'\" te
.\" Copyright (c) 2013 Gary Mills
.\" Copyright (c) 2004, Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
.\" Copyright 1989 AT&T
.\" The contents of this file are subject to the terms of the Common Development and Distribution License (the "License").  You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
.\" You can obtain a copy of the license at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE or http://www.opensolaris.org/os/licensing.  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
.\" When distributing Covered Code, include this CDDL HEADER in each file and include the License file at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE.  If applicable, add the following below this CDDL HEADER, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]" replaced with your own identifying information: Portions Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
.TH PASSWD 4 "Apr 16, 2013"
.SH NAME
passwd \- password file
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
.nf
\fB/etc/passwd\fR
.fi

.SH DESCRIPTION
.sp
.LP
The file \fB/etc/passwd\fR is a local source of information about users'
accounts. The password file can be used in conjunction with other naming
sources, such as the \fBNIS\fR maps \fBpasswd.byname\fR and \fBpasswd.bygid\fR,
data from the \fBNIS+\fR \fBpasswd\fR table, or password data stored on an LDAP
server. Programs use the \fBgetpwnam\fR(3C) routines to access this
information.
.sp
.LP
Each \fBpasswd\fR entry is a single line of the form:
.sp
.in +2
.nf
\fIusername\fR\fB:\fR\fIpassword\fR\fB:\fR\fIuid\fR\fB:\fR
\fIgid\fR\fB:\fR\fIgcos-field\fR\fB:\fR\fIhome-dir\fR\fB:\fR
\fIlogin-shell\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.sp
.LP
where
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fIusername\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 15n
is the user's login name.
.sp
The login (\fBlogin\fR) and role (\fBrole\fR) fields accept a string of no more
than 32 bytes consisting of characters from the set of alphabetic
characters, numeric characters, period (\fB\&.\fR), underscore (\fB_\fR), and
hyphen (\fB-\fR). The first character should be alphabetic and the field should
contain at least one lower case alphabetic character. A warning message is
displayed if these restrictions are not met.
.sp
The \fBlogin\fR and \fBrole\fR fields must contain at least one character and
must not contain a colon (\fB:\fR) or a newline (\fB\en\fR).
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fIpassword\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 15n
is an empty field. The encrypted password for the user is in the corresponding
entry in the \fB/etc/shadow\fR file. \fBpwconv\fR(1M) relies on a special value
of '\fBx\fR' in the password field of \fB/etc/passwd\fR. If this value
of '\fBx\fR' exists in the password field of \fB/etc/passwd\fR, this indicates
that the password for the user is already in \fB/etc/shadow\fR and should not
be modified.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fIuid\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 15n
is the user's unique numerical \fBID\fR for the system.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fIgid\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 15n
is the unique numerical \fBID\fR of the group that the user belongs to.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fIgcos-field\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 15n
is the user's real name, along with information to pass along in a mail-message
heading. (It is called the gcos-field for historical reasons.) An ``\fB&\fR\&''
(ampersand) in this field stands for the login name (in cases where the login
name appears in a user's real name).
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fIhome-dir\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 15n
is the pathname to the directory in which the user is initially positioned upon
logging in.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fIlogin-shell\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 15n
is the user's initial shell program. If this field is empty, the default shell
is \fB/usr/bin/sh\fR.
.RE

.sp
.LP
The maximum value of the \fIuid\fR and \fIgid\fR fields is \fB2147483647\fR. To
maximize interoperability and compatibility, administrators are recommended to
assign users a range of \fBUID\fRs and \fBGID\fRs below \fB60000\fR where
possible. (\fBUID\fRs from \fB0\fR-\fB99\fR inclusive are reserved by the
operating system vendor for use in future applications. Their use by end system
users or vendors of layered products is not supported and may cause security
related issues with future applications.)
.sp
.LP
The password file is an \fBASCII\fR file that resides in the \fB/etc\fR
directory. Because the encrypted passwords on a secure system are always kept
in the \fBshadow\fR file, \fB/etc/passwd\fR has general read permission on all
systems and can be used by routines that map between numerical user \fBID\fRs
and user names.
.sp
.LP
Blank lines are treated as malformed entries in the \fBpasswd\fR file and cause
consumers of the file , such as \fBgetpwnam\fR(3C), to fail.
.sp
.LP
The password file can contain entries beginning with a `+' (plus sign) or '-'
(minus sign) to selectively incorporate entries from another naming service
source, such as NIS, NIS+, or LDAP.
.sp
.LP
A line beginning with a '+' means to incorporate entries from the naming
service source. There are three styles of the '+' entries in this file. A
single + means to insert all the entries from the alternate naming service
source at that point, while a +\fIname\fR means to insert the specific entry,
if one exists, from the naming service source. A +@\fInetgroup\fR means to
insert the entries for all members of the network group \fInetgroup\fR from the
alternate naming service. If a +\fIname\fR entry has a non-null \fBpassword\fR,
\fIgcos\fR, \fIhome-dir\fR, or \fIlogin-shell\fR field, the value of that field
overrides what is contained in the alternate naming service. The \fIuid\fR and
\fIgid\fR fields cannot be overridden.
.sp
.LP
A line beginning with a `\(mi' means to disallow entries from the alternate
naming service. There are two styles of `-` entries in this file. -\fIname\fR
means to disallow any subsequent entries (if any) for \fIname\fR (in this file
or in a naming service), and -@\fInetgroup\fR means to disallow any subsequent
entries for all members of the network group \fInetgroup\fR.
.sp
.LP
This is also supported by specifying ``passwd : compat'' in
\fBnsswitch.conf\fR(4). The "compat" source might not be supported in future
releases. The preferred sources are \fBfiles\fR followed by the identifier of a
name service, such as \fBnis\fR or \fBldap\fR. This has the effect of
incorporating the entire contents of the naming service's \fBpasswd\fR database
or password-related information after the \fBpasswd\fR file.
.sp
.LP
Note that in compat mode, for every \fB/etc/passwd\fR entry, there must be a
corresponding entry in the \fB/etc/shadow\fR file.
.sp
.LP
Appropriate precautions must be taken to lock the \fB/etc/passwd\fR file
against simultaneous changes if it is to be edited with a text editor;
\fBvipw\fR(1B) does the necessary locking.
.SH EXAMPLES
.LP
\fBExample 1 \fRSample \fBpasswd\fR File
.sp
.LP
The following is a sample \fBpasswd\fR file:

.sp
.in +2
.nf
root:x:0:1:Super-User:/:/sbin/sh
fred:6k/7KCFRPNVXg:508:10:& Fredericks:/usr2/fred:/bin/csh
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.sp
.LP
and the sample password entry from \fBnsswitch.conf\fR:

.sp
.in +2
.nf
passwd: files ldap
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.sp
.LP
In this example, there are specific entries for users \fBroot\fR and \fBfred\fR
to assure that they can login even when the system is running single-user. In
addition, anyone whose password information is stored on an LDAP server will be
able to login with their usual password, shell, and home directory.

.sp
.LP
If the password file is:

.sp
.in +2
.nf
root:x:0:1:Super-User:/:/sbin/sh
fred:6k/7KCFRPNVXg:508:10:& Fredericks:/usr2/fred:/bin/csh
+
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.sp
.LP
and the password entry in \fBnsswitch.conf\fR is:

.sp
.in +2
.nf
passwd: compat
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.sp
.LP
then all the entries listed in the \fBNIS\fR \fBpasswd.byuid\fR and
\fBpasswd.byname\fR maps will be effectively incorporated after the entries for
\fBroot\fR and \fBfred\fR. If the password entry in \fBnsswitch.conf\fR is:

.sp
.in +2
.nf
passwd_compat: ldap
passwd: compat
.fi
.in -2

.sp
.LP
then all password-related entries stored on the LDAP server will be
incorporated after the entries for \fBroot\fR and \fBfred\fR.

.sp
.LP
The following is a sample \fBpasswd\fR file when \fBshadow\fR does not exist:

.sp
.in +2
.nf
root:q.mJzTnu8icf.:0:1:Super-User:/:/sbin/sh
fred:6k/7KCFRPNVXg:508:10:& Fredericks:/usr2/fred:/bin/csh
+john:
+@documentation:no-login:
+::::Guest
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.sp
.LP
The following is a sample \fBpasswd\fR file when \fBshadow\fR does exist:

.sp
.in +2
.nf
root:##root:0:1:Super-User:/:/sbin/sh
fred:##fred:508:10:& Fredericks:/usr2/fred:/bin/csh
+john:
+@documentation:no-login:
+::::Guest
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.sp
.LP
In this example, there are specific entries for users \fBroot\fR and
\fBfred\fR, to assure that they can log in even when the system is running
standalone. The user \fBjohn\fR will have his password entry in the naming
service source incorporated without change, anyone in the netgroup
\fBdocumentation\fR will have their password field disabled, and anyone else
will be able to log in with their usual password, shell, and home directory,
but with a \fIgcos\fR field of \fBGuest\fR

.SH FILES
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB/etc/nsswitch.conf\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 22n

.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB/etc/passwd\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 22n

.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB/etc/shadow\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 22n

.RE

.SH SEE ALSO
.sp
.LP
\fBchgrp\fR(1), \fBchown\fR(1), \fBfinger\fR(1), \fBgroups\fR(1),
\fBlogin\fR(1), \fBnewgrp\fR(1), \fBnispasswd\fR(1), \fBpasswd\fR(1),
\fBsh\fR(1), \fBsort\fR(1), \fBdomainname\fR(1M), \fBgetent\fR(1M),
\fBin.ftpd\fR(1M), \fBpassmgmt\fR(1M), \fBpwck\fR(1M), \fBpwconv\fR(1M),
\fBsu\fR(1M), \fBuseradd\fR(1M), \fBuserdel\fR(1M), \fBusermod\fR(1M),
\fBa64l\fR(3C), \fBcrypt\fR(3C), \fBgetpw\fR(3C), \fBgetpwnam\fR(3C),
\fBgetspnam\fR(3C), \fBputpwent\fR(3C), \fBgroup\fR(4), \fBhosts.equiv\fR(4),
\fBnsswitch.conf\fR(4), \fBshadow\fR(4), \fBenviron\fR(5),
\fBunistd.h\fR(3HEAD)
.sp
.LP
\fISystem Administration Guide: Basic Administration\fR