hostname = hnamebuf;
628 	}
629 
630 	/* From now on we will use only reverse DNS lookups. */
631 #ifdef WITH_CASPER
632 	if (capdns != NULL) {
633 		const char *types[1];
634 
635 		types[0] = "ADDR2NAME";
636 		if (cap_dns_type_limit(capdns, types, 1) < 0)
637 			err(1, "unable to limit access to system.dns service");
638 	}
639 #endif
640 	if (connect(ssend, (struct sockaddr *)&whereto, sizeof(whereto)) != 0)
641 		err(1, "connect");
642 
643 	if (options & F_FLOOD && options & F_INTERVAL)
644 		errx(EX_USAGE, "-f and -i: incompatible options");
645 
646 	if (options & F_FLOOD && IN_MULTICAST(ntohl(to->sin_addr.s_addr)))
647 		errx(EX_USAGE,
648 		    "-f flag cannot be used with multicast destination");
649 	if (options & (F_MIF | F_NOLOOP | F_MTTL)
650 	    && !IN_MULTICAST(ntohl(to->sin_addr.s_addr)))
651 		errx(EX_USAGE,
652 		    "-I, -L, -T flags cannot be used with unicast destination");
653 
654 	if (datalen >= TIMEVAL_LEN)	/* can we time transfer */
655 		timing = 1;
656 
657 	if ((options & (F_PINGFILLED | F_SWEEP)) == 0)
658 		for (i = TIMEVAL_LEN; i < datalen; ++i)
659 			*datap++ = i;
660 
661 	ident = getpid() & 0xFFFF;
662 
663 	hold = 1;
664 	if (options & F_SO_DEBUG) {
665 		(void)setsockopt(ssend, SOL_SOCKET, SO_DEBUG, (char *)&hold,
666 		    sizeof(hold));
667 		(void)setsockopt(srecv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_DEBUG, (char *)&hold,
668 		    sizeof(hold));
669 	}
670 	if (options & F_SO_DONTROUTE)
671 		(void)setsockopt(ssend, SOL_SOCKET, SO_DONTROUTE, (char *)&hold,
672 		    sizeof(hold));
673 	if (options & F_IP_VLAN_PCP) {
674 		(void)setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_VLAN_PCP, (char *)&pcp,
675 		    sizeof(pcp));
676 	}
677 #ifdef IPSEC
678 #ifdef IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC
679 	if (options & F_POLICY) {
680 		char *buf;
681 		if (policy_in != NULL) {
682 			buf = ipsec_set_policy(policy_in, strlen(policy_in));
683 			if (buf == NULL)
684 				errx(EX_CONFIG, "%s", ipsec_strerror());
685 			if (setsockopt(srecv, IPPROTO_IP, IP_IPSEC_POLICY,
686 					buf, ipsec_get_policylen(buf)) < 0)
687 				err(EX_CONFIG,
688 				    "ipsec policy cannot be configured");
689 			free(buf);
690 		}
691 
692 		if (policy_out != NULL) {
693 			buf = ipsec_set_policy(policy_out, strlen(policy_out));
694 			if (buf == NULL)
695 				errx(EX_CONFIG, "%s", ipsec_strerror());
696 			if (setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_IPSEC_POLICY,
697 					buf, ipsec_get_policylen(buf)) < 0)
698 				err(EX_CONFIG,
699 				    "ipsec policy cannot be configured");
700 			free(buf);
701 		}
702 	}
703 #endif /*IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC*/
704 #endif /*IPSEC*/
705 
706 	if (options & F_HDRINCL) {
707 		struct ip ip;
708 
709 		memcpy(&ip, outpackhdr, sizeof(ip));
710 		if (!(options & (F_TTL | F_MTTL))) {
711 			mib[0] = CTL_NET;
712 			mib[1] = PF_INET;
713 			mib[2] = IPPROTO_IP;
714 			mib[3] = IPCTL_DEFTTL;
715 			sz = sizeof(ttl);
716 			if (sysctl(mib, 4, &ttl, &sz, NULL, 0) == -1)
717 				err(1, "sysctl(net.inet.ip.ttl)");
718 		}
719 		setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_HDRINCL, &hold, sizeof(hold));
720 		ip.ip_v = IPVERSION;
721 		ip.ip_hl = sizeof(struct ip) >> 2;
722 		ip.ip_tos = tos;
723 		ip.ip_id = 0;
724 		ip.ip_off = htons(df ? IP_DF : 0);
725 		ip.ip_ttl = ttl;
726 		ip.ip_p = IPPROTO_ICMP;
727 		ip.ip_src.s_addr = source ? sock_in.sin_addr.s_addr : INADDR_ANY;
728 		ip.ip_dst = to->sin_addr;
729 		memcpy(outpackhdr, &ip, sizeof(ip));
730         }
731 
732 	/*
733 	 * Here we enter capability mode. Further down access to global
734 	 * namespaces (e.g filesystem) is restricted (see capsicum(4)).
735 	 * We must connect(2) our socket before this point.
736 	 */
737 	caph_cache_catpages();
738 	if (caph_enter_casper() < 0)
739 		err(1, "caph_enter_casper");
740 
741 	cap_rights_init(&rights, CAP_RECV, CAP_EVENT, CAP_SETSOCKOPT);
742 	if (caph_rights_limit(srecv, &rights) < 0)
743 		err(1, "cap_rights_limit srecv");
744 	cap_rights_init(&rights, CAP_SEND, CAP_SETSOCKOPT);
745 	if (caph_rights_limit(ssend, &rights) < 0)
746 		err(1, "cap_rights_limit ssend");
747 
748 	/* record route option */
749 	if (options & F_RROUTE) {
750 #ifdef IP_OPTIONS
751 		bzero(rspace, sizeof(rspace));
752 		rspace[IPOPT_OPTVAL] = IPOPT_RR;
753 		rspace[IPOPT_OLEN] = sizeof(rspace) - 1;
754 		rspace[IPOPT_OFFSET] = IPOPT_MINOFF;
755 		rspace[sizeof(rspace) - 1] = IPOPT_EOL;
756 		if (setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_OPTIONS, rspace,
757 		    sizeof(rspace)) < 0)
758 			err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt IP_OPTIONS");
759 #else
760 		errx(EX_UNAVAILABLE,
761 		    "record route not available in this implementation");
762 #endif /* IP_OPTIONS */
763 	}
764 
765 	if (options & F_TTL) {
766 		if (setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TTL, &ttl,
767 		    sizeof(ttl)) < 0) {
768 			err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt IP_TTL");
769 		}
770 	}
771 	if (options & F_NOLOOP) {
772 		if (setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_LOOP, &loop,
773 		    sizeof(loop)) < 0) {
774 			err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt IP_MULTICAST_LOOP");
775 		}
776 	}
777 	if (options & F_MTTL) {
778 		if (setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_TTL, &mttl,
779 		    sizeof(mttl)) < 0) {
780 			err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt IP_MULTICAST_TTL");
781 		}
782 	}
783 	if (options & F_MIF) {
784 		if (setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_IF, &ifaddr,
785 		    sizeof(ifaddr)) < 0) {
786 			err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt IP_MULTICAST_IF");
787 		}
788 	}
789 #ifdef SO_TIMESTAMP
790 	{
791 		int on = 1;
792 		int ts_clock = SO_TS_MONOTONIC;
793 		if (setsockopt(srecv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_TIMESTAMP, &on,
794 		    sizeof(on)) < 0)
795 			err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt SO_TIMESTAMP");
796 		if (setsockopt(srecv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_TS_CLOCK, &ts_clock,
797 		    sizeof(ts_clock)) < 0)
798 			err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt SO_TS_CLOCK");
799 	}
800 #endif
801 	if (sweepmax) {
802 		if (sweepmin > sweepmax)
803 			errx(EX_USAGE,
804 	    "Maximum packet size must be no less than the minimum packet size");
805 
806 		if (sweepmax > maxpayload - TIMEVAL_LEN)
807 			errx(EX_USAGE, "Invalid sweep maximum");
808 
809 		if (datalen != DEFDATALEN)
810 			errx(EX_USAGE,
811 		    "Packet size and ping sweep are mutually exclusive");
812 
813 		if (npackets > 0) {
814 			snpackets = npackets;
815 			npackets = 0;
816 		} else
817 			snpackets = 1;
818 		datalen = sweepmin;
819 		send_len = icmp_len + sweepmin;
820 	}
821 	if (options & F_SWEEP && !sweepmax)
822 		errx(EX_USAGE, "Maximum sweep size must be specified");
823 
824 	/*
825 	 * When pinging the broadcast address, you can get a lot of answers.
826 	 * Doing something so evil is useful if you are trying to stress the
827 	 * ethernet, or just want to fill the arp cache to get some stuff for
828 	 * /etc/ethers.  But beware: RFC 1122 allows hosts to ignore broadcast
829 	 * or multicast pings if they wish.
830 	 */
831 
832 	/*
833 	 * XXX receive buffer needs undetermined space for mbuf overhead
834 	 * as well.
835 	 */
836 	hold = IP_MAXPACKET + 128;
837 	(void)setsockopt(srecv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF, (char *)&hold,
838 	    sizeof(hold));
839 	/* CAP_SETSOCKOPT removed */
840 	cap_rights_init(&rights, CAP_RECV, CAP_EVENT);
841 	if (caph_rights_limit(srecv, &rights) < 0)
842 		err(1, "cap_rights_limit srecv setsockopt");
843 	if (uid == 0)
844 		(void)setsockopt(ssend, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, (char *)&hold,
845 		    sizeof(hold));
846 	/* CAP_SETSOCKOPT removed */
847 	cap_rights_init(&rights, CAP_SEND);
848 	if (caph_rights_limit(ssend, &rights) < 0)
849 		err(1, "cap_rights_limit ssend setsockopt");
850 
851 	if (to->sin_family == AF_INET) {
852 		(void)printf("PING %s (%s)", hostname,
853 		    inet_ntoa(to->sin_addr));
854 		if (source)
855 			(void)printf(" from %s", shostname);
856 		if (sweepmax)
857 			(void)printf(": (%d ... %d) data bytes\n",
858 			    sweepmin, sweepmax);
859 		else
860 			(void)printf(": %d data bytes\n", datalen);
861 
862 	} else {
863 		if (sweepmax)
864 			(void)printf("PING %s: (%d ... %d) data bytes\n",
865 			    hostname, sweepmin, sweepmax);
866 		else
867 			(void)printf("PING %s: %d data bytes\n", hostname, datalen);
868 	}
869 
870 	/*
871 	 * Use sigaction() instead of signal() to get unambiguous semantics,
872 	 * in particular with SA_RESTART not set.
873 	 */
874 
875 	sigemptyset(&si_sa.sa_mask);
876 	si_sa.sa_flags = 0;
877 
878 	si_sa.sa_handler = stopit;
879 	if (sigaction(SIGINT, &si_sa, 0) == -1) {
880 		err(EX_OSERR, "sigaction SIGINT");
881 	}
882 
883 	si_sa.sa_handler = status;
884 	if (sigaction(SIGINFO, &si_sa, 0) == -1) {
885 		err(EX_OSERR, "sigaction");
886 	}
887 
888         if (alarmtimeout > 0) {
889 		si_sa.sa_handler = stopit;
890 		if (sigaction(SIGALRM, &si_sa, 0) == -1)
891 			err(EX_OSERR, "sigaction SIGALRM");
892         }
893 
894 	bzero(&msg, sizeof(msg));
895 	msg.msg_name = (caddr_t)&from;
896 	msg.msg_iov = &iov;
897 	msg.msg_iovlen = 1;
898 #ifdef SO_TIMESTAMP
899 	msg.msg_control = (caddr_t)ctrl;
900 	msg.msg_controllen = sizeof(ctrl);
901 #endif
902 	iov.iov_base = packet;
903 	iov.iov_len = IP_MAXPACKET;
904 
905 	if (preload == 0)
906 		pinger();		/* send the first ping */
907 	else {
908 		if (npackets != 0 && preload > npackets)
909 			preload = npackets;
910 		while (preload--)	/* fire off them quickies */
911 			pinger();
912 	}
913 	(void)clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &last);
914 
915 	if (options & F_FLOOD) {
916 		intvl.tv_sec = 0;
917 		intvl.tv_nsec = 10000000;
918 	} else {
919 		intvl.tv_sec = interval / 1000;
920 		intvl.tv_nsec = interval % 1000 * 1000000;
921 	}
922 
923 	almost_done = 0;
924 	while (!finish_up) {
925 		struct timespec now, timeout;
926 		fd_set rfds;
927 		int n;
928 		ssize_t cc;
929 
930 		check_status();
931 		if ((unsigned)srecv >= FD_SETSIZE)
932 			errx(EX_OSERR, "descriptor too large");
933 		FD_ZERO(&rfds);
934 		FD_SET(srecv, &rfds);
935 		(void)clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &now);
936 		timespecadd(&last, &intvl, &timeout);
937 		timespecsub(&timeout, &now, &timeout);
938 		if (timeout.tv_sec < 0)
939 			timespecclear(&timeout);
940 		n = pselect(srecv + 1, &rfds, NULL, NULL, &timeout, NULL);
941 		if (n < 0)
942 			continue;	/* Must be EINTR. */
943 		if (n == 1) {
944 			struct timespec *tv = NULL;
945 #ifdef SO_TIMESTAMP
946 			struct cmsghdr *cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg);
947 #endif
948 			msg.msg_namelen = sizeof(from);
949 			if ((cc = recvmsg(srecv, &msg, 0)) < 0) {
950 				if (errno == EINTR)
951 					continue;
952 				warn("recvmsg");
953 				continue;
954 			}
955 #ifdef SO_TIMESTAMP
956 			if (cmsg != NULL &&
957 			    cmsg->cmsg_level == SOL_SOCKET &&
958 			    cmsg->cmsg_type == SCM_TIMESTAMP &&
959 			    cmsg->cmsg_len == CMSG_LEN(sizeof *tv)) {
960 				/* Copy to avoid alignment problems: */
961 				memcpy(&now, CMSG_DATA(cmsg), sizeof(now));
962 				tv = &now;
963 			}
964 #endif
965 			if (tv == NULL) {
966 				(void)clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &now);
967 				tv = &now;
968 			}
969 			pr_pack((char *)packet, cc, &from, tv);
970 			if ((options & F_ONCE && nreceived) ||
971 			    (npackets && nreceived >= npackets))
972 				break;
973 		}
974 		if (n == 0 || options & F_FLOOD) {
975 			if (sweepmax && sntransmitted == snpackets) {
976 				if (datalen + sweepincr > sweepmax)
977 					break;
978 				for (i = 0; i < sweepincr; i++)
979 					*datap++ = i;
980 				datalen += sweepincr;
981 				send_len = icmp_len + datalen;
982 				sntransmitted = 0;
983 			}
984 			if (!npackets || ntransmitted < npackets)
985 				pinger();
986 			else {
987 				if (almost_done)
988 					break;
989 				almost_done = 1;
990 				intvl.tv_nsec = 0;
991 				if (nreceived) {
992 					intvl.tv_sec = 2 * tmax / 1000;
993 					if (!intvl.tv_sec)
994 						intvl.tv_sec = 1;
995 				} else {
996 					intvl.tv_sec = waittime / 1000;
997 					intvl.tv_nsec = waittime % 1000 * 1000000;
998 				}
999 			}
1000 			(void)clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &last);
1001 			if (ntransmitted - nreceived - 1 > nmissedmax) {
1002 				nmissedmax = ntransmitted - nreceived - 1;
1003 				if (options & F_MISSED)
1004 					(void)write(STDOUT_FILENO, &BBELL, 1);
1005 			}
1006 		}
1007 	}
1008 	finish();
1009 	/* NOTREACHED */
1010 	exit(0);	/* Make the compiler happy */
1011 }
1012 
1013 /*
1014  * stopit --
1015  *	Set the global bit that causes the main loop to quit.
1016  * Do NOT call finish() from here, since finish() does far too much
1017  * to be called from a signal handler.
1018  */
1019 void
1020 stopit(int sig __unused)
1021 {
1022 
1023 	/*
1024 	 * When doing reverse DNS lookups, the finish_up flag might not
1025 	 * be noticed for a while.  Just exit if we get a second SIGINT.
1026 	 */
1027 	if (!(options & F_NUMERIC) && finish_up)
1028 		_exit(nreceived ? 0 : 2);
1029 	finish_up = 1;
1030 }
1031 
1032 /*
1033  * pinger --
1034  *	Compose and transmit an ICMP ECHO REQUEST packet.  The IP packet
1035  * will be added on by the kernel.  The ID field is our UNIX process ID,
1036  * and the sequence number is an ascending integer.  The first TIMEVAL_LEN
1037  * bytes of the data portion are used to hold a UNIX "timespec" struct in
1038  * host byte-order, to compute the round-trip time.
1039  */
1040 static void
1041 pinger(void)
1042 {
1043 	struct timespec now;
1044 	struct tv32 tv32;
1045 	struct icmp icp;
1046 	int cc, i;
1047 	u_char *packet;
1048 
1049 	packet = outpack;
1050 	memcpy(&icp, outpack, ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len);
1051 	icp.icmp_type = icmp_type;
1052 	icp.icmp_code = 0;
1053 	icp.icmp_cksum = 0;
1054 	icp.icmp_seq = htons(ntransmitted);
1055 	icp.icmp_id = ident;			/* ID */
1056 
1057 	CLR(ntransmitted % mx_dup_ck);
1058 
1059 	if ((options & F_TIME) || timing) {
1060 		(void)clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &now);
1061 		/*
1062 		 * Truncate seconds down to 32 bits in order
1063 		 * to fit the timestamp within 8 bytes of the
1064 		 * packet. We're only concerned with
1065 		 * durations, not absolute times.
1066 		 */
1067 		tv32.tv32_sec = (uint32_t)htonl(now.tv_sec);
1068 		tv32.tv32_nsec = (uint32_t)htonl(now.tv_nsec);
1069 		if (options & F_TIME)
1070 			icp.icmp_otime = htonl((now.tv_sec % (24*60*60))
1071 				* 1000 + now.tv_nsec / 1000000);
1072 		if (timing)
1073 			bcopy((void *)&tv32,
1074 			    (void *)&outpack[ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len],
1075 			    sizeof(tv32));
1076 	}
1077 
1078 	memcpy(outpack, &icp, ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len);
1079 
1080 	cc = ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len + datalen;
1081 
1082 	/* compute ICMP checksum here */
1083 	icp.icmp_cksum = in_cksum(outpack, cc);
1084 	/* Update icmp_cksum in the raw packet data buffer. */
1085 	memcpy(outpack + offsetof(struct icmp, icmp_cksum), &icp.icmp_cksum,
1086 	    sizeof(icp.icmp_cksum));
1087 
1088 	if (options & F_HDRINCL) {
1089 		struct ip ip;
1090 
1091 		cc += sizeof(struct ip);
1092 		ip.ip_len = htons(cc);
1093 		/* Update ip_len in the raw packet data buffer. */
1094 		memcpy(outpackhdr + offsetof(struct ip, ip_len), &ip.ip_len,
1095 		    sizeof(ip.ip_len));
1096 		ip.ip_sum = in_cksum(outpackhdr, cc);
1097 		/* Update ip_sum in the raw packet data buffer. */
1098 		memcpy(outpackhdr + offsetof(struct ip, ip_sum), &ip.ip_sum,
1099 		    sizeof(ip.ip_sum));
1100 		packet = outpackhdr;
1101 	}
1102 	i = send(ssend, (char *)packet, cc, 0);
1103 	if (i < 0 || i != cc)  {
1104 		if (i < 0) {
1105 			if (options & F_FLOOD && errno == ENOBUFS) {
1106 				usleep(FLOOD_BACKOFF);
1107 				return;
1108 			}
1109 			warn("sendto");
1110 		} else {
1111 			warn("%s: partial write: %d of %d bytes",
1112 			     hostname, i, cc);
1113 		}
1114 	}
1115 	ntransmitted++;
1116 	sntransmitted++;
1117 	if (!(options & F_QUIET) && options & F_FLOOD)
1118 		(void)write(STDOUT_FILENO, &DOT, 1);
1119 }
1120 
1121 /*
1122  * pr_pack --
1123  *	Print out the packet, if it came from us.  This logic is necessary
1124  * because ALL readers of the ICMP socket get a copy of ALL ICMP packets
1125  * which arrive ('tis only fair).  This permits multiple copies of this
1126  * program to be run without having intermingled output (or statistics!).
1127  */
1128 static void
1129 pr_pack(char *buf, ssize_t cc, struct sockaddr_in *from, struct timespec *tv)
1130 {
1131 	struct in_addr ina;
1132 	u_char *cp, *dp, l;
1133 	struct icmp icp;
1134 	struct ip ip;
1135 	const u_char *icmp_data_raw;
1136 	double triptime;
1137 	int dupflag, hlen, i, j, recv_len;
1138 	uint16_t seq;
1139 	static int old_rrlen;
1140 	static char old_rr[MAX_IPOPTLEN];
1141 	struct ip oip;
1142 	u_char oip_header_len;
1143 	struct icmp oicmp;
1144 	const u_char *oicmp_raw;
1145 
1146 	/*
1147 	 * Get size of IP header of the received packet. The
1148 	 * information is contained in the lower four bits of the
1149 	 * first byte.
1150 	 */
1151 	memcpy(&l, buf, sizeof(l));
1152 	hlen = (l & 0x0f) << 2;
1153 	memcpy(&ip, buf, hlen);
1154 
1155 	/* Check the IP header */
1156 	recv_len = cc;
1157 	if (cc < hlen + ICMP_MINLEN) {
1158 		if (options & F_VERBOSE)
1159 			warn("packet too short (%zd bytes) from %s", cc,
1160 			     inet_ntoa(from->sin_addr));
1161 		return;
1162 	}
1163 
1164 #ifndef icmp_data
1165 	icmp_data_raw = buf + hlen + offsetof(struct icmp, icmp_ip);
1166 #else
1167 	icmp_data_raw = buf + hlen + offsetof(struct icmp, icmp_data);
1168 #endif
1169 
1170 	/* Now the ICMP part */
1171 	cc -= hlen;
1172 	memcpy(&icp, buf + hlen, MIN((ssize_t)sizeof(icp), cc));
1173 	if (icp.icmp_type == icmp_type_rsp) {
1174 		if (icp.icmp_id != ident)
1175 			return;			/* 'Twas not our ECHO */
1176 		++nreceived;
1177 		triptime = 0.0;
1178 		if (timing) {
1179 			struct timespec tv1;
1180 			struct tv32 tv32;
1181 			const u_char *tp;
1182 
1183 			tp = icmp_data_raw + phdr_len;
1184 
1185 			if ((size_t)(cc - ICMP_MINLEN - phdr_len) >=
1186 			    sizeof(tv1)) {
1187 				/* Copy to avoid alignment problems: */
1188 				memcpy(&tv32, tp, sizeof(tv32));
1189 				tv1.tv_sec = ntohl(tv32.tv32_sec);
1190 				tv1.tv_nsec = ntohl(tv32.tv32_nsec);
1191 				timespecsub(tv, &tv1, tv);
1192  				triptime = ((double)tv->tv_sec) * 1000.0 +
1193 				    ((double)tv->tv_nsec) / 1000000.0;
1194 				tsum += triptime;
1195 				tsumsq += triptime * triptime;
1196 				if (triptime < tmin)
1197 					tmin = triptime;
1198 				if (triptime > tmax)
1199 					tmax = triptime;
1200 			} else
1201 				timing = 0;
1202 		}
1203 
1204 		seq = ntohs(icp.icmp_seq);
1205 
1206 		if (TST(seq % mx_dup_ck)) {
1207 			++nrepeats;
1208 			--nreceived;
1209 			dupflag = 1;
1210 		} else {
1211 			SET(seq % mx_dup_ck);
1212 			dupflag = 0;
1213 		}
1214 
1215 		if (options & F_QUIET)
1216 			return;
1217 
1218 		if (options & F_WAITTIME && triptime > waittime) {
1219 			++nrcvtimeout;
1220 			return;
1221 		}
1222 
1223 		if (options & F_FLOOD)
1224 			(void)write(STDOUT_FILENO, &BSPACE, 1);
1225 		else {
1226 			(void)printf("%zd bytes from %s: icmp_seq=%u", cc,
1227 			    pr_addr(from->sin_addr), seq);
1228 			(void)printf(" ttl=%d", ip.ip_ttl);
1229 			if (timing)
1230 				(void)printf(" time=%.3f ms", triptime);
1231 			if (dupflag)
1232 				(void)printf(" (DUP!)");
1233 			if (options & F_AUDIBLE)
1234 				(void)write(STDOUT_FILENO, &BBELL, 1);
1235 			if (options & F_MASK) {
1236 				/* Just prentend this cast isn't ugly */
1237 				(void)printf(" mask=%s",
1238 					inet_ntoa(*(struct in_addr *)&(icp.icmp_mask)));
1239 			}
1240 			if (options & F_TIME) {
1241 				(void)printf(" tso=%s", pr_ntime(icp.icmp_otime));
1242 				(void)printf(" tsr=%s", pr_ntime(icp.icmp_rtime));
1243 				(void)printf(" tst=%s", pr_ntime(icp.icmp_ttime));
1244 			}
1245 			if (recv_len != send_len) {
1246                         	(void)printf(
1247 				     "\nwrong total length %d instead of %d",
1248 				     recv_len, send_len);
1249 			}
1250 			/* check the data */
1251 			cp = (u_char*)(buf + hlen + offsetof(struct icmp,
1252 				icmp_data) + phdr_len);
1253 			dp = &outpack[ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len];
1254 			cc -= ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len;
1255 			i = 0;
1256 			if (timing) {   /* don't check variable timestamp */
1257 				cp += TIMEVAL_LEN;
1258 				dp += TIMEVAL_LEN;
1259 				cc -= TIMEVAL_LEN;
1260 				i += TIMEVAL_LEN;
1261 			}
1262 			for (; i < datalen && cc > 0; ++i, ++cp, ++dp, --cc) {
1263 				if (*cp != *dp) {
1264 	(void)printf("\nwrong data byte #%d should be 0x%x but was 0x%x",
1265 	    i, *dp, *cp);
1266 					(void)printf("\ncp:");
1267 					cp = (u_char*)(buf + hlen +
1268 					    offsetof(struct icmp, icmp_data));
1269 					for (i = 0; i < datalen; ++i, ++cp) {
1270 						if ((i % 16) == 8)
1271 							(void)printf("\n\t");
1272 						(void)printf("%2x ", *cp);
1273 					}
1274 					(void)printf("\ndp:");
1275 					cp = &outpack[ICMP_MINLEN];
1276 					for (i = 0; i < datalen; ++i, ++cp) {
1277 						if ((i % 16) == 8)
1278 							(void)printf("\n\t");
1279 						(void)printf("%2x ", *cp);
1280 					}
1281 					break;
1282 				}
1283 			}
1284 		}
1285 	} else {
1286 		/*
1287 		 * We've got something other than an ECHOREPLY.
1288 		 * See if it's a reply to something that we sent.
1289 		 * We can compare IP destination, protocol,
1290 		 * and ICMP type and ID.
1291 		 *
1292 		 * Only print all the error messages if we are running
1293 		 * as root to avoid leaking information not normally
1294 		 * available to those not running as root.
1295 		 */
1296 		memcpy(&oip_header_len, icmp_data_raw, sizeof(oip_header_len));
1297 		oip_header_len = (oip_header_len & 0x0f) << 2;
1298 		memcpy(&oip, icmp_data_raw, oip_header_len);
1299 		oicmp_raw = icmp_data_raw + oip_header_len;
1300 		memcpy(&oicmp, oicmp_raw, offsetof(struct icmp, icmp_id) +
1301 		    sizeof(oicmp.icmp_id));
1302 
1303 		if (((options & F_VERBOSE) && uid == 0) ||
1304 		    (!(options & F_QUIET2) &&
1305 		     (oip.ip_dst.s_addr == whereto.sin_addr.s_addr) &&
1306 		     (oip.ip_p == IPPROTO_ICMP) &&
1307 		     (oicmp.icmp_type == ICMP_ECHO) &&
1308 		     (oicmp.icmp_id == ident))) {
1309 		    (void)printf("%zd bytes from %s: ", cc,
1310 			pr_addr(from->sin_addr));
1311 		    pr_icmph(&icp, &oip, oicmp_raw);
1312 		} else
1313 		    return;
1314 	}
1315 
1316 	/* Display any IP options */
1317 	cp = (u_char *)buf + sizeof(struct ip);
1318 
1319 	for (; hlen > (int)sizeof(struct ip); --hlen, ++cp)
1320 		switch (*cp) {
1321 		case IPOPT_EOL:
1322 			hlen = 0;
1323 			break;
1324 		case IPOPT_LSRR:
1325 		case IPOPT_SSRR:
1326 			(void)printf(*cp == IPOPT_LSRR ?
1327 			    "\nLSRR: " : "\nSSRR: ");
1328 			j = cp[IPOPT_OLEN] - IPOPT_MINOFF + 1;
1329 			hlen -= 2;
1330 			cp += 2;
1331 			if (j >= INADDR_LEN &&
1332 			    j <= hlen - (int)sizeof(struct ip)) {
1333 				for (;;) {
1334 					bcopy(++cp, &ina.s_addr, INADDR_LEN);
1335 					if (ina.s_addr == 0)
1336 						(void)printf("\t0.0.0.0");
1337 					else
1338 						(void)printf("\t%s",
1339 						     pr_addr(ina));
1340 					hlen -= INADDR_LEN;
1341 					cp += INADDR_LEN - 1;
1342 					j -= INADDR_LEN;
1343 					if (j < INADDR_LEN)
1344 						break;
1345 					(void)putchar('\n');
1346 				}
1347 			} else
1348 				(void)printf("\t(truncated route)\n");
1349 			break;
1350 		case IPOPT_RR:
1351 			j = cp[IPOPT_OLEN];		/* get length */
1352 			i = cp[IPOPT_OFFSET];		/* and pointer */
1353 			hlen -= 2;
1354 			cp += 2;
1355 			if (i > j)
1356 				i = j;
1357 			i = i - IPOPT_MINOFF + 1;
1358 			if (i < 0 || i > (hlen - (int)sizeof(struct ip))) {
1359 				old_rrlen = 0;
1360 				continue;
1361 			}
1362 			if (i == old_rrlen
1363 			    && !bcmp((char *)cp, old_rr, i)
1364 			    && !(options & F_FLOOD)) {
1365 				(void)printf("\t(same route)");
1366 				hlen -= i;
1367 				cp += i;
1368 				break;
1369 			}
1370 			old_rrlen = i;
1371 			bcopy((char *)cp, old_rr, i);
1372 			(void)printf("\nRR: ");
1373 			if (i >= INADDR_LEN &&
1374 			    i <= hlen - (int)sizeof(struct ip)) {
1375 				for (;;) {
1376 					bcopy(++cp, &ina.s_addr, INADDR_LEN);
1377 					if (ina.s_addr == 0)
1378 						(void)printf("\t0.0.0.0");
1379 					else
1380 						(void)printf("\t%s",
1381 						     pr_addr(ina));
1382 					hlen -= INADDR_LEN;
1383 					cp += INADDR_LEN - 1;
1384 					i -= INADDR_LEN;
1385 					if (i < INADDR_LEN)
1386 						break;
1387 					(void)putchar('\n');
1388 				}
1389 			} else
1390 				(void)printf("\t(truncated route)");
1391 			break;
1392 		case IPOPT_NOP:
1393 			(void)printf("\nNOP");
1394 			break;
1395 		default:
1396 			(void)printf("\nunknown option %x", *cp);
1397 			break;
1398 		}
1399 	if (!(options & F_FLOOD)) {
1400 		(void)putchar('\n');
1401 		(void)fflush(stdout);
1402 	}
1403 }
1404 
1405 /*
1406  * status --
1407  *	Print out statistics when SIGINFO is received.
1408  */
1409 
1410 static void
1411 status(int sig __unused)
1412 {
1413 
1414 	siginfo_p = 1;
1415 }
1416 
1417 static void
1418 check_status(void)
1419 {
1420 
1421 	if (siginfo_p) {
1422 		siginfo_p = 0;
1423 		(void)fprintf(stderr, "\r%ld/%ld packets received (%.1f%%)",
1424 		    nreceived, ntransmitted,
1425 		    ntransmitted ? nreceived * 100.0 / ntransmitted : 0.0);
1426 		if (nreceived && timing)
1427 			(void)fprintf(stderr, " %.3f min / %.3f avg / %.3f max",
1428 			    tmin, tsum / (nreceived + nrepeats), tmax);
1429 		(void)fprintf(stderr, "\n");
1430 	}
1431 }
1432 
1433 /*
1434  * finish --
1435  *	Print out statistics, and give up.
1436  */
1437 static void
1438 finish(void)
1439 {
1440 
1441 	(void)signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
1442 	(void)signal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
1443 	(void)putchar('\n');
1444 	(void)fflush(stdout);
1445 	(void)printf("--- %s ping statistics ---\n", hostname);
1446 	(void)printf("%ld packets transmitted, ", ntransmitted);
1447 	(void)printf("%ld packets received, ", nreceived);
1448 	if (nrepeats)
1449 		(void)printf("+%ld duplicates, ", nrepeats);
1450 	if (ntransmitted) {
1451 		if (nreceived > ntransmitted)
1452 			(void)printf("-- somebody's printing up packets!");
1453 		else
1454 			(void)printf("%.1f%% packet loss",
1455 			    ((ntransmitted - nreceived) * 100.0) /
1456 			    ntransmitted);
1457 	}
1458 	if (nrcvtimeout)
1459 		(void)printf(", %ld packets out of wait time", nrcvtimeout);
1460 	(void)putchar('\n');
1461 	if (nreceived && timing) {
1462 		double n = nreceived + nrepeats;
1463 		double avg = tsum / n;
1464 		double vari = tsumsq / n - avg * avg;
1465 		(void)printf(
1466 		    "round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = %.3f/%.3f/%.3f/%.3f ms\n",
1467 		    tmin, avg, tmax, sqrt(vari));
1468 	}
1469 
1470 	if (nreceived)
1471 		exit(0);
1472 	else
1473 		exit(2);
1474 }
1475 
1476 #ifdef notdef
1477 static char *ttab[] = {
1478 	"Echo Reply",		/* ip + seq + udata */
1479 	"Dest Unreachable",	/* net, host, proto, port, frag, sr + IP */
1480 	"Source Quench",	/* IP */
1481 	"Redirect",		/* redirect type, gateway, + IP  */
1482 	"Echo",
1483 	"Time Exceeded",	/* transit, frag reassem + IP */
1484 	"Parameter Problem",	/* pointer + IP */
1485 	"Timestamp",		/* id + seq + three timestamps */
1486 	"Timestamp Reply",	/* " */
1487 	"Info Request",		/* id + sq */
1488 	"Info Reply"		/* " */
1489 };
1490 #endif
1491 
1492 /*
1493  * pr_icmph --
1494  *	Print a descriptive string about an ICMP header.
1495  */
1496 static void
1497 pr_icmph(struct icmp *icp, struct ip *oip, const u_char *const oicmp_raw)
1498 {
1499 
1500 	switch(icp->icmp_type) {
1501 	case ICMP_ECHOREPLY:
1502 		(void)printf("Echo Reply\n");
1503 		/* XXX ID + Seq + Data */
1504 		break;
1505 	case ICMP_UNREACH:
1506 		switch(icp->icmp_code) {
1507 		case ICMP_UNREACH_NET:
1508 			(void)printf("Destination Net Unreachable\n");
1509 			break;
1510 		case ICMP_UNREACH_HOST:
1511 			(void)printf("Destination Host Unreachable\n");
1512 			break;
1513 		case ICMP_UNREACH_PROTOCOL:
1514 			(void)printf("Destination Protocol Unreachable\n");
1515 			break;
1516 		case ICMP_UNREACH_PORT:
1517 			(void)printf("Destination Port Unreachable\n");
1518 			break;
1519 		case ICMP_UNREACH_NEEDFRAG:
1520 			(void)printf("frag needed and DF set (MTU %d)\n",
1521 					ntohs(icp->icmp_nextmtu));
1522 			break;
1523 		case ICMP_UNREACH_SRCFAIL:
1524 			(void)printf("Source Route Failed\n");
1525 			break;
1526 		case ICMP_UNREACH_FILTER_PROHIB:
1527 			(void)printf("Communication prohibited by filter\n");
1528 			break;
1529 		default:
1530 			(void)printf("Dest Unreachable, Bad Code: %d\n",
1531 			    icp->icmp_code);
1532 			break;
1533 		}
1534 		/* Print returned IP header information */
1535 		pr_retip(oip, oicmp_raw);
1536 		break;
1537 	case ICMP_SOURCEQUENCH:
1538 		(void)printf("Source Quench\n");
1539 		pr_retip(oip, oicmp_raw);
1540 		break;
1541 	case ICMP_REDIRECT:
1542 		switch(icp->icmp_code) {
1543 		case ICMP_REDIRECT_NET:
1544 			(void)printf("Redirect Network");
1545 			break;
1546 		case ICMP_REDIRECT_HOST:
1547 			(void)printf("Redirect Host");
1548 			break;
1549 		case ICMP_REDIRECT_TOSNET:
1550 			(void)printf("Redirect Type of Service and Network");
1551 			break;
1552 		case ICMP_REDIRECT_TOSHOST:
1553 			(void)printf("Redirect Type of Service and Host");
1554 			break;
1555 		default:
1556 			(void)printf("Redirect, Bad Code: %d", icp->icmp_code);
1557 			break;
1558 		}
1559 		(void)printf("(New addr: %s)\n", inet_ntoa(icp->icmp_gwaddr));
1560 		pr_retip(oip, oicmp_raw);
1561 		break;
1562 	case ICMP_ECHO:
1563 		(void)printf("Echo Request\n");
1564 		/* XXX ID + Seq + Data */
1565 		break;
1566 	case ICMP_TIMXCEED:
1567 		switch(icp->icmp_code) {
1568 		case ICMP_TIMXCEED_INTRANS:
1569 			(void)printf("Time to live exceeded\n");
1570 			break;
1571 		case ICMP_TIMXCEED_REASS:
1572 			(void)printf("Frag reassembly time exceeded\n");
1573 			break;
1574 		default:
1575 			(void)printf("Time exceeded, Bad Code: %d\n",
1576 			    icp->icmp_code);
1577 			break;
1578 		}
1579 		pr_retip(oip, oicmp_raw);
1580 		break;
1581 	case ICMP_PARAMPROB:
1582 		(void)printf("Parameter problem: pointer = 0x%02x\n",
1583 		    icp->icmp_hun.ih_pptr);
1584 		pr_retip(oip, oicmp_raw);
1585 		break;
1586 	case ICMP_TSTAMP:
1587 		(void)printf("Timestamp\n");
1588 		/* XXX ID + Seq + 3 timestamps */
1589 		break;
1590 	case ICMP_TSTAMPREPLY:
1591 		(void)printf("Timestamp Reply\n");
1592 		/* XXX ID + Seq + 3 timestamps */
1593 		break;
1594 	case ICMP_IREQ:
1595 		(void)printf("Information Request\n");
1596 		/* XXX ID + Seq */
1597 		break;
1598 	case ICMP_IREQREPLY:
1599 		(void)printf("Information Reply\n");
1600 		/* XXX ID + Seq */
1601 		break;
1602 	case ICMP_MASKREQ:
1603 		(void)printf("Address Mask Request\n");
1604 		break;
1605 	case ICMP_MASKREPLY:
1606 		(void)printf("Address Mask Reply\n");
1607 		break;
1608 	case ICMP_ROUTERADVERT:
1609 		(void)printf("Router Advertisement\n");
1610 		break;
1611 	case ICMP_ROUTERSOLICIT:
1612 		(void)printf("Router Solicitation\n");
1613 		break;
1614 	default:
1615 		(void)printf("Bad ICMP type: %d\n", icp->icmp_type);
1616 	}
1617 }
1618 
1619 /*
1620  * pr_iph --
1621  *	Print an IP header with options.
1622  */
1623 static void
1624 pr_iph(struct ip *ip)
1625 {
1626 	struct in_addr ina;
1627 	u_char *cp;
1628 	int hlen;
1629 
1630 	hlen = ip->ip_hl << 2;
1631 	cp = (u_char *)ip + 20;		/* point to options */
1632 
1633 	(void)printf("Vr HL TOS  Len   ID Flg  off TTL Pro  cks      Src      Dst\n");
1634 	(void)printf(" %1x  %1x  %02x %04x %04x",
1635 	    ip->ip_v, ip->ip_hl, ip->ip_tos, ntohs(ip->ip_len),
1636 	    ntohs(ip->ip_id));
1637 	(void)printf("   %1lx %04lx",
1638 	    (u_long) (ntohl(ip->ip_off) & 0xe000) >> 13,
1639 	    (u_long) ntohl(ip->ip_off) & 0x1fff);
1640 	(void)printf("  %02x  %02x %04x", ip->ip_ttl, ip->ip_p,
1641 							    ntohs(ip->ip_sum));
1642 	memcpy(&ina, &ip->ip_src.s_addr, sizeof ina);
1643 	(void)printf(" %s ", inet_ntoa(ina));
1644 	memcpy(&ina, &ip->ip_dst.s_addr, sizeof ina);
1645 	(void)printf(" %s ", inet_ntoa(ina));
1646 	/* dump any option bytes */
1647 	while (hlen-- > 20) {
1648 		(void)printf("%02x", *cp++);
1649 	}
1650 	(void)putchar('\n');
1651 }
1652 
1653 /*
1654  * pr_addr --
1655  *	Return an ascii host address as a dotted quad and optionally with
1656  * a hostname.
1657  */
1658 static char *
1659 pr_addr(struct in_addr ina)
1660 {
1661 	struct hostent *hp;
1662 	static char buf[16 + 3 + MAXHOSTNAMELEN];
1663 
1664 	if (options & F_NUMERIC)
1665 		return inet_ntoa(ina);
1666 
1667 	hp = cap_gethostbyaddr(capdns, (char *)&ina, 4, AF_INET);
1668 
1669 	if (hp == NULL)
1670 		return inet_ntoa(ina);
1671 
1672 	(void)snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s (%s)", hp->h_name,
1673 	    inet_ntoa(ina));
1674 	return(buf);
1675 }
1676 
1677 /*
1678  * pr_retip --
1679  *	Dump some info on a returned (via ICMP) IP packet.
1680  */
1681 static void
1682 pr_retip(struct ip *ip, const u_char *cp)
1683 {
1684 	pr_iph(ip);
1685 
1686 	if (ip->ip_p == 6)
1687 		(void)printf("TCP: from port %u, to port %u (decimal)\n",
1688 		    (*cp * 256 + *(cp + 1)), (*(cp + 2) * 256 + *(cp + 3)));
1689 	else if (ip->ip_p == 17)
1690 		(void)printf("UDP: from port %u, to port %u (decimal)\n",
1691 			(*cp * 256 + *(cp + 1)), (*(cp + 2) * 256 + *(cp + 3)));
1692 }
1693 
1694 static char *
1695 pr_ntime(n_time timestamp)
1696 {
1697 	static char buf[11];
1698 	int hour, min, sec;
1699 
1700 	sec = ntohl(timestamp) / 1000;
1701 	hour = sec / 60 / 60;
1702 	min = (sec % (60 * 60)) / 60;
1703 	sec = (sec % (60 * 60)) % 60;
1704 
1705 	(void)snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%02d:%02d:%02d", hour, min, sec);
1706 
1707 	return (buf);
1708 }
1709 
1710 static void
1711 fill(char *bp, char *patp)
1712 {
1713 	char *cp;
1714 	int pat[16];
1715 	u_int ii, jj, kk;
1716 
1717 	for (cp = patp; *cp; cp++) {
1718 		if (!isxdigit(*cp))
1719 			errx(EX_USAGE,
1720 			    "patterns must be specified as hex digits");
1721 
1722 	}
1723 	ii = sscanf(patp,
1724 	    "%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x",
1725 	    &pat[0], &pat[1], &pat[2], &pat[3], &pat[4], &pat[5], &pat[6],
1726 	    &pat[7], &pat[8], &pat[9], &pat[10], &pat[11], &pat[12],
1727 	    &pat[13], &pat[14], &pat[15]);
1728 
1729 	if (ii > 0)
1730 		for (kk = 0; kk <= maxpayload - (TIMEVAL_LEN + ii); kk += ii)
1731 			for (jj = 0; jj < ii; ++jj)
1732 				bp[jj + kk] = pat[jj];
1733 	if (!(options & F_QUIET)) {
1734 		(void)printf("PATTERN: 0x");
1735 		for (jj = 0; jj < ii; ++jj)
1736 			(void)printf("%02x", bp[jj] & 0xFF);
1737 		(void)printf("\n");
1738 	}
1739 }
1740 
1741 static cap_channel_t *
1742 capdns_setup(void)
1743 {
1744 	cap_channel_t *capcas, *capdnsloc;
1745 #ifdef WITH_CASPER
1746 	const char *types[2];
1747 	int families[1];
1748 #endif
1749 	capcas = cap_init();
1750 	if (capcas == NULL)
1751 		err(1, "unable to create casper process");
1752 	capdnsloc = cap_service_open(capcas, "system.dns");
1753 	/* Casper capability no longer needed. */
1754 	cap_close(capcas);
1755 	if (capdnsloc == NULL)
1756 		err(1, "unable to open system.dns service");
1757 #ifdef WITH_CASPER
1758 	types[0] = "NAME2ADDR";
1759 	types[1] = "ADDR2NAME";
1760 	if (cap_dns_type_limit(capdnsloc, types, 2) < 0)
1761 		err(1, "unable to limit access to system.dns service");
1762 	families[0] = AF_INET;
1763 	if (cap_dns_family_limit(capdnsloc, families, 1) < 0)
1764 		err(1, "unable to limit access to system.dns service");
1765 #endif
1766 	return (capdnsloc);
1767 }
1768