xref: /freebsd/sbin/ping/ping.c (revision 732a02b4e77866604a120a275c082bb6221bd2ff)
1 /*-
2  * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
3  *
4  * Copyright (c) 1989, 1993
5  *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
6  *
7  * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
8  * Mike Muuss.
9  *
10  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
11  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
12  * are met:
13  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
14  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
15  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
16  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
17  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
18  * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
19  *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
20  *    without specific prior written permission.
21  *
22  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
23  * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
24  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
25  * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
26  * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
27  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
28  * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
29  * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
30  * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
31  * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
32  * SUCH DAMAGE.
33  */
34 
35 #if 0
36 #ifndef lint
37 static const char copyright[] =
38 "@(#) Copyright (c) 1989, 1993\n\
39 	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.\n";
40 #endif /* not lint */
41 
42 #ifndef lint
43 static char sccsid[] = "@(#)ping.c	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93";
44 #endif /* not lint */
45 #endif
46 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
47 __FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");
48 
49 /*
50  *			P I N G . C
51  *
52  * Using the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) "ECHO" facility,
53  * measure round-trip-delays and packet loss across network paths.
54  *
55  * Author -
56  *	Mike Muuss
57  *	U. S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory
58  *	December, 1983
59  *
60  * Status -
61  *	Public Domain.  Distribution Unlimited.
62  * Bugs -
63  *	More statistics could always be gathered.
64  *	This program has to run SUID to ROOT to access the ICMP socket.
65  */
66 
67 #include <sys/param.h>		/* NB: we rely on this for <sys/types.h> */
68 #include <sys/capsicum.h>
69 #include <sys/socket.h>
70 #include <sys/sysctl.h>
71 #include <sys/time.h>
72 #include <sys/uio.h>
73 
74 #include <netinet/in.h>
75 #include <netinet/in_systm.h>
76 #include <netinet/ip.h>
77 #include <netinet/ip_icmp.h>
78 #include <netinet/ip_var.h>
79 #include <arpa/inet.h>
80 
81 #include <libcasper.h>
82 #include <casper/cap_dns.h>
83 
84 #ifdef IPSEC
85 #include <netipsec/ipsec.h>
86 #endif /*IPSEC*/
87 
88 #include <capsicum_helpers.h>
89 #include <ctype.h>
90 #include <err.h>
91 #include <errno.h>
92 #include <math.h>
93 #include <netdb.h>
94 #include <stddef.h>
95 #include <signal.h>
96 #include <stdio.h>
97 #include <stdlib.h>
98 #include <string.h>
99 #include <sysexits.h>
100 #include <time.h>
101 #include <unistd.h>
102 
103 #include "utils.h"
104 
105 #define	INADDR_LEN	((int)sizeof(in_addr_t))
106 #define	TIMEVAL_LEN	((int)sizeof(struct tv32))
107 #define	MASK_LEN	(ICMP_MASKLEN - ICMP_MINLEN)
108 #define	TS_LEN		(ICMP_TSLEN - ICMP_MINLEN)
109 #define	DEFDATALEN	56		/* default data length */
110 #define	FLOOD_BACKOFF	20000		/* usecs to back off if F_FLOOD mode */
111 					/* runs out of buffer space */
112 #define	MAXIPLEN	(sizeof(struct ip) + MAX_IPOPTLEN)
113 #define	MAXICMPLEN	(ICMP_ADVLENMIN + MAX_IPOPTLEN)
114 #define	MAXWAIT		10000		/* max ms to wait for response */
115 #define	MAXALARM	(60 * 60)	/* max seconds for alarm timeout */
116 #define	MAXTOS		255
117 
118 #define	A(bit)		rcvd_tbl[(bit)>>3]	/* identify byte in array */
119 #define	B(bit)		(1 << ((bit) & 0x07))	/* identify bit in byte */
120 #define	SET(bit)	(A(bit) |= B(bit))
121 #define	CLR(bit)	(A(bit) &= (~B(bit)))
122 #define	TST(bit)	(A(bit) & B(bit))
123 
124 struct tv32 {
125 	int32_t tv32_sec;
126 	int32_t tv32_nsec;
127 };
128 
129 /* various options */
130 static int options;
131 #define	F_FLOOD		0x0001
132 #define	F_INTERVAL	0x0002
133 #define	F_NUMERIC	0x0004
134 #define	F_PINGFILLED	0x0008
135 #define	F_QUIET		0x0010
136 #define	F_RROUTE	0x0020
137 #define	F_SO_DEBUG	0x0040
138 #define	F_SO_DONTROUTE	0x0080
139 #define	F_VERBOSE	0x0100
140 #define	F_QUIET2	0x0200
141 #define	F_NOLOOP	0x0400
142 #define	F_MTTL		0x0800
143 #define	F_MIF		0x1000
144 #define	F_AUDIBLE	0x2000
145 #ifdef IPSEC
146 #ifdef IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC
147 #define F_POLICY	0x4000
148 #endif /*IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC*/
149 #endif /*IPSEC*/
150 #define	F_TTL		0x8000
151 #define	F_MISSED	0x10000
152 #define	F_ONCE		0x20000
153 #define	F_HDRINCL	0x40000
154 #define	F_MASK		0x80000
155 #define	F_TIME		0x100000
156 #define	F_SWEEP		0x200000
157 #define	F_WAITTIME	0x400000
158 
159 /*
160  * MAX_DUP_CHK is the number of bits in received table, i.e. the maximum
161  * number of received sequence numbers we can keep track of.  Change 128
162  * to 8192 for complete accuracy...
163  */
164 #define	MAX_DUP_CHK	(8 * 128)
165 static int mx_dup_ck = MAX_DUP_CHK;
166 static char rcvd_tbl[MAX_DUP_CHK / 8];
167 
168 static struct sockaddr_in whereto;	/* who to ping */
169 static int datalen = DEFDATALEN;
170 static int maxpayload;
171 static int ssend;		/* send socket file descriptor */
172 static int srecv;		/* receive socket file descriptor */
173 static u_char outpackhdr[IP_MAXPACKET], *outpack;
174 static char BBELL = '\a';	/* characters written for MISSED and AUDIBLE */
175 static char BSPACE = '\b';	/* characters written for flood */
176 static char DOT = '.';
177 static char *hostname;
178 static char *shostname;
179 static int ident;		/* process id to identify our packets */
180 static int uid;			/* cached uid for micro-optimization */
181 static u_char icmp_type = ICMP_ECHO;
182 static u_char icmp_type_rsp = ICMP_ECHOREPLY;
183 static int phdr_len = 0;
184 static int send_len;
185 
186 /* counters */
187 static long nmissedmax;		/* max value of ntransmitted - nreceived - 1 */
188 static long npackets;		/* max packets to transmit */
189 static long nreceived;		/* # of packets we got back */
190 static long nrepeats;		/* number of duplicates */
191 static long ntransmitted;	/* sequence # for outbound packets = #sent */
192 static long snpackets;			/* max packets to transmit in one sweep */
193 static long sntransmitted;	/* # of packets we sent in this sweep */
194 static int sweepmax;		/* max value of payload in sweep */
195 static int sweepmin = 0;	/* start value of payload in sweep */
196 static int sweepincr = 1;	/* payload increment in sweep */
197 static int interval = 1000;	/* interval between packets, ms */
198 static int waittime = MAXWAIT;	/* timeout for each packet */
199 static long nrcvtimeout = 0;	/* # of packets we got back after waittime */
200 
201 /* timing */
202 static int timing;		/* flag to do timing */
203 static double tmin = 999999999.0;	/* minimum round trip time */
204 static double tmax = 0.0;	/* maximum round trip time */
205 static double tsum = 0.0;	/* sum of all times, for doing average */
206 static double tsumsq = 0.0;	/* sum of all times squared, for std. dev. */
207 
208 /* nonzero if we've been told to finish up */
209 static volatile sig_atomic_t finish_up;
210 static volatile sig_atomic_t siginfo_p;
211 
212 static cap_channel_t *capdns;
213 
214 static void fill(char *, char *);
215 static cap_channel_t *capdns_setup(void);
216 static void check_status(void);
217 static void finish(void) __dead2;
218 static void pinger(void);
219 static char *pr_addr(struct in_addr);
220 static char *pr_ntime(n_time);
221 static void pr_icmph(struct icmp *, struct ip *, const u_char *const);
222 static void pr_iph(struct ip *);
223 static void pr_pack(char *, ssize_t, struct sockaddr_in *, struct timespec *);
224 static void pr_retip(struct ip *, const u_char *);
225 static void status(int);
226 static void stopit(int);
227 static void usage(void) __dead2;
228 
229 int
230 main(int argc, char *const *argv)
231 {
232 	struct sockaddr_in from, sock_in;
233 	struct in_addr ifaddr;
234 	struct timespec last, intvl;
235 	struct iovec iov;
236 	struct msghdr msg;
237 	struct sigaction si_sa;
238 	size_t sz;
239 	u_char *datap, packet[IP_MAXPACKET] __aligned(4);
240 	char *ep, *source, *target, *payload;
241 	struct hostent *hp;
242 #ifdef IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC
243 	char *policy_in, *policy_out;
244 #endif
245 	struct sockaddr_in *to;
246 	double t;
247 	u_long alarmtimeout;
248 	long ltmp;
249 	int almost_done, ch, df, hold, i, icmp_len, mib[4], preload;
250 	int ssend_errno, srecv_errno, tos, ttl;
251 	char ctrl[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(struct timespec))];
252 	char hnamebuf[MAXHOSTNAMELEN], snamebuf[MAXHOSTNAMELEN];
253 #ifdef IP_OPTIONS
254 	char rspace[MAX_IPOPTLEN];	/* record route space */
255 #endif
256 	unsigned char loop, mttl;
257 
258 	payload = source = NULL;
259 #ifdef IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC
260 	policy_in = policy_out = NULL;
261 #endif
262 	cap_rights_t rights;
263 
264 	options |= F_NUMERIC;
265 
266 	/*
267 	 * Do the stuff that we need root priv's for *first*, and
268 	 * then drop our setuid bit.  Save error reporting for
269 	 * after arg parsing.
270 	 *
271 	 * Historicaly ping was using one socket 's' for sending and for
272 	 * receiving. After capsicum(4) related changes we use two
273 	 * sockets. It was done for special ping use case - when user
274 	 * issue ping on multicast or broadcast address replies come
275 	 * from different addresses, not from the address we
276 	 * connect(2)'ed to, and send socket do not receive those
277 	 * packets.
278 	 */
279 	ssend = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_ICMP);
280 	ssend_errno = errno;
281 	srecv = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_ICMP);
282 	srecv_errno = errno;
283 
284 	if (setuid(getuid()) != 0)
285 		err(EX_NOPERM, "setuid() failed");
286 	uid = getuid();
287 
288 	if (ssend < 0) {
289 		errno = ssend_errno;
290 		err(EX_OSERR, "ssend socket");
291 	}
292 
293 	if (srecv < 0) {
294 		errno = srecv_errno;
295 		err(EX_OSERR, "srecv socket");
296 	}
297 
298 	alarmtimeout = df = preload = tos = 0;
299 
300 	outpack = outpackhdr + sizeof(struct ip);
301 	while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv,
302 		"Aac:DdfG:g:Hh:I:i:Ll:M:m:nop:QqRrS:s:T:t:vW:z:"
303 #ifdef IPSEC
304 #ifdef IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC
305 		"P:"
306 #endif /*IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC*/
307 #endif /*IPSEC*/
308 		)) != -1)
309 	{
310 		switch(ch) {
311 		case 'A':
312 			options |= F_MISSED;
313 			break;
314 		case 'a':
315 			options |= F_AUDIBLE;
316 			break;
317 		case 'c':
318 			ltmp = strtol(optarg, &ep, 0);
319 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || ltmp <= 0)
320 				errx(EX_USAGE,
321 				    "invalid count of packets to transmit: `%s'",
322 				    optarg);
323 			npackets = ltmp;
324 			break;
325 		case 'D':
326 			options |= F_HDRINCL;
327 			df = 1;
328 			break;
329 		case 'd':
330 			options |= F_SO_DEBUG;
331 			break;
332 		case 'f':
333 			if (uid) {
334 				errno = EPERM;
335 				err(EX_NOPERM, "-f flag");
336 			}
337 			options |= F_FLOOD;
338 			setbuf(stdout, (char *)NULL);
339 			break;
340 		case 'G': /* Maximum packet size for ping sweep */
341 			ltmp = strtol(optarg, &ep, 0);
342 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || ltmp <= 0)
343 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid packet size: `%s'",
344 				    optarg);
345 			if (uid != 0 && ltmp > DEFDATALEN) {
346 				errno = EPERM;
347 				err(EX_NOPERM,
348 				    "packet size too large: %ld > %u",
349 				    ltmp, DEFDATALEN);
350 			}
351 			options |= F_SWEEP;
352 			sweepmax = ltmp;
353 			break;
354 		case 'g': /* Minimum packet size for ping sweep */
355 			ltmp = strtol(optarg, &ep, 0);
356 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || ltmp <= 0)
357 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid packet size: `%s'",
358 				    optarg);
359 			if (uid != 0 && ltmp > DEFDATALEN) {
360 				errno = EPERM;
361 				err(EX_NOPERM,
362 				    "packet size too large: %ld > %u",
363 				    ltmp, DEFDATALEN);
364 			}
365 			options |= F_SWEEP;
366 			sweepmin = ltmp;
367 			break;
368 		case 'H':
369 			options &= ~F_NUMERIC;
370 			break;
371 		case 'h': /* Packet size increment for ping sweep */
372 			ltmp = strtol(optarg, &ep, 0);
373 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || ltmp < 1)
374 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid increment size: `%s'",
375 				    optarg);
376 			if (uid != 0 && ltmp > DEFDATALEN) {
377 				errno = EPERM;
378 				err(EX_NOPERM,
379 				    "packet size too large: %ld > %u",
380 				    ltmp, DEFDATALEN);
381 			}
382 			options |= F_SWEEP;
383 			sweepincr = ltmp;
384 			break;
385 		case 'I':		/* multicast interface */
386 			if (inet_aton(optarg, &ifaddr) == 0)
387 				errx(EX_USAGE,
388 				    "invalid multicast interface: `%s'",
389 				    optarg);
390 			options |= F_MIF;
391 			break;
392 		case 'i':		/* wait between sending packets */
393 			t = strtod(optarg, &ep) * 1000.0;
394 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || t > (double)INT_MAX)
395 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid timing interval: `%s'",
396 				    optarg);
397 			options |= F_INTERVAL;
398 			interval = (int)t;
399 			if (uid && interval < 1000) {
400 				errno = EPERM;
401 				err(EX_NOPERM, "-i interval too short");
402 			}
403 			break;
404 		case 'L':
405 			options |= F_NOLOOP;
406 			loop = 0;
407 			break;
408 		case 'l':
409 			ltmp = strtol(optarg, &ep, 0);
410 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || ltmp > INT_MAX || ltmp < 0)
411 				errx(EX_USAGE,
412 				    "invalid preload value: `%s'", optarg);
413 			if (uid) {
414 				errno = EPERM;
415 				err(EX_NOPERM, "-l flag");
416 			}
417 			preload = ltmp;
418 			break;
419 		case 'M':
420 			switch(optarg[0]) {
421 			case 'M':
422 			case 'm':
423 				options |= F_MASK;
424 				break;
425 			case 'T':
426 			case 't':
427 				options |= F_TIME;
428 				break;
429 			default:
430 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid message: `%c'", optarg[0]);
431 				break;
432 			}
433 			break;
434 		case 'm':		/* TTL */
435 			ltmp = strtol(optarg, &ep, 0);
436 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || ltmp > MAXTTL || ltmp < 0)
437 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid TTL: `%s'", optarg);
438 			ttl = ltmp;
439 			options |= F_TTL;
440 			break;
441 		case 'n':
442 			options |= F_NUMERIC;
443 			break;
444 		case 'o':
445 			options |= F_ONCE;
446 			break;
447 #ifdef IPSEC
448 #ifdef IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC
449 		case 'P':
450 			options |= F_POLICY;
451 			if (!strncmp("in", optarg, 2))
452 				policy_in = strdup(optarg);
453 			else if (!strncmp("out", optarg, 3))
454 				policy_out = strdup(optarg);
455 			else
456 				errx(1, "invalid security policy");
457 			break;
458 #endif /*IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC*/
459 #endif /*IPSEC*/
460 		case 'p':		/* fill buffer with user pattern */
461 			options |= F_PINGFILLED;
462 			payload = optarg;
463 			break;
464 		case 'Q':
465 			options |= F_QUIET2;
466 			break;
467 		case 'q':
468 			options |= F_QUIET;
469 			break;
470 		case 'R':
471 			options |= F_RROUTE;
472 			break;
473 		case 'r':
474 			options |= F_SO_DONTROUTE;
475 			break;
476 		case 'S':
477 			source = optarg;
478 			break;
479 		case 's':		/* size of packet to send */
480 			ltmp = strtol(optarg, &ep, 0);
481 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || ltmp < 0)
482 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid packet size: `%s'",
483 				    optarg);
484 			if (uid != 0 && ltmp > DEFDATALEN) {
485 				errno = EPERM;
486 				err(EX_NOPERM,
487 				    "packet size too large: %ld > %u",
488 				    ltmp, DEFDATALEN);
489 			}
490 			datalen = ltmp;
491 			break;
492 		case 'T':		/* multicast TTL */
493 			ltmp = strtol(optarg, &ep, 0);
494 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || ltmp > MAXTTL || ltmp < 0)
495 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid multicast TTL: `%s'",
496 				    optarg);
497 			mttl = ltmp;
498 			options |= F_MTTL;
499 			break;
500 		case 't':
501 			alarmtimeout = strtoul(optarg, &ep, 0);
502 			if ((alarmtimeout < 1) || (alarmtimeout == ULONG_MAX))
503 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid timeout: `%s'",
504 				    optarg);
505 			if (alarmtimeout > MAXALARM)
506 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid timeout: `%s' > %d",
507 				    optarg, MAXALARM);
508 			{
509 				struct itimerval itv;
510 
511 				timerclear(&itv.it_interval);
512 				timerclear(&itv.it_value);
513 				itv.it_value.tv_sec = (time_t)alarmtimeout;
514 				if (setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &itv, NULL) != 0)
515 					err(1, "setitimer");
516 			}
517 			break;
518 		case 'v':
519 			options |= F_VERBOSE;
520 			break;
521 		case 'W':		/* wait ms for answer */
522 			t = strtod(optarg, &ep);
523 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || t > (double)INT_MAX)
524 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid timing interval: `%s'",
525 				    optarg);
526 			options |= F_WAITTIME;
527 			waittime = (int)t;
528 			break;
529 		case 'z':
530 			options |= F_HDRINCL;
531 			ltmp = strtol(optarg, &ep, 0);
532 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || ltmp > MAXTOS || ltmp < 0)
533 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid TOS: `%s'", optarg);
534 			tos = ltmp;
535 			break;
536 		default:
537 			usage();
538 		}
539 	}
540 
541 	if (argc - optind != 1)
542 		usage();
543 	target = argv[optind];
544 
545 	switch (options & (F_MASK|F_TIME)) {
546 	case 0: break;
547 	case F_MASK:
548 		icmp_type = ICMP_MASKREQ;
549 		icmp_type_rsp = ICMP_MASKREPLY;
550 		phdr_len = MASK_LEN;
551 		if (!(options & F_QUIET))
552 			(void)printf("ICMP_MASKREQ\n");
553 		break;
554 	case F_TIME:
555 		icmp_type = ICMP_TSTAMP;
556 		icmp_type_rsp = ICMP_TSTAMPREPLY;
557 		phdr_len = TS_LEN;
558 		if (!(options & F_QUIET))
559 			(void)printf("ICMP_TSTAMP\n");
560 		break;
561 	default:
562 		errx(EX_USAGE, "ICMP_TSTAMP and ICMP_MASKREQ are exclusive.");
563 		break;
564 	}
565 	icmp_len = sizeof(struct ip) + ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len;
566 	if (options & F_RROUTE)
567 		icmp_len += MAX_IPOPTLEN;
568 	maxpayload = IP_MAXPACKET - icmp_len;
569 	if (datalen > maxpayload)
570 		errx(EX_USAGE, "packet size too large: %d > %d", datalen,
571 		    maxpayload);
572 	send_len = icmp_len + datalen;
573 	datap = &outpack[ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len + TIMEVAL_LEN];
574 	if (options & F_PINGFILLED) {
575 		fill((char *)datap, payload);
576 	}
577 	capdns = capdns_setup();
578 	if (source) {
579 		bzero((char *)&sock_in, sizeof(sock_in));
580 		sock_in.sin_family = AF_INET;
581 		if (inet_aton(source, &sock_in.sin_addr) != 0) {
582 			shostname = source;
583 		} else {
584 			hp = cap_gethostbyname2(capdns, source, AF_INET);
585 			if (!hp)
586 				errx(EX_NOHOST, "cannot resolve %s: %s",
587 				    source, hstrerror(h_errno));
588 
589 			sock_in.sin_len = sizeof sock_in;
590 			if ((unsigned)hp->h_length > sizeof(sock_in.sin_addr) ||
591 			    hp->h_length < 0)
592 				errx(1, "gethostbyname2: illegal address");
593 			memcpy(&sock_in.sin_addr, hp->h_addr_list[0],
594 			    sizeof(sock_in.sin_addr));
595 			(void)strncpy(snamebuf, hp->h_name,
596 			    sizeof(snamebuf) - 1);
597 			snamebuf[sizeof(snamebuf) - 1] = '\0';
598 			shostname = snamebuf;
599 		}
600 		if (bind(ssend, (struct sockaddr *)&sock_in, sizeof sock_in) ==
601 		    -1)
602 			err(1, "bind");
603 	}
604 
605 	bzero(&whereto, sizeof(whereto));
606 	to = &whereto;
607 	to->sin_family = AF_INET;
608 	to->sin_len = sizeof *to;
609 	if (inet_aton(target, &to->sin_addr) != 0) {
610 		hostname = target;
611 	} else {
612 		hp = cap_gethostbyname2(capdns, target, AF_INET);
613 		if (!hp)
614 			errx(EX_NOHOST, "cannot resolve %s: %s",
615 			    target, hstrerror(h_errno));
616 
617 		if ((unsigned)hp->h_length > sizeof(to->sin_addr))
618 			errx(1, "gethostbyname2 returned an illegal address");
619 		memcpy(&to->sin_addr, hp->h_addr_list[0], sizeof to->sin_addr);
620 		(void)strncpy(hnamebuf, hp->h_name, sizeof(hnamebuf) - 1);
621 		hnamebuf[sizeof(hnamebuf) - 1] = '\0';
622 		hostname = hnamebuf;
623 	}
624 
625 	/* From now on we will use only reverse DNS lookups. */
626 #ifdef WITH_CASPER
627 	if (capdns != NULL) {
628 		const char *types[1];
629 
630 		types[0] = "ADDR2NAME";
631 		if (cap_dns_type_limit(capdns, types, 1) < 0)
632 			err(1, "unable to limit access to system.dns service");
633 	}
634 #endif
635 	if (connect(ssend, (struct sockaddr *)&whereto, sizeof(whereto)) != 0)
636 		err(1, "connect");
637 
638 	if (options & F_FLOOD && options & F_INTERVAL)
639 		errx(EX_USAGE, "-f and -i: incompatible options");
640 
641 	if (options & F_FLOOD && IN_MULTICAST(ntohl(to->sin_addr.s_addr)))
642 		errx(EX_USAGE,
643 		    "-f flag cannot be used with multicast destination");
644 	if (options & (F_MIF | F_NOLOOP | F_MTTL)
645 	    && !IN_MULTICAST(ntohl(to->sin_addr.s_addr)))
646 		errx(EX_USAGE,
647 		    "-I, -L, -T flags cannot be used with unicast destination");
648 
649 	if (datalen >= TIMEVAL_LEN)	/* can we time transfer */
650 		timing = 1;
651 
652 	if (!(options & F_PINGFILLED))
653 		for (i = TIMEVAL_LEN; i < datalen; ++i)
654 			*datap++ = i;
655 
656 	ident = getpid() & 0xFFFF;
657 
658 	hold = 1;
659 	if (options & F_SO_DEBUG) {
660 		(void)setsockopt(ssend, SOL_SOCKET, SO_DEBUG, (char *)&hold,
661 		    sizeof(hold));
662 		(void)setsockopt(srecv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_DEBUG, (char *)&hold,
663 		    sizeof(hold));
664 	}
665 	if (options & F_SO_DONTROUTE)
666 		(void)setsockopt(ssend, SOL_SOCKET, SO_DONTROUTE, (char *)&hold,
667 		    sizeof(hold));
668 #ifdef IPSEC
669 #ifdef IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC
670 	if (options & F_POLICY) {
671 		char *buf;
672 		if (policy_in != NULL) {
673 			buf = ipsec_set_policy(policy_in, strlen(policy_in));
674 			if (buf == NULL)
675 				errx(EX_CONFIG, "%s", ipsec_strerror());
676 			if (setsockopt(srecv, IPPROTO_IP, IP_IPSEC_POLICY,
677 					buf, ipsec_get_policylen(buf)) < 0)
678 				err(EX_CONFIG,
679 				    "ipsec policy cannot be configured");
680 			free(buf);
681 		}
682 
683 		if (policy_out != NULL) {
684 			buf = ipsec_set_policy(policy_out, strlen(policy_out));
685 			if (buf == NULL)
686 				errx(EX_CONFIG, "%s", ipsec_strerror());
687 			if (setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_IPSEC_POLICY,
688 					buf, ipsec_get_policylen(buf)) < 0)
689 				err(EX_CONFIG,
690 				    "ipsec policy cannot be configured");
691 			free(buf);
692 		}
693 	}
694 #endif /*IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC*/
695 #endif /*IPSEC*/
696 
697 	if (options & F_HDRINCL) {
698 		struct ip ip;
699 
700 		memcpy(&ip, outpackhdr, sizeof(ip));
701 		if (!(options & (F_TTL | F_MTTL))) {
702 			mib[0] = CTL_NET;
703 			mib[1] = PF_INET;
704 			mib[2] = IPPROTO_IP;
705 			mib[3] = IPCTL_DEFTTL;
706 			sz = sizeof(ttl);
707 			if (sysctl(mib, 4, &ttl, &sz, NULL, 0) == -1)
708 				err(1, "sysctl(net.inet.ip.ttl)");
709 		}
710 		setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_HDRINCL, &hold, sizeof(hold));
711 		ip.ip_v = IPVERSION;
712 		ip.ip_hl = sizeof(struct ip) >> 2;
713 		ip.ip_tos = tos;
714 		ip.ip_id = 0;
715 		ip.ip_off = htons(df ? IP_DF : 0);
716 		ip.ip_ttl = ttl;
717 		ip.ip_p = IPPROTO_ICMP;
718 		ip.ip_src.s_addr = source ? sock_in.sin_addr.s_addr : INADDR_ANY;
719 		ip.ip_dst = to->sin_addr;
720 		memcpy(outpackhdr, &ip, sizeof(ip));
721         }
722 
723 	/*
724 	 * Here we enter capability mode. Further down access to global
725 	 * namespaces (e.g filesystem) is restricted (see capsicum(4)).
726 	 * We must connect(2) our socket before this point.
727 	 */
728 	caph_cache_catpages();
729 	if (caph_enter_casper() < 0)
730 		err(1, "caph_enter_casper");
731 
732 	cap_rights_init(&rights, CAP_RECV, CAP_EVENT, CAP_SETSOCKOPT);
733 	if (caph_rights_limit(srecv, &rights) < 0)
734 		err(1, "cap_rights_limit srecv");
735 	cap_rights_init(&rights, CAP_SEND, CAP_SETSOCKOPT);
736 	if (caph_rights_limit(ssend, &rights) < 0)
737 		err(1, "cap_rights_limit ssend");
738 
739 	/* record route option */
740 	if (options & F_RROUTE) {
741 #ifdef IP_OPTIONS
742 		bzero(rspace, sizeof(rspace));
743 		rspace[IPOPT_OPTVAL] = IPOPT_RR;
744 		rspace[IPOPT_OLEN] = sizeof(rspace) - 1;
745 		rspace[IPOPT_OFFSET] = IPOPT_MINOFF;
746 		rspace[sizeof(rspace) - 1] = IPOPT_EOL;
747 		if (setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_OPTIONS, rspace,
748 		    sizeof(rspace)) < 0)
749 			err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt IP_OPTIONS");
750 #else
751 		errx(EX_UNAVAILABLE,
752 		    "record route not available in this implementation");
753 #endif /* IP_OPTIONS */
754 	}
755 
756 	if (options & F_TTL) {
757 		if (setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TTL, &ttl,
758 		    sizeof(ttl)) < 0) {
759 			err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt IP_TTL");
760 		}
761 	}
762 	if (options & F_NOLOOP) {
763 		if (setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_LOOP, &loop,
764 		    sizeof(loop)) < 0) {
765 			err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt IP_MULTICAST_LOOP");
766 		}
767 	}
768 	if (options & F_MTTL) {
769 		if (setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_TTL, &mttl,
770 		    sizeof(mttl)) < 0) {
771 			err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt IP_MULTICAST_TTL");
772 		}
773 	}
774 	if (options & F_MIF) {
775 		if (setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_IF, &ifaddr,
776 		    sizeof(ifaddr)) < 0) {
777 			err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt IP_MULTICAST_IF");
778 		}
779 	}
780 #ifdef SO_TIMESTAMP
781 	{
782 		int on = 1;
783 		int ts_clock = SO_TS_MONOTONIC;
784 		if (setsockopt(srecv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_TIMESTAMP, &on,
785 		    sizeof(on)) < 0)
786 			err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt SO_TIMESTAMP");
787 		if (setsockopt(srecv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_TS_CLOCK, &ts_clock,
788 		    sizeof(ts_clock)) < 0)
789 			err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt SO_TS_CLOCK");
790 	}
791 #endif
792 	if (sweepmax) {
793 		if (sweepmin > sweepmax)
794 			errx(EX_USAGE, "Maximum packet size must be no less than the minimum packet size");
795 
796 		if (datalen != DEFDATALEN)
797 			errx(EX_USAGE, "Packet size and ping sweep are mutually exclusive");
798 
799 		if (npackets > 0) {
800 			snpackets = npackets;
801 			npackets = 0;
802 		} else
803 			snpackets = 1;
804 		datalen = sweepmin;
805 		send_len = icmp_len + sweepmin;
806 	}
807 	if (options & F_SWEEP && !sweepmax)
808 		errx(EX_USAGE, "Maximum sweep size must be specified");
809 
810 	/*
811 	 * When pinging the broadcast address, you can get a lot of answers.
812 	 * Doing something so evil is useful if you are trying to stress the
813 	 * ethernet, or just want to fill the arp cache to get some stuff for
814 	 * /etc/ethers.  But beware: RFC 1122 allows hosts to ignore broadcast
815 	 * or multicast pings if they wish.
816 	 */
817 
818 	/*
819 	 * XXX receive buffer needs undetermined space for mbuf overhead
820 	 * as well.
821 	 */
822 	hold = IP_MAXPACKET + 128;
823 	(void)setsockopt(srecv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF, (char *)&hold,
824 	    sizeof(hold));
825 	/* CAP_SETSOCKOPT removed */
826 	cap_rights_init(&rights, CAP_RECV, CAP_EVENT);
827 	if (caph_rights_limit(srecv, &rights) < 0)
828 		err(1, "cap_rights_limit srecv setsockopt");
829 	if (uid == 0)
830 		(void)setsockopt(ssend, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, (char *)&hold,
831 		    sizeof(hold));
832 	/* CAP_SETSOCKOPT removed */
833 	cap_rights_init(&rights, CAP_SEND);
834 	if (caph_rights_limit(ssend, &rights) < 0)
835 		err(1, "cap_rights_limit ssend setsockopt");
836 
837 	if (to->sin_family == AF_INET) {
838 		(void)printf("PING %s (%s)", hostname,
839 		    inet_ntoa(to->sin_addr));
840 		if (source)
841 			(void)printf(" from %s", shostname);
842 		if (sweepmax)
843 			(void)printf(": (%d ... %d) data bytes\n",
844 			    sweepmin, sweepmax);
845 		else
846 			(void)printf(": %d data bytes\n", datalen);
847 
848 	} else {
849 		if (sweepmax)
850 			(void)printf("PING %s: (%d ... %d) data bytes\n",
851 			    hostname, sweepmin, sweepmax);
852 		else
853 			(void)printf("PING %s: %d data bytes\n", hostname, datalen);
854 	}
855 
856 	/*
857 	 * Use sigaction() instead of signal() to get unambiguous semantics,
858 	 * in particular with SA_RESTART not set.
859 	 */
860 
861 	sigemptyset(&si_sa.sa_mask);
862 	si_sa.sa_flags = 0;
863 
864 	si_sa.sa_handler = stopit;
865 	if (sigaction(SIGINT, &si_sa, 0) == -1) {
866 		err(EX_OSERR, "sigaction SIGINT");
867 	}
868 
869 	si_sa.sa_handler = status;
870 	if (sigaction(SIGINFO, &si_sa, 0) == -1) {
871 		err(EX_OSERR, "sigaction");
872 	}
873 
874         if (alarmtimeout > 0) {
875 		si_sa.sa_handler = stopit;
876 		if (sigaction(SIGALRM, &si_sa, 0) == -1)
877 			err(EX_OSERR, "sigaction SIGALRM");
878         }
879 
880 	bzero(&msg, sizeof(msg));
881 	msg.msg_name = (caddr_t)&from;
882 	msg.msg_iov = &iov;
883 	msg.msg_iovlen = 1;
884 #ifdef SO_TIMESTAMP
885 	msg.msg_control = (caddr_t)ctrl;
886 	msg.msg_controllen = sizeof(ctrl);
887 #endif
888 	iov.iov_base = packet;
889 	iov.iov_len = IP_MAXPACKET;
890 
891 	if (preload == 0)
892 		pinger();		/* send the first ping */
893 	else {
894 		if (npackets != 0 && preload > npackets)
895 			preload = npackets;
896 		while (preload--)	/* fire off them quickies */
897 			pinger();
898 	}
899 	(void)clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &last);
900 
901 	if (options & F_FLOOD) {
902 		intvl.tv_sec = 0;
903 		intvl.tv_nsec = 10000000;
904 	} else {
905 		intvl.tv_sec = interval / 1000;
906 		intvl.tv_nsec = interval % 1000 * 1000000;
907 	}
908 
909 	almost_done = 0;
910 	while (!finish_up) {
911 		struct timespec now, timeout;
912 		fd_set rfds;
913 		int n;
914 		ssize_t cc;
915 
916 		check_status();
917 		if ((unsigned)srecv >= FD_SETSIZE)
918 			errx(EX_OSERR, "descriptor too large");
919 		FD_ZERO(&rfds);
920 		FD_SET(srecv, &rfds);
921 		(void)clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &now);
922 		timespecadd(&last, &intvl, &timeout);
923 		timespecsub(&timeout, &now, &timeout);
924 		if (timeout.tv_sec < 0)
925 			timespecclear(&timeout);
926 		n = pselect(srecv + 1, &rfds, NULL, NULL, &timeout, NULL);
927 		if (n < 0)
928 			continue;	/* Must be EINTR. */
929 		if (n == 1) {
930 			struct timespec *tv = NULL;
931 #ifdef SO_TIMESTAMP
932 			struct cmsghdr *cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg);
933 #endif
934 			msg.msg_namelen = sizeof(from);
935 			if ((cc = recvmsg(srecv, &msg, 0)) < 0) {
936 				if (errno == EINTR)
937 					continue;
938 				warn("recvmsg");
939 				continue;
940 			}
941 #ifdef SO_TIMESTAMP
942 			if (cmsg != NULL &&
943 			    cmsg->cmsg_level == SOL_SOCKET &&
944 			    cmsg->cmsg_type == SCM_TIMESTAMP &&
945 			    cmsg->cmsg_len == CMSG_LEN(sizeof *tv)) {
946 				/* Copy to avoid alignment problems: */
947 				memcpy(&now, CMSG_DATA(cmsg), sizeof(now));
948 				tv = &now;
949 			}
950 #endif
951 			if (tv == NULL) {
952 				(void)clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &now);
953 				tv = &now;
954 			}
955 			pr_pack((char *)packet, cc, &from, tv);
956 			if ((options & F_ONCE && nreceived) ||
957 			    (npackets && nreceived >= npackets))
958 				break;
959 		}
960 		if (n == 0 || options & F_FLOOD) {
961 			if (sweepmax && sntransmitted == snpackets) {
962 				for (i = 0; i < sweepincr ; ++i)
963 					*datap++ = i;
964 				datalen += sweepincr;
965 				if (datalen > sweepmax)
966 					break;
967 				send_len = icmp_len + datalen;
968 				sntransmitted = 0;
969 			}
970 			if (!npackets || ntransmitted < npackets)
971 				pinger();
972 			else {
973 				if (almost_done)
974 					break;
975 				almost_done = 1;
976 				intvl.tv_nsec = 0;
977 				if (nreceived) {
978 					intvl.tv_sec = 2 * tmax / 1000;
979 					if (!intvl.tv_sec)
980 						intvl.tv_sec = 1;
981 				} else {
982 					intvl.tv_sec = waittime / 1000;
983 					intvl.tv_nsec = waittime % 1000 * 1000000;
984 				}
985 			}
986 			(void)clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &last);
987 			if (ntransmitted - nreceived - 1 > nmissedmax) {
988 				nmissedmax = ntransmitted - nreceived - 1;
989 				if (options & F_MISSED)
990 					(void)write(STDOUT_FILENO, &BBELL, 1);
991 			}
992 		}
993 	}
994 	finish();
995 	/* NOTREACHED */
996 	exit(0);	/* Make the compiler happy */
997 }
998 
999 /*
1000  * stopit --
1001  *	Set the global bit that causes the main loop to quit.
1002  * Do NOT call finish() from here, since finish() does far too much
1003  * to be called from a signal handler.
1004  */
1005 void
1006 stopit(int sig __unused)
1007 {
1008 
1009 	/*
1010 	 * When doing reverse DNS lookups, the finish_up flag might not
1011 	 * be noticed for a while.  Just exit if we get a second SIGINT.
1012 	 */
1013 	if (!(options & F_NUMERIC) && finish_up)
1014 		_exit(nreceived ? 0 : 2);
1015 	finish_up = 1;
1016 }
1017 
1018 /*
1019  * pinger --
1020  *	Compose and transmit an ICMP ECHO REQUEST packet.  The IP packet
1021  * will be added on by the kernel.  The ID field is our UNIX process ID,
1022  * and the sequence number is an ascending integer.  The first TIMEVAL_LEN
1023  * bytes of the data portion are used to hold a UNIX "timespec" struct in
1024  * host byte-order, to compute the round-trip time.
1025  */
1026 static void
1027 pinger(void)
1028 {
1029 	struct timespec now;
1030 	struct tv32 tv32;
1031 	struct icmp icp;
1032 	int cc, i;
1033 	u_char *packet;
1034 
1035 	packet = outpack;
1036 	memcpy(&icp, outpack, ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len);
1037 	icp.icmp_type = icmp_type;
1038 	icp.icmp_code = 0;
1039 	icp.icmp_cksum = 0;
1040 	icp.icmp_seq = htons(ntransmitted);
1041 	icp.icmp_id = ident;			/* ID */
1042 
1043 	CLR(ntransmitted % mx_dup_ck);
1044 
1045 	if ((options & F_TIME) || timing) {
1046 		(void)clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &now);
1047 		/*
1048 		 * Truncate seconds down to 32 bits in order
1049 		 * to fit the timestamp within 8 bytes of the
1050 		 * packet. We're only concerned with
1051 		 * durations, not absolute times.
1052 		 */
1053 		tv32.tv32_sec = (uint32_t)htonl(now.tv_sec);
1054 		tv32.tv32_nsec = (uint32_t)htonl(now.tv_nsec);
1055 		if (options & F_TIME)
1056 			icp.icmp_otime = htonl((now.tv_sec % (24*60*60))
1057 				* 1000 + now.tv_nsec / 1000000);
1058 		if (timing)
1059 			bcopy((void *)&tv32,
1060 			    (void *)&outpack[ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len],
1061 			    sizeof(tv32));
1062 	}
1063 
1064 	memcpy(outpack, &icp, ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len);
1065 
1066 	cc = ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len + datalen;
1067 
1068 	/* compute ICMP checksum here */
1069 	icp.icmp_cksum = in_cksum(outpack, cc);
1070 	/* Update icmp_cksum in the raw packet data buffer. */
1071 	memcpy(outpack + offsetof(struct icmp, icmp_cksum), &icp.icmp_cksum,
1072 	    sizeof(icp.icmp_cksum));
1073 
1074 	if (options & F_HDRINCL) {
1075 		struct ip ip;
1076 
1077 		cc += sizeof(struct ip);
1078 		ip.ip_len = htons(cc);
1079 		/* Update ip_len in the raw packet data buffer. */
1080 		memcpy(outpackhdr + offsetof(struct ip, ip_len), &ip.ip_len,
1081 		    sizeof(ip.ip_len));
1082 		ip.ip_sum = in_cksum(outpackhdr, cc);
1083 		/* Update ip_sum in the raw packet data buffer. */
1084 		memcpy(outpackhdr + offsetof(struct ip, ip_sum), &ip.ip_sum,
1085 		    sizeof(ip.ip_sum));
1086 		packet = outpackhdr;
1087 	}
1088 	i = send(ssend, (char *)packet, cc, 0);
1089 	if (i < 0 || i != cc)  {
1090 		if (i < 0) {
1091 			if (options & F_FLOOD && errno == ENOBUFS) {
1092 				usleep(FLOOD_BACKOFF);
1093 				return;
1094 			}
1095 			warn("sendto");
1096 		} else {
1097 			warn("%s: partial write: %d of %d bytes",
1098 			     hostname, i, cc);
1099 		}
1100 	}
1101 	ntransmitted++;
1102 	sntransmitted++;
1103 	if (!(options & F_QUIET) && options & F_FLOOD)
1104 		(void)write(STDOUT_FILENO, &DOT, 1);
1105 }
1106 
1107 /*
1108  * pr_pack --
1109  *	Print out the packet, if it came from us.  This logic is necessary
1110  * because ALL readers of the ICMP socket get a copy of ALL ICMP packets
1111  * which arrive ('tis only fair).  This permits multiple copies of this
1112  * program to be run without having intermingled output (or statistics!).
1113  */
1114 static void
1115 pr_pack(char *buf, ssize_t cc, struct sockaddr_in *from, struct timespec *tv)
1116 {
1117 	struct in_addr ina;
1118 	u_char *cp, *dp, l;
1119 	struct icmp icp;
1120 	struct ip ip;
1121 	const u_char *icmp_data_raw;
1122 	double triptime;
1123 	int dupflag, hlen, i, j, recv_len;
1124 	uint16_t seq;
1125 	static int old_rrlen;
1126 	static char old_rr[MAX_IPOPTLEN];
1127 	struct ip oip;
1128 	u_char oip_header_len;
1129 	struct icmp oicmp;
1130 	const u_char *oicmp_raw;
1131 
1132 	/*
1133 	 * Get size of IP header of the received packet. The
1134 	 * information is contained in the lower four bits of the
1135 	 * first byte.
1136 	 */
1137 	memcpy(&l, buf, sizeof(l));
1138 	hlen = (l & 0x0f) << 2;
1139 	memcpy(&ip, buf, hlen);
1140 
1141 	/* Check the IP header */
1142 	recv_len = cc;
1143 	if (cc < hlen + ICMP_MINLEN) {
1144 		if (options & F_VERBOSE)
1145 			warn("packet too short (%zd bytes) from %s", cc,
1146 			     inet_ntoa(from->sin_addr));
1147 		return;
1148 	}
1149 
1150 #ifndef icmp_data
1151 	icmp_data_raw = buf + hlen + offsetof(struct icmp, icmp_ip);
1152 #else
1153 	icmp_data_raw = buf + hlen + offsetof(struct icmp, icmp_data);
1154 #endif
1155 
1156 	/* Now the ICMP part */
1157 	cc -= hlen;
1158 	memcpy(&icp, buf + hlen, MIN((ssize_t)sizeof(icp), cc));
1159 	if (icp.icmp_type == icmp_type_rsp) {
1160 		if (icp.icmp_id != ident)
1161 			return;			/* 'Twas not our ECHO */
1162 		++nreceived;
1163 		triptime = 0.0;
1164 		if (timing) {
1165 			struct timespec tv1;
1166 			struct tv32 tv32;
1167 			const u_char *tp;
1168 
1169 			tp = icmp_data_raw + phdr_len;
1170 
1171 			if ((size_t)(cc - ICMP_MINLEN - phdr_len) >=
1172 			    sizeof(tv1)) {
1173 				/* Copy to avoid alignment problems: */
1174 				memcpy(&tv32, tp, sizeof(tv32));
1175 				tv1.tv_sec = ntohl(tv32.tv32_sec);
1176 				tv1.tv_nsec = ntohl(tv32.tv32_nsec);
1177 				timespecsub(tv, &tv1, tv);
1178  				triptime = ((double)tv->tv_sec) * 1000.0 +
1179 				    ((double)tv->tv_nsec) / 1000000.0;
1180 				tsum += triptime;
1181 				tsumsq += triptime * triptime;
1182 				if (triptime < tmin)
1183 					tmin = triptime;
1184 				if (triptime > tmax)
1185 					tmax = triptime;
1186 			} else
1187 				timing = 0;
1188 		}
1189 
1190 		seq = ntohs(icp.icmp_seq);
1191 
1192 		if (TST(seq % mx_dup_ck)) {
1193 			++nrepeats;
1194 			--nreceived;
1195 			dupflag = 1;
1196 		} else {
1197 			SET(seq % mx_dup_ck);
1198 			dupflag = 0;
1199 		}
1200 
1201 		if (options & F_QUIET)
1202 			return;
1203 
1204 		if (options & F_WAITTIME && triptime > waittime) {
1205 			++nrcvtimeout;
1206 			return;
1207 		}
1208 
1209 		if (options & F_FLOOD)
1210 			(void)write(STDOUT_FILENO, &BSPACE, 1);
1211 		else {
1212 			(void)printf("%zd bytes from %s: icmp_seq=%u", cc,
1213 			    pr_addr(from->sin_addr), seq);
1214 			(void)printf(" ttl=%d", ip.ip_ttl);
1215 			if (timing)
1216 				(void)printf(" time=%.3f ms", triptime);
1217 			if (dupflag)
1218 				(void)printf(" (DUP!)");
1219 			if (options & F_AUDIBLE)
1220 				(void)write(STDOUT_FILENO, &BBELL, 1);
1221 			if (options & F_MASK) {
1222 				/* Just prentend this cast isn't ugly */
1223 				(void)printf(" mask=%s",
1224 					inet_ntoa(*(struct in_addr *)&(icp.icmp_mask)));
1225 			}
1226 			if (options & F_TIME) {
1227 				(void)printf(" tso=%s", pr_ntime(icp.icmp_otime));
1228 				(void)printf(" tsr=%s", pr_ntime(icp.icmp_rtime));
1229 				(void)printf(" tst=%s", pr_ntime(icp.icmp_ttime));
1230 			}
1231 			if (recv_len != send_len) {
1232                         	(void)printf(
1233 				     "\nwrong total length %d instead of %d",
1234 				     recv_len, send_len);
1235 			}
1236 			/* check the data */
1237 			cp = (u_char*)(buf + hlen + offsetof(struct icmp,
1238 				icmp_data) + phdr_len);
1239 			dp = &outpack[ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len];
1240 			cc -= ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len;
1241 			i = 0;
1242 			if (timing) {   /* don't check variable timestamp */
1243 				cp += TIMEVAL_LEN;
1244 				dp += TIMEVAL_LEN;
1245 				cc -= TIMEVAL_LEN;
1246 				i += TIMEVAL_LEN;
1247 			}
1248 			for (; i < datalen && cc > 0; ++i, ++cp, ++dp, --cc) {
1249 				if (*cp != *dp) {
1250 	(void)printf("\nwrong data byte #%d should be 0x%x but was 0x%x",
1251 	    i, *dp, *cp);
1252 					(void)printf("\ncp:");
1253 					cp = (u_char*)(buf + hlen +
1254 					    offsetof(struct icmp, icmp_data));
1255 					for (i = 0; i < datalen; ++i, ++cp) {
1256 						if ((i % 16) == 8)
1257 							(void)printf("\n\t");
1258 						(void)printf("%2x ", *cp);
1259 					}
1260 					(void)printf("\ndp:");
1261 					cp = &outpack[ICMP_MINLEN];
1262 					for (i = 0; i < datalen; ++i, ++cp) {
1263 						if ((i % 16) == 8)
1264 							(void)printf("\n\t");
1265 						(void)printf("%2x ", *cp);
1266 					}
1267 					break;
1268 				}
1269 			}
1270 		}
1271 	} else {
1272 		/*
1273 		 * We've got something other than an ECHOREPLY.
1274 		 * See if it's a reply to something that we sent.
1275 		 * We can compare IP destination, protocol,
1276 		 * and ICMP type and ID.
1277 		 *
1278 		 * Only print all the error messages if we are running
1279 		 * as root to avoid leaking information not normally
1280 		 * available to those not running as root.
1281 		 */
1282 		memcpy(&oip_header_len, icmp_data_raw, sizeof(oip_header_len));
1283 		oip_header_len = (oip_header_len & 0x0f) << 2;
1284 		memcpy(&oip, icmp_data_raw, oip_header_len);
1285 		oicmp_raw = icmp_data_raw + oip_header_len;
1286 		memcpy(&oicmp, oicmp_raw, offsetof(struct icmp, icmp_id) +
1287 		    sizeof(oicmp.icmp_id));
1288 
1289 		if (((options & F_VERBOSE) && uid == 0) ||
1290 		    (!(options & F_QUIET2) &&
1291 		     (oip.ip_dst.s_addr == whereto.sin_addr.s_addr) &&
1292 		     (oip.ip_p == IPPROTO_ICMP) &&
1293 		     (oicmp.icmp_type == ICMP_ECHO) &&
1294 		     (oicmp.icmp_id == ident))) {
1295 		    (void)printf("%zd bytes from %s: ", cc,
1296 			pr_addr(from->sin_addr));
1297 		    pr_icmph(&icp, &oip, oicmp_raw);
1298 		} else
1299 		    return;
1300 	}
1301 
1302 	/* Display any IP options */
1303 	cp = (u_char *)buf + sizeof(struct ip);
1304 
1305 	for (; hlen > (int)sizeof(struct ip); --hlen, ++cp)
1306 		switch (*cp) {
1307 		case IPOPT_EOL:
1308 			hlen = 0;
1309 			break;
1310 		case IPOPT_LSRR:
1311 		case IPOPT_SSRR:
1312 			(void)printf(*cp == IPOPT_LSRR ?
1313 			    "\nLSRR: " : "\nSSRR: ");
1314 			j = cp[IPOPT_OLEN] - IPOPT_MINOFF + 1;
1315 			hlen -= 2;
1316 			cp += 2;
1317 			if (j >= INADDR_LEN &&
1318 			    j <= hlen - (int)sizeof(struct ip)) {
1319 				for (;;) {
1320 					bcopy(++cp, &ina.s_addr, INADDR_LEN);
1321 					if (ina.s_addr == 0)
1322 						(void)printf("\t0.0.0.0");
1323 					else
1324 						(void)printf("\t%s",
1325 						     pr_addr(ina));
1326 					hlen -= INADDR_LEN;
1327 					cp += INADDR_LEN - 1;
1328 					j -= INADDR_LEN;
1329 					if (j < INADDR_LEN)
1330 						break;
1331 					(void)putchar('\n');
1332 				}
1333 			} else
1334 				(void)printf("\t(truncated route)\n");
1335 			break;
1336 		case IPOPT_RR:
1337 			j = cp[IPOPT_OLEN];		/* get length */
1338 			i = cp[IPOPT_OFFSET];		/* and pointer */
1339 			hlen -= 2;
1340 			cp += 2;
1341 			if (i > j)
1342 				i = j;
1343 			i = i - IPOPT_MINOFF + 1;
1344 			if (i < 0 || i > (hlen - (int)sizeof(struct ip))) {
1345 				old_rrlen = 0;
1346 				continue;
1347 			}
1348 			if (i == old_rrlen
1349 			    && !bcmp((char *)cp, old_rr, i)
1350 			    && !(options & F_FLOOD)) {
1351 				(void)printf("\t(same route)");
1352 				hlen -= i;
1353 				cp += i;
1354 				break;
1355 			}
1356 			old_rrlen = i;
1357 			bcopy((char *)cp, old_rr, i);
1358 			(void)printf("\nRR: ");
1359 			if (i >= INADDR_LEN &&
1360 			    i <= hlen - (int)sizeof(struct ip)) {
1361 				for (;;) {
1362 					bcopy(++cp, &ina.s_addr, INADDR_LEN);
1363 					if (ina.s_addr == 0)
1364 						(void)printf("\t0.0.0.0");
1365 					else
1366 						(void)printf("\t%s",
1367 						     pr_addr(ina));
1368 					hlen -= INADDR_LEN;
1369 					cp += INADDR_LEN - 1;
1370 					i -= INADDR_LEN;
1371 					if (i < INADDR_LEN)
1372 						break;
1373 					(void)putchar('\n');
1374 				}
1375 			} else
1376 				(void)printf("\t(truncated route)");
1377 			break;
1378 		case IPOPT_NOP:
1379 			(void)printf("\nNOP");
1380 			break;
1381 		default:
1382 			(void)printf("\nunknown option %x", *cp);
1383 			break;
1384 		}
1385 	if (!(options & F_FLOOD)) {
1386 		(void)putchar('\n');
1387 		(void)fflush(stdout);
1388 	}
1389 }
1390 
1391 /*
1392  * status --
1393  *	Print out statistics when SIGINFO is received.
1394  */
1395 
1396 static void
1397 status(int sig __unused)
1398 {
1399 
1400 	siginfo_p = 1;
1401 }
1402 
1403 static void
1404 check_status(void)
1405 {
1406 
1407 	if (siginfo_p) {
1408 		siginfo_p = 0;
1409 		(void)fprintf(stderr, "\r%ld/%ld packets received (%.1f%%)",
1410 		    nreceived, ntransmitted,
1411 		    ntransmitted ? nreceived * 100.0 / ntransmitted : 0.0);
1412 		if (nreceived && timing)
1413 			(void)fprintf(stderr, " %.3f min / %.3f avg / %.3f max",
1414 			    tmin, tsum / (nreceived + nrepeats), tmax);
1415 		(void)fprintf(stderr, "\n");
1416 	}
1417 }
1418 
1419 /*
1420  * finish --
1421  *	Print out statistics, and give up.
1422  */
1423 static void
1424 finish(void)
1425 {
1426 
1427 	(void)signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
1428 	(void)signal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
1429 	(void)putchar('\n');
1430 	(void)fflush(stdout);
1431 	(void)printf("--- %s ping statistics ---\n", hostname);
1432 	(void)printf("%ld packets transmitted, ", ntransmitted);
1433 	(void)printf("%ld packets received, ", nreceived);
1434 	if (nrepeats)
1435 		(void)printf("+%ld duplicates, ", nrepeats);
1436 	if (ntransmitted) {
1437 		if (nreceived > ntransmitted)
1438 			(void)printf("-- somebody's printing up packets!");
1439 		else
1440 			(void)printf("%.1f%% packet loss",
1441 			    ((ntransmitted - nreceived) * 100.0) /
1442 			    ntransmitted);
1443 	}
1444 	if (nrcvtimeout)
1445 		(void)printf(", %ld packets out of wait time", nrcvtimeout);
1446 	(void)putchar('\n');
1447 	if (nreceived && timing) {
1448 		double n = nreceived + nrepeats;
1449 		double avg = tsum / n;
1450 		double vari = tsumsq / n - avg * avg;
1451 		(void)printf(
1452 		    "round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = %.3f/%.3f/%.3f/%.3f ms\n",
1453 		    tmin, avg, tmax, sqrt(vari));
1454 	}
1455 
1456 	if (nreceived)
1457 		exit(0);
1458 	else
1459 		exit(2);
1460 }
1461 
1462 #ifdef notdef
1463 static char *ttab[] = {
1464 	"Echo Reply",		/* ip + seq + udata */
1465 	"Dest Unreachable",	/* net, host, proto, port, frag, sr + IP */
1466 	"Source Quench",	/* IP */
1467 	"Redirect",		/* redirect type, gateway, + IP  */
1468 	"Echo",
1469 	"Time Exceeded",	/* transit, frag reassem + IP */
1470 	"Parameter Problem",	/* pointer + IP */
1471 	"Timestamp",		/* id + seq + three timestamps */
1472 	"Timestamp Reply",	/* " */
1473 	"Info Request",		/* id + sq */
1474 	"Info Reply"		/* " */
1475 };
1476 #endif
1477 
1478 /*
1479  * pr_icmph --
1480  *	Print a descriptive string about an ICMP header.
1481  */
1482 static void
1483 pr_icmph(struct icmp *icp, struct ip *oip, const u_char *const oicmp_raw)
1484 {
1485 
1486 	switch(icp->icmp_type) {
1487 	case ICMP_ECHOREPLY:
1488 		(void)printf("Echo Reply\n");
1489 		/* XXX ID + Seq + Data */
1490 		break;
1491 	case ICMP_UNREACH:
1492 		switch(icp->icmp_code) {
1493 		case ICMP_UNREACH_NET:
1494 			(void)printf("Destination Net Unreachable\n");
1495 			break;
1496 		case ICMP_UNREACH_HOST:
1497 			(void)printf("Destination Host Unreachable\n");
1498 			break;
1499 		case ICMP_UNREACH_PROTOCOL:
1500 			(void)printf("Destination Protocol Unreachable\n");
1501 			break;
1502 		case ICMP_UNREACH_PORT:
1503 			(void)printf("Destination Port Unreachable\n");
1504 			break;
1505 		case ICMP_UNREACH_NEEDFRAG:
1506 			(void)printf("frag needed and DF set (MTU %d)\n",
1507 					ntohs(icp->icmp_nextmtu));
1508 			break;
1509 		case ICMP_UNREACH_SRCFAIL:
1510 			(void)printf("Source Route Failed\n");
1511 			break;
1512 		case ICMP_UNREACH_FILTER_PROHIB:
1513 			(void)printf("Communication prohibited by filter\n");
1514 			break;
1515 		default:
1516 			(void)printf("Dest Unreachable, Bad Code: %d\n",
1517 			    icp->icmp_code);
1518 			break;
1519 		}
1520 		/* Print returned IP header information */
1521 		pr_retip(oip, oicmp_raw);
1522 		break;
1523 	case ICMP_SOURCEQUENCH:
1524 		(void)printf("Source Quench\n");
1525 		pr_retip(oip, oicmp_raw);
1526 		break;
1527 	case ICMP_REDIRECT:
1528 		switch(icp->icmp_code) {
1529 		case ICMP_REDIRECT_NET:
1530 			(void)printf("Redirect Network");
1531 			break;
1532 		case ICMP_REDIRECT_HOST:
1533 			(void)printf("Redirect Host");
1534 			break;
1535 		case ICMP_REDIRECT_TOSNET:
1536 			(void)printf("Redirect Type of Service and Network");
1537 			break;
1538 		case ICMP_REDIRECT_TOSHOST:
1539 			(void)printf("Redirect Type of Service and Host");
1540 			break;
1541 		default:
1542 			(void)printf("Redirect, Bad Code: %d", icp->icmp_code);
1543 			break;
1544 		}
1545 		(void)printf("(New addr: %s)\n", inet_ntoa(icp->icmp_gwaddr));
1546 		pr_retip(oip, oicmp_raw);
1547 		break;
1548 	case ICMP_ECHO:
1549 		(void)printf("Echo Request\n");
1550 		/* XXX ID + Seq + Data */
1551 		break;
1552 	case ICMP_TIMXCEED:
1553 		switch(icp->icmp_code) {
1554 		case ICMP_TIMXCEED_INTRANS:
1555 			(void)printf("Time to live exceeded\n");
1556 			break;
1557 		case ICMP_TIMXCEED_REASS:
1558 			(void)printf("Frag reassembly time exceeded\n");
1559 			break;
1560 		default:
1561 			(void)printf("Time exceeded, Bad Code: %d\n",
1562 			    icp->icmp_code);
1563 			break;
1564 		}
1565 		pr_retip(oip, oicmp_raw);
1566 		break;
1567 	case ICMP_PARAMPROB:
1568 		(void)printf("Parameter problem: pointer = 0x%02x\n",
1569 		    icp->icmp_hun.ih_pptr);
1570 		pr_retip(oip, oicmp_raw);
1571 		break;
1572 	case ICMP_TSTAMP:
1573 		(void)printf("Timestamp\n");
1574 		/* XXX ID + Seq + 3 timestamps */
1575 		break;
1576 	case ICMP_TSTAMPREPLY:
1577 		(void)printf("Timestamp Reply\n");
1578 		/* XXX ID + Seq + 3 timestamps */
1579 		break;
1580 	case ICMP_IREQ:
1581 		(void)printf("Information Request\n");
1582 		/* XXX ID + Seq */
1583 		break;
1584 	case ICMP_IREQREPLY:
1585 		(void)printf("Information Reply\n");
1586 		/* XXX ID + Seq */
1587 		break;
1588 	case ICMP_MASKREQ:
1589 		(void)printf("Address Mask Request\n");
1590 		break;
1591 	case ICMP_MASKREPLY:
1592 		(void)printf("Address Mask Reply\n");
1593 		break;
1594 	case ICMP_ROUTERADVERT:
1595 		(void)printf("Router Advertisement\n");
1596 		break;
1597 	case ICMP_ROUTERSOLICIT:
1598 		(void)printf("Router Solicitation\n");
1599 		break;
1600 	default:
1601 		(void)printf("Bad ICMP type: %d\n", icp->icmp_type);
1602 	}
1603 }
1604 
1605 /*
1606  * pr_iph --
1607  *	Print an IP header with options.
1608  */
1609 static void
1610 pr_iph(struct ip *ip)
1611 {
1612 	struct in_addr ina;
1613 	u_char *cp;
1614 	int hlen;
1615 
1616 	hlen = ip->ip_hl << 2;
1617 	cp = (u_char *)ip + 20;		/* point to options */
1618 
1619 	(void)printf("Vr HL TOS  Len   ID Flg  off TTL Pro  cks      Src      Dst\n");
1620 	(void)printf(" %1x  %1x  %02x %04x %04x",
1621 	    ip->ip_v, ip->ip_hl, ip->ip_tos, ntohs(ip->ip_len),
1622 	    ntohs(ip->ip_id));
1623 	(void)printf("   %1lx %04lx",
1624 	    (u_long) (ntohl(ip->ip_off) & 0xe000) >> 13,
1625 	    (u_long) ntohl(ip->ip_off) & 0x1fff);
1626 	(void)printf("  %02x  %02x %04x", ip->ip_ttl, ip->ip_p,
1627 							    ntohs(ip->ip_sum));
1628 	memcpy(&ina, &ip->ip_src.s_addr, sizeof ina);
1629 	(void)printf(" %s ", inet_ntoa(ina));
1630 	memcpy(&ina, &ip->ip_dst.s_addr, sizeof ina);
1631 	(void)printf(" %s ", inet_ntoa(ina));
1632 	/* dump any option bytes */
1633 	while (hlen-- > 20) {
1634 		(void)printf("%02x", *cp++);
1635 	}
1636 	(void)putchar('\n');
1637 }
1638 
1639 /*
1640  * pr_addr --
1641  *	Return an ascii host address as a dotted quad and optionally with
1642  * a hostname.
1643  */
1644 static char *
1645 pr_addr(struct in_addr ina)
1646 {
1647 	struct hostent *hp;
1648 	static char buf[16 + 3 + MAXHOSTNAMELEN];
1649 
1650 	if (options & F_NUMERIC)
1651 		return inet_ntoa(ina);
1652 
1653 	hp = cap_gethostbyaddr(capdns, (char *)&ina, 4, AF_INET);
1654 
1655 	if (hp == NULL)
1656 		return inet_ntoa(ina);
1657 
1658 	(void)snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s (%s)", hp->h_name,
1659 	    inet_ntoa(ina));
1660 	return(buf);
1661 }
1662 
1663 /*
1664  * pr_retip --
1665  *	Dump some info on a returned (via ICMP) IP packet.
1666  */
1667 static void
1668 pr_retip(struct ip *ip, const u_char *cp)
1669 {
1670 	pr_iph(ip);
1671 
1672 	if (ip->ip_p == 6)
1673 		(void)printf("TCP: from port %u, to port %u (decimal)\n",
1674 		    (*cp * 256 + *(cp + 1)), (*(cp + 2) * 256 + *(cp + 3)));
1675 	else if (ip->ip_p == 17)
1676 		(void)printf("UDP: from port %u, to port %u (decimal)\n",
1677 			(*cp * 256 + *(cp + 1)), (*(cp + 2) * 256 + *(cp + 3)));
1678 }
1679 
1680 static char *
1681 pr_ntime(n_time timestamp)
1682 {
1683 	static char buf[11];
1684 	int hour, min, sec;
1685 
1686 	sec = ntohl(timestamp) / 1000;
1687 	hour = sec / 60 / 60;
1688 	min = (sec % (60 * 60)) / 60;
1689 	sec = (sec % (60 * 60)) % 60;
1690 
1691 	(void)snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%02d:%02d:%02d", hour, min, sec);
1692 
1693 	return (buf);
1694 }
1695 
1696 static void
1697 fill(char *bp, char *patp)
1698 {
1699 	char *cp;
1700 	int pat[16];
1701 	u_int ii, jj, kk;
1702 
1703 	for (cp = patp; *cp; cp++) {
1704 		if (!isxdigit(*cp))
1705 			errx(EX_USAGE,
1706 			    "patterns must be specified as hex digits");
1707 
1708 	}
1709 	ii = sscanf(patp,
1710 	    "%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x",
1711 	    &pat[0], &pat[1], &pat[2], &pat[3], &pat[4], &pat[5], &pat[6],
1712 	    &pat[7], &pat[8], &pat[9], &pat[10], &pat[11], &pat[12],
1713 	    &pat[13], &pat[14], &pat[15]);
1714 
1715 	if (ii > 0)
1716 		for (kk = 0; kk <= maxpayload - (TIMEVAL_LEN + ii); kk += ii)
1717 			for (jj = 0; jj < ii; ++jj)
1718 				bp[jj + kk] = pat[jj];
1719 	if (!(options & F_QUIET)) {
1720 		(void)printf("PATTERN: 0x");
1721 		for (jj = 0; jj < ii; ++jj)
1722 			(void)printf("%02x", bp[jj] & 0xFF);
1723 		(void)printf("\n");
1724 	}
1725 }
1726 
1727 static cap_channel_t *
1728 capdns_setup(void)
1729 {
1730 	cap_channel_t *capcas, *capdnsloc;
1731 #ifdef WITH_CASPER
1732 	const char *types[2];
1733 	int families[1];
1734 #endif
1735 	capcas = cap_init();
1736 	if (capcas == NULL)
1737 		err(1, "unable to create casper process");
1738 	capdnsloc = cap_service_open(capcas, "system.dns");
1739 	/* Casper capability no longer needed. */
1740 	cap_close(capcas);
1741 	if (capdnsloc == NULL)
1742 		err(1, "unable to open system.dns service");
1743 #ifdef WITH_CASPER
1744 	types[0] = "NAME2ADDR";
1745 	types[1] = "ADDR2NAME";
1746 	if (cap_dns_type_limit(capdnsloc, types, 2) < 0)
1747 		err(1, "unable to limit access to system.dns service");
1748 	families[0] = AF_INET;
1749 	if (cap_dns_family_limit(capdnsloc, families, 1) < 0)
1750 		err(1, "unable to limit access to system.dns service");
1751 #endif
1752 	return (capdnsloc);
1753 }
1754 
1755 #if defined(IPSEC) && defined(IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC)
1756 #define	SECOPT		" [-P policy]"
1757 #else
1758 #define	SECOPT		""
1759 #endif
1760 static void
1761 usage(void)
1762 {
1763 
1764 	(void)fprintf(stderr, "%s\n%s\n%s\n%s\n%s\n%s\n%s\n%s\n",
1765 "usage: ping [-AaDdfHnoQqRrv] [-c count] [-G sweepmaxsize] [-g sweepminsize]",
1766 "            [-h sweepincrsize] [-i wait] [-l preload] [-M mask | time] [-m ttl]",
1767 "           " SECOPT " [-p pattern] [-S src_addr] [-s packetsize] [-t timeout]",
1768 "            [-W waittime] [-z tos] host",
1769 "       ping [-AaDdfHLnoQqRrv] [-c count] [-I iface] [-i wait] [-l preload]",
1770 "            [-M mask | time] [-m ttl]" SECOPT " [-p pattern] [-S src_addr]",
1771 "            [-s packetsize] [-T ttl] [-t timeout] [-W waittime]",
1772 "            [-z tos] mcast-group");
1773 	exit(EX_USAGE);
1774 }
1775