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If applicable, add the following below this CDDL HEADER, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]" replaced with your own identifying information: Portions Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner] .TH NSSWITCH.CONF 4 "Nov 6, 2008" .SH NAME nsswitch.conf \- configuration file for the name service switch .SH SYNOPSIS .LP .nf \fB/etc/nsswitch.conf\fR .fi .SH DESCRIPTION .sp .LP The operating system uses a number of databases of information about hosts, ipnodes, users (\fBpasswd\fR(4), \fBshadow\fR(4), and \fBuser_attr\fR(4)), and groups. Data for these can come from a variety of sources: hostnames and host addresses, for example, can be found in \fB/etc/hosts\fR, \fBNIS\fR, \fBNIS+\fR, \fBLDAP\fR, \fBDNS\fR or Multicast \fBDNS\fR. Zero or more sources can be used for each database; the sources and their lookup order are specified in the \fB/etc/nsswitch.conf\fR file. .sp .LP The following databases use the \fBswitch\fR file: .sp .sp .TS c c l l . Database Used By \fBaliases\fR \fBsendmail\fR(1M) \fBauth_attr\fR \fBgetauthnam\fR(3SECDB) \fBautomount\fR \fBautomount\fR(1M) \fBbootparams\fR \fBrpc.bootparamd\fR(1M) \fBethers\fR \fBethers\fR(3SOCKET) \fBgroup\fR \fBgetgrnam\fR(3C) \fBhosts\fR T{ \fBgethostbyname\fR(3NSL), \fBgetaddrinfo\fR(3SOCKET). See \fBInteraction with netconfig\fR. T} \fBipnodes\fR Same as \fBhosts\fR. \fBnetgroup\fR \fBinnetgr\fR(3C) \fBnetmasks\fR \fBifconfig\fR(1M) \fBnetworks\fR \fBgetnetbyname\fR(3SOCKET) \fBpasswd\fR T{ \fBgetpwnam\fR(3C), \fBgetspnam\fR(3C), \fBgetauusernam\fR(3BSM), \fBgetusernam\fR(3SECDB) T} \fBprinters\fR T{ \fBlp\fR(1), \fBlpstat\fR(1), \fBcancel\fR(1), \fBlpr\fR(1B), \fBlpq\fR(1B), \fBlprm\fR(1B), \fBin.lpd\fR(1M), \fBlpadmin\fR(1M), \fBlpget\fR(1M), \fBlpset\fR(1M) T} \fBprof_attr\fR \fBgetprofnam\fR(3SECDB), \fBgetexecprof\fR(3SECDB) \fBproject\fR T{ \fBgetprojent\fR(3PROJECT), \fBgetdefaultproj\fR(3PROJECT), \fBinproj\fR(3PROJECT), \fBnewtask\fR(1), \fBsetproject\fR(3PROJECT) T} \fBprotocols\fR \fBgetprotobyname\fR(3SOCKET) \fBpublickey\fR \fBgetpublickey\fR(3NSL), \fBsecure_rpc\fR(3NSL) \fBrpc\fR \fBgetrpcbyname\fR(3NSL) \fBservices\fR \fBgetservbyname\fR(3SOCKET). See \fBInteraction with netconfig\fR. \fBuser_attr\fR \fBgetuserattr\fR(3SECDB) .TE .sp .LP The following sources can be used: .sp .sp .TS c c l l . Source Uses \fBfiles\fR T{ \fB/etc/hosts\fR, \fB/etc/passwd\fR, \fB/etc/inet/ipnodes\fR, \fB/etc/shadow\fR, \fB/etc/security/auth_attr\fR, \fB/etc/user_attr\fR T} \fBnis\fR \fBNIS\fR(\fBYP\fR) \fBnisplus\fR \fBNIS+\fR \fBldap\fR \fBLDAP\fR \fBad\fR Active Directory \fBdns\fR T{ Valid only for hosts and ipnodes. Uses the Internet Domain Name Service. T} \fBmdns\fR T{ Valid only for hosts and ipnodes. Uses the Multicast Domain Name Service. T} \fBcompat\fR T{ Valid only for \fBpasswd\fR and \fBgroup\fR. Implements \fB+\fR and \fB-.\fR See \fBInteraction with +/- syntax\fR. T} \fBuser\fR T{ Valid only for printers. Implements support for \fB${HOME}/.printers\fR. T} .TE .sp .LP Note that \fB/etc/inet/ipnodes\fR is a symbolic link to \fB/etc/hosts\fR. .sp .LP There is an entry in \fB/etc/nsswitch.conf\fR for each database. Typically these entries are simple, such as \fBprotocols: files\fR or \fBnetworks: files nisplus\fR. However, when multiple sources are specified, it is sometimes necessary to define precisely the circumstances under which each source is tried. A source can return one of the following codes: .sp .sp .TS c c l l . Status Meaning \fBSUCCESS\fR Requested database entry was found. \fBUNAVAIL\fR T{ Source is not configured on this system or internal failure. T} \fBNOTFOUND\fR Source responded "\fBno such entry\fR" \fBTRYAGAIN\fR T{ Source is busy or not responding, might respond to retries. T} .TE .sp .LP For each status code, two actions are possible: .sp .sp .TS c c l l . Action Meaning \fBcontinue\fR Try the next source in the list. \fBreturn\fR Return now. .TE .sp .LP Additionally, for \fBTRYAGAIN\fR only, the following actions are possible: .sp .sp .TS c c l l . Action Meaning \fBforever\fR Retry the current source forever. \fIn\fR T{ Retry the current source \fIn\fR more times, where \fIn\fR is an integer between \fB0\fR and \fBMAX_INT\fR (that is, 2.14 billion). After \fIn\fR retries has been exhausted, the \fBTRYAGAIN\fR action transitions to \fBcontinue\fR, until a future request receives a response, at which time \fBTRYAGAIN\fR=\fIn\fR is restored. T} .TE .sp .LP The complete syntax of an entry is: .sp .in +2 .nf ::= ":" [ []]* ::= "[" + "]" ::= "=" ::= "success" | "notfound" | "unavail" | "tryagain" .fi .in -2 .sp .LP For every status except \fBTRYAGAIN\fR, the action syntax is: .sp .in +2 .nf ::= "return" | "continue" .fi .in -2 .sp .LP For the \fBTRYAGAIN\fR status, the action syntax is: .sp .in +2 .nf ::= "return" | "continue" | "forever" | ::= 0...MAX_INT .fi .in -2 .sp .LP Each entry occupies a single line in the file. Lines that are blank, or that start with white space, are ignored. Everything on a line following a \fB#\fR character is also ignored; the \fB#\fR character can begin anywhere in a line, to be used to begin comments. The and names are case-sensitive, but and names are case-insensitive. .sp .LP The library functions contain compiled-in default entries that are used if the appropriate entry in \fBnsswitch.conf\fR is absent or syntactically incorrect. .sp .LP The default criteria for \fBDNS\fR and the \fBNIS\fR server in "DNS-forwarding mode" is [\fBSUCCESS\fR=return \fBNOTFOUND\fR=continue \fBUNAVAIL\fR=continue \fBTRYAGAIN\fR=3]. .sp .LP The default criteria for all other sources is [\fBSUCCESS\fR=return \fBNOTFOUND\fR=continue \fBUNAVAIL\fR=continue \fBTRYAGAIN\fR=forever]. .sp .LP The default, or explicitly specified, criteria are meaningless following the last source in an entry; and they are ignored, since the action is always to return to the caller irrespective of the status code the source returns. .SS "Interaction with \fBnetconfig\fR" .sp .LP In order to ensure that they all return consistent results, \fBgethostbyname\fR(3NSL), \fBgetaddrinfo\fR(3SOCKET), \fBgetservbyname\fR(3SOCKET), and \fBnetdir_getbyname\fR(3NSL) functions are all implemented in terms of the same internal library function. This function obtains the system-wide source lookup policy for \fBhosts\fR, \fBipnodes\fR, and \fBservices\fR based on the \fBinet\fR family entries in \fBnetconfig\fR(4) and uses the switch entries only if the \fBnetconfig\fR entries have a \fB-\fR (hyphen) in the last column for \fBnametoaddr\fR libraries. See the Notes section in \fBgethostbyname\fR(3NSL) and \fBgetservbyname\fR(3SOCKET) for details. .SS "YP-compatibility Mode" .sp .LP The \fBNIS+\fR server can be run in YP-compatibility mode, where it handles \fBNIS (YP)\fR requests as well as \fBNIS+\fR requests. In this case, the clients get much the same results (except for \fBgetspnam\fR(3C)) from the \fBnis\fR source as from \fBnisplus\fR; however, \fBnisplus\fR is recommended instead of \fBnis\fR. .SS "Interaction with server in DNS-forwarding Mode" .sp .LP The \fBNIS\fR (\fBYP\fR) server can be run in DNS-forwarding mode, where it forwards lookup requests to \fBDNS\fR for host-names and -addresses that do not exist in its database. In this case, specifying \fBnis\fR as a source for \fBhosts\fR is sufficient to get \fBDNS\fR lookups; \fBdns\fR need not be specified explicitly as a source. .sp .LP In SunOS 5.3 (Solaris 2.3) and compatible versions, the \fBNIS+\fR server in NIS/YP-compatibility mode can also be run in DNS-forwarding mode (see \fBrpc.nisd\fR(1M)). Forwarding is effective only for requests originating from its YP clients; \fBhosts\fR policy on these clients should be configured appropriately. .SS "Interaction with Password Aging" .sp .LP When password aging is turned on, only a limited set of possible name services are permitted for the \fBpasswd\fR: database in the \fB/etc/nsswitch.conf\fR file: .sp .ne 2 .na \fBpasswd:\fR .ad .RS 18n files .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBpasswd:\fR .ad .RS 18n files nis .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBpasswd:\fR .ad .RS 18n files nisplus .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBpasswd:\fR .ad .RS 18n files ldap .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBpasswd:\fR .ad .RS 18n compat .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBpasswd_compat:\fR .ad .RS 18n nisplus .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBpasswd_compat:\fR .ad .RS 18n ldap .RE .sp .LP You can add the \fBad\fR keyword to any of the \fBpasswd\fR configurations listed above. However, you cannot use the \fBpasswd\fR command to change the password of an Active Directory (AD) user. If the \fBad\fR keyword is found in the \fBpasswd\fR entry during a password update operation, it is ignored. To update the password of an AD user, use the \fBkpasswd\fR(1) command. .sp .LP Any other settings causes the \fBpasswd\fR(1) command to fail when it attempts to change the password after expiration and prevents the user from logging in. These are the \fBonly\fR permitted settings when password aging has been turned on. Otherwise, you can work around incorrect \fBpasswd\fR: lines by using the \fB-r repository\fR argument to the \fBpasswd\fR(1) command and using \fBpasswd -r repository\fR to override the \fBnsswitch.conf\fR settings and specify in which name service you want to modify your password. .SS "Interaction with +/- syntax" .sp .LP Releases prior to SunOS 5.0 did not have the name service switch but did allow the user some policy control. In \fB/etc/passwd\fR one could have entries of the form \fI+user\fR (include the specified user from \fBNIS\fR passwd.byname), \fI-user\fR (exclude the specified user) and \fB+\fR (include everything, except excluded users, from \fBNIS\fR passwd.byname). The desired behavior was often \fBeverything in the file followed by everything in NIS\fR, expressed by a solitary \fB+\fR at the end of \fB/etc/passwd\fR. The switch provides an alternative for this case (\fBpasswd: files nis\fR) that does not require \fB+\fR entries in \fB/etc/passwd\fR and \fB/etc/shadow\fR (the latter is a new addition to SunOS 5.0, see \fBshadow\fR(4)). .sp .LP If this is not sufficient, the \fBNIS/YP\fR compatibility source provides full +/- semantics. It reads \fB/etc/passwd\fR for \fBgetpwnam\fR(3C) functions and \fB/etc/shadow\fR for \fBgetspnam\fR(3C) functions and, if it finds +/- entries, invokes an appropriate source. By default, the source is \fBnis\fR, but this can be overridden by specifying \fBnisplus\fR or \fBldap\fR as the source for the pseudo-database \fBpasswd_compat\fR. .sp .LP Note that in compat mode, for every \fB/etc/passwd\fR entry, there must be a corresponding entry in the \fB/etc/shadow\fR file. .sp .LP The NIS/YP compatibility source also provides full +/- semantics for \fBgroup\fR; the relevant pseudo-database is \fBgroup_compat\fR. .SS "Useful Configurations" .sp .LP The compiled-in default entries for all databases use \fBNIS (YP)\fR as the enterprise level name service and are identical to those in the default configuration of this file: .sp .ne 2 .na \fBpasswd:\fR .ad .RS 15n files nis .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBgroup:\fR .ad .RS 15n files nis .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBhosts:\fR .ad .RS 15n nis [NOTFOUND=return] files .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBipnodes:\fR .ad .RS 15n nis [NOTFOUND=return] files .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBnetworks:\fR .ad .RS 15n nis [NOTFOUND=return] files .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBprotocols:\fR .ad .RS 15n nis [NOTFOUND=return] files .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBrpc:\fR .ad .RS 15n nis [NOTFOUND=return] files .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBethers:\fR .ad .RS 15n nis [NOTFOUND=return] files .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBnetmasks:\fR .ad .RS 15n nis [NOTFOUND=return] files .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBbootparams:\fR .ad .RS 15n nis [NOTFOUND=return] files .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBpublickey:\fR .ad .RS 15n nis [NOTFOUND=return] files .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBnetgroup:\fR .ad .RS 15n nis .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBautomount:\fR .ad .RS 15n files nis .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBaliases:\fR .ad .RS 15n files nis .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBservices:\fR .ad .RS 15n files nis .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBprinters:\fR .ad .RS 15n user files nis nisplus .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBauth_attr\fR .ad .RS 15n files nis .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBprof_attr\fR .ad .RS 15n files nis .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBproject\fR .ad .RS 15n files nis .RE .sp .LP Note that the \fBfiles\fR source for the \fBipnodes\fR and \fBhosts\fR databases is identical, as \fB/etc/inet/ipnodes\fR is a symbolic link to \fB/etc/hosts\fR. Because other sources for the \fBipnodes\fR and \fBhosts\fR databases are different, do not remove the \fBipnodes\fR line from the \fB/etc/nsswitch.conf\fR file. .sp .LP The policy \fBnis [NOTFOUND=return] files\fR implies: if \fBnis\fR is \fBUNAVAIL\fR, continue on to \fBfiles\fR, and if \fBnis\fR returns \fBNOTFOUND\fR, return to the caller. In other words, treat \fBnis\fR as the authoritative source of information and try \fBfiles\fR only if \fBnis\fR is down. This, and other policies listed in the default configuration above, are identical to the hard-wired policies in SunOS releases prior to 5.0. .sp .LP If compatibility with the +/- syntax for \fBpasswd\fR and \fBgroup\fR is required, simply modify the entries for \fBpasswd\fR and \fBgroup\fR to: .sp .ne 2 .na \fBpasswd:\fR .ad .RS 11n compat .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBgroup:\fR .ad .RS 11n compat .RE .sp .LP If \fBNIS+\fR is the enterprise level name service, the default configuration should be modified to use \fBnisplus\fR instead of \fBnis\fR for every database on client machines. The file \fB/etc/nsswitch.nisplus\fR contains a sample configuration that can be copied to \fB/etc/nsswitch.conf\fR to set this policy. .sp .LP If \fBLDAP\fR is the enterprise level name service, the default configuration should be modified to use \fBldap\fR instead of \fBnis\fR for every database on client machines. The file \fB/etc/nsswitch.ldap\fR contains a sample configuration that can be copied to \fB/etc/nsswitch.conf\fR to set this policy. .sp .LP When using Active Directory, \fBdns\fR is required to perform hosts resolution. .sp .LP If the use of +/- syntax is desired in conjunction with \fBnisplus\fR, use the following four entries: .sp .ne 2 .na \fBpasswd:\fR .ad .RS 18n compat .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBpasswd_compat:\fR .ad .RS 18n nisplus OR ldap .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBgroup:\fR .ad .RS 18n compat .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fBgroup_compat:\fR .ad .RS 18n nisplus OR ldap .RE .sp .LP In order to get information from the Internet Domain Name Service for hosts that are not listed in the enterprise level name service, \fBNIS+\fR or \fBLDAP\fR, use the following configuration and set up the \fB/etc/resolv.conf\fR file (see \fBresolv.conf\fR(4) for more details): .sp .ne 2 .na \fBhosts:\fR .ad .RS 10n nisplus dns [NOTFOUND=return] files .RE .sp .LP or .sp .ne 2 .na \fBhosts:\fR .ad .RS 10n ldap dns [NOTFOUND=return] files .RE .SS "Enumeration - \fBgetXXXent()\fR" .sp .LP Many of the databases have enumeration functions: \fBpasswd\fR has \fBgetpwent()\fR, \fBhosts\fR has \fBgethostent()\fR, and so on. These were reasonable when the only source was \fBfiles\fR but often make little sense for hierarchically structured sources that contain large numbers of entries, much less for multiple sources. The interfaces are still provided and the implementations strive to provide reasonable results, but the data returned can be incomplete (enumeration for \fBhosts\fR is simply not supported by the \fBdns\fR source), inconsistent (if multiple sources are used), formatted in an unexpected fashion (for a host with a canonical name and three aliases, the \fBnisplus\fR source returns four hostents, and they might not be consecutive), or very expensive (enumerating a \fBpasswd\fR database of 5,000 users is probably a bad idea). Furthermore, multiple threads in the same process using the same reentrant enumeration function (\fBgetXXXent_r()\fR are supported beginning with SunOS 5.3) share the same enumeration position; if they interleave calls, they enumerate disjoint subsets of the same database. .sp .LP In general, the use of the enumeration functions is deprecated. In the case of \fBpasswd\fR, \fBshadow\fR, and \fBgroup\fR, it might sometimes be appropriate to use \fBfgetgrent()\fR, \fBfgetpwent()\fR, and \fBfgetspent()\fR (see \fBgetgrnam\fR(3C), \fBgetpwnam\fR(3C), and \fBgetspnam\fR(3C), respectively), which use only the \fBfiles\fR source. .SH FILES .sp .LP A source named SSS is implemented by a shared object named \fBnss_SSS.so.1\fR that resides in \fB/usr/lib\fR. .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB/etc/nsswitch.conf\fR\fR .ad .RS 29n Configuration file. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB/usr/lib/nss_compat.so.1\fR\fR .ad .RS 29n Implements \fBcompat\fR source. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB/usr/lib/nss_dns.so.1\fR\fR .ad .RS 29n Implements \fBdns\fR source. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB/usr/lib/nss_files.so.1\fR\fR .ad .RS 29n Implements \fBfiles\fR source. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB/usr/lib/nss_mdns.so.1\fR\fR .ad .RS 29n Implements \fBmdns\fR source. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB/usr/lib/nss_nis.so.1\fR\fR .ad .RS 29n Implements \fBnis\fR source. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB/usr/lib/nss_nisplus.so.1\fR\fR .ad .RS 29n Implements \fBnisplus\fR source. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB/usr/lib/nss_ldap.so.1\fR\fR .ad .RS 29n Implements \fBldap\fR source. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB/usr/lib/nss_ad.so.1\fR\fR .ad .RS 29n Implements ad source. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB/usr/lib/nss_user.so.1\fR\fR .ad .RS 29n Implements \fBuser\fR source. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB/etc/netconfig\fR\fR .ad .RS 29n Configuration file for \fBnetdir\fR(3NSL) functions that redirects hosts/devices policy to the switch. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB/etc/nsswitch.files\fR\fR .ad .RS 29n Sample configuration file that uses \fBfiles\fR only. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB/etc/nsswitch.nis\fR\fR .ad .RS 29n Sample configuration file that uses \fBfiles\fR and \fBnis\fR. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB/etc/nsswitch.nisplus\fR\fR .ad .RS 29n Sample configuration file that uses \fBfiles\fR and \fBnisplus\fR. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB/etc/nsswitch.ldap\fR\fR .ad .RS 29n Sample configuration file that uses \fBfiles\fR and \fBldap\fR. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB/etc/nsswitch.ad\fR\fR .ad .RS 29n Sample configuration file that uses \fBfiles\fR and \fBad\fR. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB/etc/nsswitch.dns\fR\fR .ad .RS 29n Sample configuration file that uses \fBfiles\fR, \fBdns\fR and \fBmdns\fR (\fBdns\fR and \fBmdns\fR only for hosts). .RE .SH SEE ALSO .sp .LP \fBkpasswd\fR(1), \fBldap\fR(1), \fBnewtask\fR(1), \fBNIS+\fR(1), \fBpasswd\fR(1), \fBautomount\fR(1M), \fBifconfig\fR(1M), \fBmdnsd\fR(1M), \fBrpc.bootparamd\fR(1M), \fBrpc.nisd\fR(1M), \fBsendmail\fR(1M), \fBgetauusernam\fR(3BSM), \fBgetgrnam\fR(3C), \fBgetnetgrent\fR(3C), \fBgetpwnam\fR(3C), \fBgetspnam\fR(3C), \fBgethostbyname\fR(3NSL), \fBgetpublickey\fR(3NSL), \fBgetrpcbyname\fR(3NSL), \fBnetdir\fR(3NSL), \fBsecure_rpc\fR(3NSL), \fBgetprojent\fR(3PROJECT), \fBgetdefaultproj\fR(3PROJECT), \fBinproj\fR(3PROJECT), \fBsetproject\fR(3PROJECT), \fBgetauthnam\fR(3SECDB), \fBgetexecprof\fR(3SECDB), \fBgetprofnam\fR(3SECDB), \fBgetuserattr\fR(3SECDB), \fBgetusernam\fR(3SECDB), \fBethers\fR(3SOCKET), \fBgetaddrinfo\fR(3SOCKET), \fBgetnetbyname\fR(3SOCKET), \fBgetprotobyname\fR(3SOCKET), \fBgetservbyname\fR(3SOCKET), \fBauth_attr\fR(4), \fBhosts\fR(4), \fBnetconfig\fR(4), \fBproject\fR(4), \fBresolv.conf\fR(4), \fBuser_attr\fR(4), \fBypfiles\fR(4), \fBad\fR(5) .SH NOTES .sp .LP Within each process that uses \fBnsswitch.conf\fR, the entire file is read only once; if the file is later changed, the process continues using the old configuration. .sp .LP The use of both \fBnis\fR and \fBnisplus\fR as sources for the same database is strongly discouraged since both the name services are expected to store similar information and the lookups on the database can yield different results depending on which name service is operational at the time of the request. The same applies for using \fBldap\fR along with \fBnis\fR or \fBnisplus\fR. .sp .LP Do not use the \fBldap\fR and \fBad\fR keywords together when the Solaris LDAP client uses schema mapping to talk to Active Directory. .sp .LP Misspelled names of sources and databases are treated as legitimate names of (most likely nonexistent) sources and databases. .sp .LP The following functions do \fBnot\fR use the switch: \fBfgetgrent\fR(3C), \fBfgetprojent\fR(3PROJECT), \fBfgetpwent\fR(3C), \fBfgetspent\fR(3C), \fBgetpw\fR(3C), \fBputpwent\fR(3C), \fBshadow\fR(4).