xref: /freebsd/contrib/lua/src/liolib.c (revision 2008043f386721d58158e37e0d7e50df8095942d)
1 /*
2 ** $Id: liolib.c $
3 ** Standard I/O (and system) library
4 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
5 */
6 
7 #define liolib_c
8 #define LUA_LIB
9 
10 #include "lprefix.h"
11 
12 
13 #include <ctype.h>
14 #include <errno.h>
15 #include <locale.h>
16 #include <stdio.h>
17 #include <stdlib.h>
18 #include <string.h>
19 
20 #include "lua.h"
21 
22 #include "lauxlib.h"
23 #include "lualib.h"
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 /*
29 ** Change this macro to accept other modes for 'fopen' besides
30 ** the standard ones.
31 */
32 #if !defined(l_checkmode)
33 
34 /* accepted extensions to 'mode' in 'fopen' */
35 #if !defined(L_MODEEXT)
36 #define L_MODEEXT	"b"
37 #endif
38 
39 /* Check whether 'mode' matches '[rwa]%+?[L_MODEEXT]*' */
40 static int l_checkmode (const char *mode) {
41   return (*mode != '\0' && strchr("rwa", *(mode++)) != NULL &&
42          (*mode != '+' || ((void)(++mode), 1)) &&  /* skip if char is '+' */
43          (strspn(mode, L_MODEEXT) == strlen(mode)));  /* check extensions */
44 }
45 
46 #endif
47 
48 /*
49 ** {======================================================
50 ** l_popen spawns a new process connected to the current
51 ** one through the file streams.
52 ** =======================================================
53 */
54 
55 #if !defined(l_popen)		/* { */
56 
57 #if defined(LUA_USE_POSIX)	/* { */
58 
59 #define l_popen(L,c,m)		(fflush(NULL), popen(c,m))
60 #define l_pclose(L,file)	(pclose(file))
61 
62 #elif defined(LUA_USE_WINDOWS)	/* }{ */
63 
64 #define l_popen(L,c,m)		(_popen(c,m))
65 #define l_pclose(L,file)	(_pclose(file))
66 
67 #if !defined(l_checkmodep)
68 /* Windows accepts "[rw][bt]?" as valid modes */
69 #define l_checkmodep(m)	((m[0] == 'r' || m[0] == 'w') && \
70   (m[1] == '\0' || ((m[1] == 'b' || m[1] == 't') && m[2] == '\0')))
71 #endif
72 
73 #else				/* }{ */
74 
75 /* ISO C definitions */
76 #define l_popen(L,c,m)  \
77 	  ((void)c, (void)m, \
78 	  luaL_error(L, "'popen' not supported"), \
79 	  (FILE*)0)
80 #define l_pclose(L,file)		((void)L, (void)file, -1)
81 
82 #endif				/* } */
83 
84 #endif				/* } */
85 
86 
87 #if !defined(l_checkmodep)
88 /* By default, Lua accepts only "r" or "w" as valid modes */
89 #define l_checkmodep(m)        ((m[0] == 'r' || m[0] == 'w') && m[1] == '\0')
90 #endif
91 
92 /* }====================================================== */
93 
94 
95 #if !defined(l_getc)		/* { */
96 
97 #if defined(LUA_USE_POSIX)
98 #define l_getc(f)		getc_unlocked(f)
99 #define l_lockfile(f)		flockfile(f)
100 #define l_unlockfile(f)		funlockfile(f)
101 #else
102 #define l_getc(f)		getc(f)
103 #define l_lockfile(f)		((void)0)
104 #define l_unlockfile(f)		((void)0)
105 #endif
106 
107 #endif				/* } */
108 
109 
110 /*
111 ** {======================================================
112 ** l_fseek: configuration for longer offsets
113 ** =======================================================
114 */
115 
116 #if !defined(l_fseek)		/* { */
117 
118 #if defined(LUA_USE_POSIX)	/* { */
119 
120 #include <sys/types.h>
121 
122 #define l_fseek(f,o,w)		fseeko(f,o,w)
123 #define l_ftell(f)		ftello(f)
124 #define l_seeknum		off_t
125 
126 #elif defined(LUA_USE_WINDOWS) && !defined(_CRTIMP_TYPEINFO) \
127    && defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1400)	/* }{ */
128 
129 /* Windows (but not DDK) and Visual C++ 2005 or higher */
130 #define l_fseek(f,o,w)		_fseeki64(f,o,w)
131 #define l_ftell(f)		_ftelli64(f)
132 #define l_seeknum		__int64
133 
134 #else				/* }{ */
135 
136 /* ISO C definitions */
137 #define l_fseek(f,o,w)		fseek(f,o,w)
138 #define l_ftell(f)		ftell(f)
139 #define l_seeknum		long
140 
141 #endif				/* } */
142 
143 #endif				/* } */
144 
145 /* }====================================================== */
146 
147 
148 
149 #define IO_PREFIX	"_IO_"
150 #define IOPREF_LEN	(sizeof(IO_PREFIX)/sizeof(char) - 1)
151 #define IO_INPUT	(IO_PREFIX "input")
152 #define IO_OUTPUT	(IO_PREFIX "output")
153 
154 
155 typedef luaL_Stream LStream;
156 
157 
158 #define tolstream(L)	((LStream *)luaL_checkudata(L, 1, LUA_FILEHANDLE))
159 
160 #define isclosed(p)	((p)->closef == NULL)
161 
162 
163 static int io_type (lua_State *L) {
164   LStream *p;
165   luaL_checkany(L, 1);
166   p = (LStream *)luaL_testudata(L, 1, LUA_FILEHANDLE);
167   if (p == NULL)
168     luaL_pushfail(L);  /* not a file */
169   else if (isclosed(p))
170     lua_pushliteral(L, "closed file");
171   else
172     lua_pushliteral(L, "file");
173   return 1;
174 }
175 
176 
177 static int f_tostring (lua_State *L) {
178   LStream *p = tolstream(L);
179   if (isclosed(p))
180     lua_pushliteral(L, "file (closed)");
181   else
182     lua_pushfstring(L, "file (%p)", p->f);
183   return 1;
184 }
185 
186 
187 static FILE *tofile (lua_State *L) {
188   LStream *p = tolstream(L);
189   if (l_unlikely(isclosed(p)))
190     luaL_error(L, "attempt to use a closed file");
191   lua_assert(p->f);
192   return p->f;
193 }
194 
195 
196 /*
197 ** When creating file handles, always creates a 'closed' file handle
198 ** before opening the actual file; so, if there is a memory error, the
199 ** handle is in a consistent state.
200 */
201 static LStream *newprefile (lua_State *L) {
202   LStream *p = (LStream *)lua_newuserdatauv(L, sizeof(LStream), 0);
203   p->closef = NULL;  /* mark file handle as 'closed' */
204   luaL_setmetatable(L, LUA_FILEHANDLE);
205   return p;
206 }
207 
208 
209 /*
210 ** Calls the 'close' function from a file handle. The 'volatile' avoids
211 ** a bug in some versions of the Clang compiler (e.g., clang 3.0 for
212 ** 32 bits).
213 */
214 static int aux_close (lua_State *L) {
215   LStream *p = tolstream(L);
216   volatile lua_CFunction cf = p->closef;
217   p->closef = NULL;  /* mark stream as closed */
218   return (*cf)(L);  /* close it */
219 }
220 
221 
222 static int f_close (lua_State *L) {
223   tofile(L);  /* make sure argument is an open stream */
224   return aux_close(L);
225 }
226 
227 
228 static int io_close (lua_State *L) {
229   if (lua_isnone(L, 1))  /* no argument? */
230     lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, IO_OUTPUT);  /* use default output */
231   return f_close(L);
232 }
233 
234 
235 static int f_gc (lua_State *L) {
236   LStream *p = tolstream(L);
237   if (!isclosed(p) && p->f != NULL)
238     aux_close(L);  /* ignore closed and incompletely open files */
239   return 0;
240 }
241 
242 
243 /*
244 ** function to close regular files
245 */
246 static int io_fclose (lua_State *L) {
247   LStream *p = tolstream(L);
248   int res = fclose(p->f);
249   return luaL_fileresult(L, (res == 0), NULL);
250 }
251 
252 
253 static LStream *newfile (lua_State *L) {
254   LStream *p = newprefile(L);
255   p->f = NULL;
256   p->closef = &io_fclose;
257   return p;
258 }
259 
260 
261 static void opencheck (lua_State *L, const char *fname, const char *mode) {
262   LStream *p = newfile(L);
263   p->f = fopen(fname, mode);
264   if (l_unlikely(p->f == NULL))
265     luaL_error(L, "cannot open file '%s' (%s)", fname, strerror(errno));
266 }
267 
268 
269 static int io_open (lua_State *L) {
270   const char *filename = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
271   const char *mode = luaL_optstring(L, 2, "r");
272   LStream *p = newfile(L);
273   const char *md = mode;  /* to traverse/check mode */
274   luaL_argcheck(L, l_checkmode(md), 2, "invalid mode");
275   p->f = fopen(filename, mode);
276   return (p->f == NULL) ? luaL_fileresult(L, 0, filename) : 1;
277 }
278 
279 
280 /*
281 ** function to close 'popen' files
282 */
283 static int io_pclose (lua_State *L) {
284   LStream *p = tolstream(L);
285   errno = 0;
286   return luaL_execresult(L, l_pclose(L, p->f));
287 }
288 
289 
290 static int io_popen (lua_State *L) {
291   const char *filename = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
292   const char *mode = luaL_optstring(L, 2, "r");
293   LStream *p = newprefile(L);
294   luaL_argcheck(L, l_checkmodep(mode), 2, "invalid mode");
295   p->f = l_popen(L, filename, mode);
296   p->closef = &io_pclose;
297   return (p->f == NULL) ? luaL_fileresult(L, 0, filename) : 1;
298 }
299 
300 
301 static int io_tmpfile (lua_State *L) {
302   LStream *p = newfile(L);
303   p->f = tmpfile();
304   return (p->f == NULL) ? luaL_fileresult(L, 0, NULL) : 1;
305 }
306 
307 
308 static FILE *getiofile (lua_State *L, const char *findex) {
309   LStream *p;
310   lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, findex);
311   p = (LStream *)lua_touserdata(L, -1);
312   if (l_unlikely(isclosed(p)))
313     luaL_error(L, "default %s file is closed", findex + IOPREF_LEN);
314   return p->f;
315 }
316 
317 
318 static int g_iofile (lua_State *L, const char *f, const char *mode) {
319   if (!lua_isnoneornil(L, 1)) {
320     const char *filename = lua_tostring(L, 1);
321     if (filename)
322       opencheck(L, filename, mode);
323     else {
324       tofile(L);  /* check that it's a valid file handle */
325       lua_pushvalue(L, 1);
326     }
327     lua_setfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, f);
328   }
329   /* return current value */
330   lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, f);
331   return 1;
332 }
333 
334 
335 static int io_input (lua_State *L) {
336   return g_iofile(L, IO_INPUT, "r");
337 }
338 
339 
340 static int io_output (lua_State *L) {
341   return g_iofile(L, IO_OUTPUT, "w");
342 }
343 
344 
345 static int io_readline (lua_State *L);
346 
347 
348 /*
349 ** maximum number of arguments to 'f:lines'/'io.lines' (it + 3 must fit
350 ** in the limit for upvalues of a closure)
351 */
352 #define MAXARGLINE	250
353 
354 /*
355 ** Auxiliary function to create the iteration function for 'lines'.
356 ** The iteration function is a closure over 'io_readline', with
357 ** the following upvalues:
358 ** 1) The file being read (first value in the stack)
359 ** 2) the number of arguments to read
360 ** 3) a boolean, true iff file has to be closed when finished ('toclose')
361 ** *) a variable number of format arguments (rest of the stack)
362 */
363 static void aux_lines (lua_State *L, int toclose) {
364   int n = lua_gettop(L) - 1;  /* number of arguments to read */
365   luaL_argcheck(L, n <= MAXARGLINE, MAXARGLINE + 2, "too many arguments");
366   lua_pushvalue(L, 1);  /* file */
367   lua_pushinteger(L, n);  /* number of arguments to read */
368   lua_pushboolean(L, toclose);  /* close/not close file when finished */
369   lua_rotate(L, 2, 3);  /* move the three values to their positions */
370   lua_pushcclosure(L, io_readline, 3 + n);
371 }
372 
373 
374 static int f_lines (lua_State *L) {
375   tofile(L);  /* check that it's a valid file handle */
376   aux_lines(L, 0);
377   return 1;
378 }
379 
380 
381 /*
382 ** Return an iteration function for 'io.lines'. If file has to be
383 ** closed, also returns the file itself as a second result (to be
384 ** closed as the state at the exit of a generic for).
385 */
386 static int io_lines (lua_State *L) {
387   int toclose;
388   if (lua_isnone(L, 1)) lua_pushnil(L);  /* at least one argument */
389   if (lua_isnil(L, 1)) {  /* no file name? */
390     lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, IO_INPUT);  /* get default input */
391     lua_replace(L, 1);  /* put it at index 1 */
392     tofile(L);  /* check that it's a valid file handle */
393     toclose = 0;  /* do not close it after iteration */
394   }
395   else {  /* open a new file */
396     const char *filename = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
397     opencheck(L, filename, "r");
398     lua_replace(L, 1);  /* put file at index 1 */
399     toclose = 1;  /* close it after iteration */
400   }
401   aux_lines(L, toclose);  /* push iteration function */
402   if (toclose) {
403     lua_pushnil(L);  /* state */
404     lua_pushnil(L);  /* control */
405     lua_pushvalue(L, 1);  /* file is the to-be-closed variable (4th result) */
406     return 4;
407   }
408   else
409     return 1;
410 }
411 
412 
413 /*
414 ** {======================================================
415 ** READ
416 ** =======================================================
417 */
418 
419 
420 /* maximum length of a numeral */
421 #if !defined (L_MAXLENNUM)
422 #define L_MAXLENNUM     200
423 #endif
424 
425 
426 /* auxiliary structure used by 'read_number' */
427 typedef struct {
428   FILE *f;  /* file being read */
429   int c;  /* current character (look ahead) */
430   int n;  /* number of elements in buffer 'buff' */
431   char buff[L_MAXLENNUM + 1];  /* +1 for ending '\0' */
432 } RN;
433 
434 
435 /*
436 ** Add current char to buffer (if not out of space) and read next one
437 */
438 static int nextc (RN *rn) {
439   if (l_unlikely(rn->n >= L_MAXLENNUM)) {  /* buffer overflow? */
440     rn->buff[0] = '\0';  /* invalidate result */
441     return 0;  /* fail */
442   }
443   else {
444     rn->buff[rn->n++] = rn->c;  /* save current char */
445     rn->c = l_getc(rn->f);  /* read next one */
446     return 1;
447   }
448 }
449 
450 
451 /*
452 ** Accept current char if it is in 'set' (of size 2)
453 */
454 static int test2 (RN *rn, const char *set) {
455   if (rn->c == set[0] || rn->c == set[1])
456     return nextc(rn);
457   else return 0;
458 }
459 
460 
461 /*
462 ** Read a sequence of (hex)digits
463 */
464 static int readdigits (RN *rn, int hex) {
465   int count = 0;
466   while ((hex ? isxdigit(rn->c) : isdigit(rn->c)) && nextc(rn))
467     count++;
468   return count;
469 }
470 
471 
472 /*
473 ** Read a number: first reads a valid prefix of a numeral into a buffer.
474 ** Then it calls 'lua_stringtonumber' to check whether the format is
475 ** correct and to convert it to a Lua number.
476 */
477 static int read_number (lua_State *L, FILE *f) {
478   RN rn;
479   int count = 0;
480   int hex = 0;
481   char decp[2];
482   rn.f = f; rn.n = 0;
483   decp[0] = lua_getlocaledecpoint();  /* get decimal point from locale */
484   decp[1] = '.';  /* always accept a dot */
485   l_lockfile(rn.f);
486   do { rn.c = l_getc(rn.f); } while (isspace(rn.c));  /* skip spaces */
487   test2(&rn, "-+");  /* optional sign */
488   if (test2(&rn, "00")) {
489     if (test2(&rn, "xX")) hex = 1;  /* numeral is hexadecimal */
490     else count = 1;  /* count initial '0' as a valid digit */
491   }
492   count += readdigits(&rn, hex);  /* integral part */
493   if (test2(&rn, decp))  /* decimal point? */
494     count += readdigits(&rn, hex);  /* fractional part */
495   if (count > 0 && test2(&rn, (hex ? "pP" : "eE"))) {  /* exponent mark? */
496     test2(&rn, "-+");  /* exponent sign */
497     readdigits(&rn, 0);  /* exponent digits */
498   }
499   ungetc(rn.c, rn.f);  /* unread look-ahead char */
500   l_unlockfile(rn.f);
501   rn.buff[rn.n] = '\0';  /* finish string */
502   if (l_likely(lua_stringtonumber(L, rn.buff)))
503     return 1;  /* ok, it is a valid number */
504   else {  /* invalid format */
505    lua_pushnil(L);  /* "result" to be removed */
506    return 0;  /* read fails */
507   }
508 }
509 
510 
511 static int test_eof (lua_State *L, FILE *f) {
512   int c = getc(f);
513   ungetc(c, f);  /* no-op when c == EOF */
514   lua_pushliteral(L, "");
515   return (c != EOF);
516 }
517 
518 
519 static int read_line (lua_State *L, FILE *f, int chop) {
520   luaL_Buffer b;
521   int c;
522   luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
523   do {  /* may need to read several chunks to get whole line */
524     char *buff = luaL_prepbuffer(&b);  /* preallocate buffer space */
525     int i = 0;
526     l_lockfile(f);  /* no memory errors can happen inside the lock */
527     while (i < LUAL_BUFFERSIZE && (c = l_getc(f)) != EOF && c != '\n')
528       buff[i++] = c;  /* read up to end of line or buffer limit */
529     l_unlockfile(f);
530     luaL_addsize(&b, i);
531   } while (c != EOF && c != '\n');  /* repeat until end of line */
532   if (!chop && c == '\n')  /* want a newline and have one? */
533     luaL_addchar(&b, c);  /* add ending newline to result */
534   luaL_pushresult(&b);  /* close buffer */
535   /* return ok if read something (either a newline or something else) */
536   return (c == '\n' || lua_rawlen(L, -1) > 0);
537 }
538 
539 
540 static void read_all (lua_State *L, FILE *f) {
541   size_t nr;
542   luaL_Buffer b;
543   luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
544   do {  /* read file in chunks of LUAL_BUFFERSIZE bytes */
545     char *p = luaL_prepbuffer(&b);
546     nr = fread(p, sizeof(char), LUAL_BUFFERSIZE, f);
547     luaL_addsize(&b, nr);
548   } while (nr == LUAL_BUFFERSIZE);
549   luaL_pushresult(&b);  /* close buffer */
550 }
551 
552 
553 static int read_chars (lua_State *L, FILE *f, size_t n) {
554   size_t nr;  /* number of chars actually read */
555   char *p;
556   luaL_Buffer b;
557   luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
558   p = luaL_prepbuffsize(&b, n);  /* prepare buffer to read whole block */
559   nr = fread(p, sizeof(char), n, f);  /* try to read 'n' chars */
560   luaL_addsize(&b, nr);
561   luaL_pushresult(&b);  /* close buffer */
562   return (nr > 0);  /* true iff read something */
563 }
564 
565 
566 static int g_read (lua_State *L, FILE *f, int first) {
567   int nargs = lua_gettop(L) - 1;
568   int n, success;
569   clearerr(f);
570   if (nargs == 0) {  /* no arguments? */
571     success = read_line(L, f, 1);
572     n = first + 1;  /* to return 1 result */
573   }
574   else {
575     /* ensure stack space for all results and for auxlib's buffer */
576     luaL_checkstack(L, nargs+LUA_MINSTACK, "too many arguments");
577     success = 1;
578     for (n = first; nargs-- && success; n++) {
579       if (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TNUMBER) {
580         size_t l = (size_t)luaL_checkinteger(L, n);
581         success = (l == 0) ? test_eof(L, f) : read_chars(L, f, l);
582       }
583       else {
584         const char *p = luaL_checkstring(L, n);
585         if (*p == '*') p++;  /* skip optional '*' (for compatibility) */
586         switch (*p) {
587           case 'n':  /* number */
588             success = read_number(L, f);
589             break;
590           case 'l':  /* line */
591             success = read_line(L, f, 1);
592             break;
593           case 'L':  /* line with end-of-line */
594             success = read_line(L, f, 0);
595             break;
596           case 'a':  /* file */
597             read_all(L, f);  /* read entire file */
598             success = 1; /* always success */
599             break;
600           default:
601             return luaL_argerror(L, n, "invalid format");
602         }
603       }
604     }
605   }
606   if (ferror(f))
607     return luaL_fileresult(L, 0, NULL);
608   if (!success) {
609     lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove last result */
610     luaL_pushfail(L);  /* push nil instead */
611   }
612   return n - first;
613 }
614 
615 
616 static int io_read (lua_State *L) {
617   return g_read(L, getiofile(L, IO_INPUT), 1);
618 }
619 
620 
621 static int f_read (lua_State *L) {
622   return g_read(L, tofile(L), 2);
623 }
624 
625 
626 /*
627 ** Iteration function for 'lines'.
628 */
629 static int io_readline (lua_State *L) {
630   LStream *p = (LStream *)lua_touserdata(L, lua_upvalueindex(1));
631   int i;
632   int n = (int)lua_tointeger(L, lua_upvalueindex(2));
633   if (isclosed(p))  /* file is already closed? */
634     return luaL_error(L, "file is already closed");
635   lua_settop(L , 1);
636   luaL_checkstack(L, n, "too many arguments");
637   for (i = 1; i <= n; i++)  /* push arguments to 'g_read' */
638     lua_pushvalue(L, lua_upvalueindex(3 + i));
639   n = g_read(L, p->f, 2);  /* 'n' is number of results */
640   lua_assert(n > 0);  /* should return at least a nil */
641   if (lua_toboolean(L, -n))  /* read at least one value? */
642     return n;  /* return them */
643   else {  /* first result is false: EOF or error */
644     if (n > 1) {  /* is there error information? */
645       /* 2nd result is error message */
646       return luaL_error(L, "%s", lua_tostring(L, -n + 1));
647     }
648     if (lua_toboolean(L, lua_upvalueindex(3))) {  /* generator created file? */
649       lua_settop(L, 0);  /* clear stack */
650       lua_pushvalue(L, lua_upvalueindex(1));  /* push file at index 1 */
651       aux_close(L);  /* close it */
652     }
653     return 0;
654   }
655 }
656 
657 /* }====================================================== */
658 
659 
660 static int g_write (lua_State *L, FILE *f, int arg) {
661   int nargs = lua_gettop(L) - arg;
662   int status = 1;
663   for (; nargs--; arg++) {
664     if (lua_type(L, arg) == LUA_TNUMBER) {
665       /* optimization: could be done exactly as for strings */
666       int len = lua_isinteger(L, arg)
667                 ? fprintf(f, LUA_INTEGER_FMT,
668                              (LUAI_UACINT)lua_tointeger(L, arg))
669                 : fprintf(f, LUA_NUMBER_FMT,
670                              (LUAI_UACNUMBER)lua_tonumber(L, arg));
671       status = status && (len > 0);
672     }
673     else {
674       size_t l;
675       const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, arg, &l);
676       status = status && (fwrite(s, sizeof(char), l, f) == l);
677     }
678   }
679   if (l_likely(status))
680     return 1;  /* file handle already on stack top */
681   else return luaL_fileresult(L, status, NULL);
682 }
683 
684 
685 static int io_write (lua_State *L) {
686   return g_write(L, getiofile(L, IO_OUTPUT), 1);
687 }
688 
689 
690 static int f_write (lua_State *L) {
691   FILE *f = tofile(L);
692   lua_pushvalue(L, 1);  /* push file at the stack top (to be returned) */
693   return g_write(L, f, 2);
694 }
695 
696 
697 static int f_seek (lua_State *L) {
698   static const int mode[] = {SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, SEEK_END};
699   static const char *const modenames[] = {"set", "cur", "end", NULL};
700   FILE *f = tofile(L);
701   int op = luaL_checkoption(L, 2, "cur", modenames);
702   lua_Integer p3 = luaL_optinteger(L, 3, 0);
703   l_seeknum offset = (l_seeknum)p3;
704   luaL_argcheck(L, (lua_Integer)offset == p3, 3,
705                   "not an integer in proper range");
706   op = l_fseek(f, offset, mode[op]);
707   if (l_unlikely(op))
708     return luaL_fileresult(L, 0, NULL);  /* error */
709   else {
710     lua_pushinteger(L, (lua_Integer)l_ftell(f));
711     return 1;
712   }
713 }
714 
715 
716 static int f_setvbuf (lua_State *L) {
717   static const int mode[] = {_IONBF, _IOFBF, _IOLBF};
718   static const char *const modenames[] = {"no", "full", "line", NULL};
719   FILE *f = tofile(L);
720   int op = luaL_checkoption(L, 2, NULL, modenames);
721   lua_Integer sz = luaL_optinteger(L, 3, LUAL_BUFFERSIZE);
722   int res = setvbuf(f, NULL, mode[op], (size_t)sz);
723   return luaL_fileresult(L, res == 0, NULL);
724 }
725 
726 
727 
728 static int io_flush (lua_State *L) {
729   return luaL_fileresult(L, fflush(getiofile(L, IO_OUTPUT)) == 0, NULL);
730 }
731 
732 
733 static int f_flush (lua_State *L) {
734   return luaL_fileresult(L, fflush(tofile(L)) == 0, NULL);
735 }
736 
737 
738 /*
739 ** functions for 'io' library
740 */
741 static const luaL_Reg iolib[] = {
742   {"close", io_close},
743   {"flush", io_flush},
744   {"input", io_input},
745   {"lines", io_lines},
746   {"open", io_open},
747   {"output", io_output},
748   {"popen", io_popen},
749   {"read", io_read},
750   {"tmpfile", io_tmpfile},
751   {"type", io_type},
752   {"write", io_write},
753   {NULL, NULL}
754 };
755 
756 
757 /*
758 ** methods for file handles
759 */
760 static const luaL_Reg meth[] = {
761   {"read", f_read},
762   {"write", f_write},
763   {"lines", f_lines},
764   {"flush", f_flush},
765   {"seek", f_seek},
766   {"close", f_close},
767   {"setvbuf", f_setvbuf},
768   {NULL, NULL}
769 };
770 
771 
772 /*
773 ** metamethods for file handles
774 */
775 static const luaL_Reg metameth[] = {
776   {"__index", NULL},  /* place holder */
777   {"__gc", f_gc},
778   {"__close", f_gc},
779   {"__tostring", f_tostring},
780   {NULL, NULL}
781 };
782 
783 
784 static void createmeta (lua_State *L) {
785   luaL_newmetatable(L, LUA_FILEHANDLE);  /* metatable for file handles */
786   luaL_setfuncs(L, metameth, 0);  /* add metamethods to new metatable */
787   luaL_newlibtable(L, meth);  /* create method table */
788   luaL_setfuncs(L, meth, 0);  /* add file methods to method table */
789   lua_setfield(L, -2, "__index");  /* metatable.__index = method table */
790   lua_pop(L, 1);  /* pop metatable */
791 }
792 
793 
794 /*
795 ** function to (not) close the standard files stdin, stdout, and stderr
796 */
797 static int io_noclose (lua_State *L) {
798   LStream *p = tolstream(L);
799   p->closef = &io_noclose;  /* keep file opened */
800   luaL_pushfail(L);
801   lua_pushliteral(L, "cannot close standard file");
802   return 2;
803 }
804 
805 
806 static void createstdfile (lua_State *L, FILE *f, const char *k,
807                            const char *fname) {
808   LStream *p = newprefile(L);
809   p->f = f;
810   p->closef = &io_noclose;
811   if (k != NULL) {
812     lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
813     lua_setfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, k);  /* add file to registry */
814   }
815   lua_setfield(L, -2, fname);  /* add file to module */
816 }
817 
818 
819 LUAMOD_API int luaopen_io (lua_State *L) {
820   luaL_newlib(L, iolib);  /* new module */
821   createmeta(L);
822   /* create (and set) default files */
823   createstdfile(L, stdin, IO_INPUT, "stdin");
824   createstdfile(L, stdout, IO_OUTPUT, "stdout");
825   createstdfile(L, stderr, NULL, "stderr");
826   return 1;
827 }
828 
829