/*
* CDDL HEADER START
*
* The contents of this file are subject to the terms of the
* Common Development and Distribution License (the "License").
* You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
*
* You can obtain a copy of the license at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE
* or http://www.opensolaris.org/os/licensing.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions
* and limitations under the License.
*
* When distributing Covered Code, include this CDDL HEADER in each
* file and include the License file at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE.
* If applicable, add the following below this CDDL HEADER, with the
* fields enclosed by brackets "[]" replaced with your own identifying
* information: Portions Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
*
* CDDL HEADER END
*/
/*
* Copyright 2011 Nexenta Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
*/
/*
* Copyright 2006 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
* Use is subject to license terms.
*/
#pragma weak __cacos = cacos
/* INDENT OFF */
/*
* dcomplex cacos(dcomplex z);
*
* Alogrithm
* (based on T.E.Hull, Thomas F. Fairgrieve and Ping Tak Peter Tang's
* paper "Implementing the Complex Arcsine and Arccosine Functins Using
* Exception Handling", ACM TOMS, Vol 23, pp 299-335)
*
* The principal value of complex inverse cosine function cacos(z),
* where z = x+iy, can be defined by
*
* cacos(z) = acos(B) - i sign(y) log (A + sqrt(A*A-1)),
*
* where the log function is the natural log, and
* ____________ ____________
* 1 / 2 2 1 / 2 2
* A = --- / (x+1) + y + --- / (x-1) + y
* 2 \/ 2 \/
* ____________ ____________
* 1 / 2 2 1 / 2 2
* B = --- / (x+1) + y - --- / (x-1) + y .
* 2 \/ 2 \/
*
* The Branch cuts are on the real line from -inf to -1 and from 1 to inf.
* The real and imaginary parts are based on Abramowitz and Stegun
* [Handbook of Mathematic Functions, 1972]. The sign of the imaginary
* part is chosen to be the generally considered the principal value of
* this function.
*
* Notes:1. A is the average of the distances from z to the points (1,0)
* and (-1,0) in the complex z-plane, and in particular A>=1.
* 2. B is in [-1,1], and A*B = x
*
* Basic relations
* cacos(conj(z)) = conj(cacos(z))
* cacos(-z) = pi - cacos(z)
* cacos( z) = pi/2 - casin(z)
*
* Special cases (conform to ISO/IEC 9899:1999(E)):
* cacos(+-0 + i y ) = pi/2 - i y for y is +-0, +-inf, NaN
* cacos( x + i inf) = pi/2 - i inf for all x
* cacos( x + i NaN) = NaN + i NaN with invalid for non-zero finite x
* cacos(-inf + i y ) = pi - i inf for finite +y
* cacos( inf + i y ) = 0 - i inf for finite +y
* cacos(-inf + i inf) = 3pi/4- i inf
* cacos( inf + i inf) = pi/4 - i inf
* cacos(+-inf+ i NaN) = NaN - i inf (sign of imaginary is unspecified)
* cacos(NaN + i y ) = NaN + i NaN with invalid for finite y
* cacos(NaN + i inf) = NaN - i inf
* cacos(NaN + i NaN) = NaN + i NaN
*
* Special Regions (better formula for accuracy and for avoiding spurious
* overflow or underflow) (all x and y are assumed nonnegative):
* case 1: y = 0
* case 2: tiny y relative to x-1: y <= ulp(0.5)*|x-1|
* case 3: tiny y: y < 4 sqrt(u), where u = minimum normal number
* case 4: huge y relative to x+1: y >= (1+x)/ulp(0.5)
* case 5: huge x and y: x and y >= sqrt(M)/8, where M = maximum normal number
* case 6: tiny x: x < 4 sqrt(u)
* --------
* case 1 & 2. y=0 or y/|x-1| is tiny. We have
* ____________ _____________
* / 2 2 / y 2
* / (x+-1) + y = |x+-1| / 1 + (------)
* \/ \/ |x+-1|
*
* 1 y 2
* ~ |x+-1| ( 1 + --- (------) )
* 2 |x+-1|
*
* 2
* y
* = |x+-1| + --------.
* 2|x+-1|
*
* Consequently, it is not difficult to see that
* 2
* y
* [ 1 + ------------ , if x < 1,
* [ 2(1+x)(1-x)
* [
* [
* [ x, if x = 1 (y = 0),
* [
* A ~= [ 2
* [ x * y
* [ x + ------------ ~ x, if x > 1
* [ 2(x+1)(x-1)
*
* and hence
* ______ 2
* / 2 y y
* A + \/ A - 1 ~ 1 + ---------------- + -----------, if x < 1,
* sqrt((x+1)(1-x)) 2(x+1)(1-x)
*
*
* ~ x + sqrt((x-1)*(x+1)), if x >= 1.
*
* 2
* y
* [ x(1 - -----------) ~ x, if x < 1,
* [ 2(1+x)(1-x)
* B = x/A ~ [
* [ 1, if x = 1,
* [
* [ 2
* [ y
* [ 1 - ------------ , if x > 1,
* [ 2(x+1)(x-1)
* Thus
* [ acos(x) - i y/sqrt((x-1)*(x+1)), if x < 1,
* [
* cacos(x+i*y)~ [ 0 - i 0, if x = 1,
* [
* [ y/sqrt(x*x-1) - i log(x+sqrt(x*x-1)), if x > 1.
*
* Note: y/sqrt(x*x-1) ~ y/x when x >= 2**26.
* case 3. y < 4 sqrt(u), where u = minimum normal x.
* After case 1 and 2, this will only occurs when x=1. When x=1, we have
* A = (sqrt(4+y*y)+y)/2 ~ 1 + y/2 + y^2/8 + ...
* and
* B = 1/A = 1 - y/2 + y^2/8 + ...
* Since
* cos(sqrt(y)) ~ 1 - y/2 + ...
* we have, for the real part,
* acos(B) ~ acos(1 - y/2) ~ sqrt(y)
* For the imaginary part,
* log(A+sqrt(A*A-1)) ~ log(1+y/2+sqrt(2*y/2))
* = log(1+y/2+sqrt(y))
* = (y/2+sqrt(y)) - (y/2+sqrt(y))^2/2 + ...
* ~ sqrt(y) - y*(sqrt(y)+y/2)/2
* ~ sqrt(y)
*
* case 4. y >= (x+1)/ulp(0.5). In this case, A ~ y and B ~ x/y. Thus
* real part = acos(B) ~ pi/2
* and
* imag part = log(y+sqrt(y*y-one))
*
* case 5. Both x and y are large: x and y > sqrt(M)/8, where M = maximum x
* In this case,
* A ~ sqrt(x*x+y*y)
* B ~ x/sqrt(x*x+y*y).
* Thus
* real part = acos(B) = atan(y/x),
* imag part = log(A+sqrt(A*A-1)) ~ log(2A)
* = log(2) + 0.5*log(x*x+y*y)
* = log(2) + log(y) + 0.5*log(1+(x/y)^2)
*
* case 6. x < 4 sqrt(u). In this case, we have
* A ~ sqrt(1+y*y), B = x/sqrt(1+y*y).
* Since B is tiny, we have
* real part = acos(B) ~ pi/2
* imag part = log(A+sqrt(A*A-1)) = log (A+sqrt(y*y))
* = log(y+sqrt(1+y*y))
* = 0.5*log(y^2+2ysqrt(1+y^2)+1+y^2)
* = 0.5*log(1+2y(y+sqrt(1+y^2)));
* = 0.5*log1p(2y(y+A));
*
* cacos(z) = acos(B) - i sign(y) log (A + sqrt(A*A-1)),
*/
/* INDENT ON */
#include "libm.h"
#include "complex_wrapper.h"
/* INDENT OFF */
static const double
zero = 0.0,
one = 1.0,
E = 1.11022302462515654042e-16, /* 2**-53 */
ln2 = 6.93147180559945286227e-01,
pi = 3.1415926535897931159979634685,
pi_l = 1.224646799147353177e-16,
pi_2 = 1.570796326794896558e+00,
pi_2_l = 6.123233995736765886e-17,
pi_4 = 0.78539816339744827899949,
pi_4_l = 3.061616997868382943e-17,
pi3_4 = 2.356194490192344836998,
pi3_4_l = 9.184850993605148829195e-17,
Foursqrtu = 5.96667258496016539463e-154, /* 2**(-509) */
Acrossover = 1.5,
Bcrossover = 0.6417,
half = 0.5;
/* INDENT ON */
dcomplex
cacos(dcomplex z) {
double x, y, t, R, S, A, Am1, B, y2, xm1, xp1, Apx;
int ix, iy, hx, hy;
unsigned lx, ly;
dcomplex ans;
x = D_RE(z);
y = D_IM(z);
hx = HI_WORD(x);
lx = LO_WORD(x);
hy = HI_WORD(y);
ly = LO_WORD(y);
ix = hx & 0x7fffffff;
iy = hy & 0x7fffffff;
/* x is 0 */
if ((ix | lx) == 0) {
if (((iy | ly) == 0) || (iy >= 0x7ff00000)) {
D_RE(ans) = pi_2;
D_IM(ans) = -y;
return (ans);
}
}
/* |y| is inf or NaN */
if (iy >= 0x7ff00000) {
if (ISINF(iy, ly)) { /* cacos(x + i inf) = pi/2 - i inf */
D_IM(ans) = -y;
if (ix < 0x7ff00000) {
D_RE(ans) = pi_2 + pi_2_l;
} else if (ISINF(ix, lx)) {
if (hx >= 0)
D_RE(ans) = pi_4 + pi_4_l;
else
D_RE(ans) = pi3_4 + pi3_4_l;
} else {
D_RE(ans) = x;
}
} else { /* cacos(x + i NaN) = NaN + i NaN */
D_RE(ans) = y + x;
if (ISINF(ix, lx))
D_IM(ans) = -fabs(x);
else
D_IM(ans) = y;
}
return (ans);
}
x = fabs(x);
y = fabs(y);
/* x is inf or NaN */
if (ix >= 0x7ff00000) { /* x is inf or NaN */
if (ISINF(ix, lx)) { /* x is INF */
D_IM(ans) = -x;
if (iy >= 0x7ff00000) {
if (ISINF(iy, ly)) {
/* INDENT OFF */
/* cacos(inf + i inf) = pi/4 - i inf */
/* cacos(-inf+ i inf) =3pi/4 - i inf */
/* INDENT ON */
if (hx >= 0)
D_RE(ans) = pi_4 + pi_4_l;
else
D_RE(ans) = pi3_4 + pi3_4_l;
} else
/* INDENT OFF */
/* cacos(inf + i NaN) = NaN - i inf */
/* INDENT ON */
D_RE(ans) = y + y;
} else
/* INDENT OFF */
/* cacos(inf + iy ) = 0 - i inf */
/* cacos(-inf+ iy ) = pi - i inf */
/* INDENT ON */
if (hx >= 0)
D_RE(ans) = zero;
else
D_RE(ans) = pi + pi_l;
} else { /* x is NaN */
/* INDENT OFF */
/*
* cacos(NaN + i inf) = NaN - i inf
* cacos(NaN + i y ) = NaN + i NaN
* cacos(NaN + i NaN) = NaN + i NaN
*/
/* INDENT ON */
D_RE(ans) = x + y;
if (iy >= 0x7ff00000) {
D_IM(ans) = -y;
} else {
D_IM(ans) = x;
}
}
if (hy < 0)
D_IM(ans) = -D_IM(ans);
return (ans);
}
if ((iy | ly) == 0) { /* region 1: y=0 */
if (ix < 0x3ff00000) { /* |x| < 1 */
D_RE(ans) = acos(x);
D_IM(ans) = zero;
} else {
D_RE(ans) = zero;
if (ix >= 0x43500000) /* |x| >= 2**54 */
D_IM(ans) = ln2 + log(x);
else if (ix >= 0x3ff80000) /* x > Acrossover */
D_IM(ans) = log(x + sqrt((x - one) * (x +
one)));
else {
xm1 = x - one;
D_IM(ans) = log1p(xm1 + sqrt(xm1 * (x + one)));
}
}
} else if (y <= E * fabs(x - one)) { /* region 2: y < tiny*|x-1| */
if (ix < 0x3ff00000) { /* x < 1 */
D_RE(ans) = acos(x);
D_IM(ans) = y / sqrt((one + x) * (one - x));
} else if (ix >= 0x43500000) { /* |x| >= 2**54 */
D_RE(ans) = y / x;
D_IM(ans) = ln2 + log(x);
} else {
t = sqrt((x - one) * (x + one));
D_RE(ans) = y / t;
if (ix >= 0x3ff80000) /* x > Acrossover */
D_IM(ans) = log(x + t);
else
D_IM(ans) = log1p((x - one) + t);
}
} else if (y < Foursqrtu) { /* region 3 */
t = sqrt(y);
D_RE(ans) = t;
D_IM(ans) = t;
} else if (E * y - one >= x) { /* region 4 */
D_RE(ans) = pi_2;
D_IM(ans) = ln2 + log(y);
} else if (ix >= 0x5fc00000 || iy >= 0x5fc00000) { /* x,y>2**509 */
/* region 5: x+1 or y is very large (>= sqrt(max)/8) */
t = x / y;
D_RE(ans) = atan(y / x);
D_IM(ans) = ln2 + log(y) + half * log1p(t * t);
} else if (x < Foursqrtu) {
/* region 6: x is very small, < 4sqrt(min) */
D_RE(ans) = pi_2;
A = sqrt(one + y * y);
if (iy >= 0x3ff80000) /* if y > Acrossover */
D_IM(ans) = log(y + A);
else
D_IM(ans) = half * log1p((y + y) * (y + A));
} else { /* safe region */
y2 = y * y;
xp1 = x + one;
xm1 = x - one;
R = sqrt(xp1 * xp1 + y2);
S = sqrt(xm1 * xm1 + y2);
A = half * (R + S);
B = x / A;
if (B <= Bcrossover)
D_RE(ans) = acos(B);
else { /* use atan and an accurate approx to a-x */
Apx = A + x;
if (x <= one)
D_RE(ans) = atan(sqrt(half * Apx * (y2 / (R +
xp1) + (S - xm1))) / x);
else
D_RE(ans) = atan((y * sqrt(half * (Apx / (R +
xp1) + Apx / (S + xm1)))) / x);
}
if (A <= Acrossover) {
/* use log1p and an accurate approx to A-1 */
if (x < one)
Am1 = half * (y2 / (R + xp1) + y2 / (S - xm1));
else
Am1 = half * (y2 / (R + xp1) + (S + xm1));
D_IM(ans) = log1p(Am1 + sqrt(Am1 * (A + one)));
} else {
D_IM(ans) = log(A + sqrt(A * A - one));
}
}
if (hx < 0)
D_RE(ans) = pi - D_RE(ans);
if (hy >= 0)
D_IM(ans) = -D_IM(ans);
return (ans);
}