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If applicable, add the following below this CDDL HEADER, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]" replaced with your own identifying information: Portions Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner] .TH OPEN 2 "Nov 16, 2013" .SH NAME open, openat \- open a file .SH SYNOPSIS .LP .nf #include #include #include \fBint\fR \fBopen\fR(\fBconst char *\fR\fIpath\fR, \fBint\fR \fIoflag\fR, \fB/* mode_t\fR \fImode\fR */); .fi .LP .nf \fBint\fR \fBopenat\fR(\fBint\fR \fIfildes\fR, \fBconst char *\fR\fIpath\fR, \fBint\fR \fIoflag\fR, \fB/* mode_t\fR \fImode\fR */); .fi .SH DESCRIPTION .sp .LP The \fBopen()\fR function establishes the connection between a file and a file descriptor. It creates an open file description that refers to a file and a file descriptor that refers to that open file description. The file descriptor is used by other I/O functions to refer to that file. The \fIpath\fR argument points to a pathname naming the file. .sp .LP The \fBopenat()\fR function is identical to the \fBopen()\fR function except that the \fIpath\fR argument is interpreted relative to the starting point implied by the \fIfildes\fR argument. If the \fIfildes\fR argument has the special value \fBAT_FDCWD\fR, a relative path argument will be resolved relative to the current working directory. If the \fIpath\fR argument is absolute, the \fIfildes\fR argument is ignored. .sp .LP The \fBopen()\fR function returns a file descriptor for the named file that is the lowest file descriptor not currently open for that process. The open file description is new, and therefore the file descriptor does not share it with any other process in the system. The \fBFD_CLOEXEC\fR file descriptor flag associated with the new file descriptor is cleared. .sp .LP The file offset used to mark the current position within the file is set to the beginning of the file. .sp .LP The file status flags and file access modes of the open file description are set according to the value of \fIoflag\fR. The \fImode\fR argument is used only when \fBO_CREAT\fR is specified (see below.) .sp .LP Values for \fIoflag\fR are constructed by a bitwise-inclusive-OR of flags from the following list, defined in <\fBfcntl.h\fR>. Applications must specify exactly one of the first three values (file access modes) below in the value of \fIoflag\fR: .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBO_RDONLY\fR\fR .ad .RS 12n Open for reading only. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBO_WRONLY\fR\fR .ad .RS 12n Open for writing only. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBO_RDWR\fR\fR .ad .RS 12n Open for reading and writing. The result is undefined if this flag is applied to a FIFO. .RE .sp .LP Any combination of the following may be used: .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBO_APPEND\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n If set, the file offset is set to the end of the file prior to each write. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBO_CREAT\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n Create the file if it does not exist. This flag requires that the \fImode\fR argument be specified. .sp If the file exists, this flag has no effect except as noted under \fBO_EXCL\fR below. Otherwise, the file is created with the user \fBID\fR of the file set to the effective user \fBID\fR of the process. The group \fBID\fR of the file is set to the effective group \fBIDs\fR of the process, or if the \fBS_ISGID\fR bit is set in the directory in which the file is being created, the file's group \fBID\fR is set to the group \fBID\fR of its parent directory. If the group \fBID\fR of the new file does not match the effective group \fBID\fR or one of the supplementary groups IDs, the \fBS_ISGID\fR bit is cleared. The access permission bits (see \fB\fR) of the file mode are set to the value of \fImode\fR, modified as follows (see \fBcreat\fR(2)): a bitwise-AND is performed on the file-mode bits and the corresponding bits in the complement of the process's file mode creation mask. Thus, all bits set in the process's file mode creation mask (see \fBumask\fR(2)) are correspondingly cleared in the file's permission mask. The "save text image after execution bit" of the mode is cleared (see \fBchmod\fR(2)). When bits other than the file permission bits are set, the effect is unspecified. The \fImode\fR argument does not affect whether the file is open for reading, writing or for both. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBO_DSYNC\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n Write I/O operations on the file descriptor complete as defined by synchronized I/O data integrity completion. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBO_EXCL\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n If \fBO_CREAT\fR and \fBO_EXCL\fR are set, \fBopen()\fR fails if the file exists. The check for the existence of the file and the creation of the file if it does not exist is atomic with respect to other threads executing \fBopen()\fR naming the same filename in the same directory with \fBO_EXCL\fR and \fBO_CREAT\fR set. If \fBO_EXCL\fR and \fBO_CREAT\fR are set, and path names a symbolic link, \fBopen()\fR fails and sets \fBerrno\fR to \fBEEXIST\fR, regardless of the contents of the symbolic link. If \fBO_EXCL\fR is set and \fBO_CREAT\fR is not set, the result is undefined. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBO_LARGEFILE\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n If set, the offset maximum in the open file description is the largest value that can be represented correctly in an object of type \fBoff64_t\fR. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBO_NOCTTY\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n If set and \fIpath\fR identifies a terminal device, \fBopen()\fR does not cause the terminal device to become the controlling terminal for the process. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBO_NOFOLLOW\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n If the path names a symbolic link, \fBopen()\fR fails and sets \fBerrno\fR to \fBELOOP\fR. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBO_NOLINKS\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n If the link count of the named file is greater than 1, \fBopen()\fR fails and sets \fBerrno\fR to \fBEMLINK\fR. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBO_CLOEXEC\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n If set, the file descriptor returned will be closed prior to any future \fBexec()\fR calls. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBO_NONBLOCK\fR or \fBO_NDELAY\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n These flags can affect subsequent reads and writes (see \fBread\fR(2) and \fBwrite\fR(2)). If both \fBO_NDELAY\fR and \fBO_NONBLOCK\fR are set, \fBO_NONBLOCK\fR takes precedence. .sp When opening a \fBFIFO\fR with \fBO_RDONLY\fR or \fBO_WRONLY\fR set: .RS +4 .TP .ie t \(bu .el o If \fBO_NONBLOCK\fR or \fBO_NDELAY\fR is set, an \fBopen()\fR for reading only returns without delay. An \fBopen()\fR for writing only returns an error if no process currently has the file open for reading. .RE .RS +4 .TP .ie t \(bu .el o If \fBO_NONBLOCK\fR and \fBO_NDELAY\fR are clear, an \fBopen()\fR for reading only blocks until a thread opens the file for writing. An \fBopen()\fR for writing only blocks the calling thread until a thread opens the file for reading. .RE After both ends of a \fBFIFO\fR have been opened, there is no guarantee that further calls to \fBopen()\fR \fBO_RDONLY\fR (\fBO_WRONLY\fR) will synchronize with later calls to \fBopen()\fR \fBO_WRONLY\fR (\fBO_RDONLY\fR) until both ends of the \fBFIFO\fR have been closed by all readers and writers. Any data written into a \fBFIFO\fR will be lost if both ends of the \fBFIFO\fR are closed before the data is read. .sp When opening a block special or character special file that supports non-blocking opens: .RS +4 .TP .ie t \(bu .el o If \fBO_NONBLOCK\fR or \fBO_NDELAY\fR is set, the \fBopen()\fR function returns without blocking for the device to be ready or available. Subsequent behavior of the device is device-specific. .RE .RS +4 .TP .ie t \(bu .el o If \fBO_NONBLOCK\fR and \fBO_NDELAY\fR are clear, the \fBopen()\fR function blocks the calling thread until the device is ready or available before returning. .RE Otherwise, the behavior of \fBO_NONBLOCK\fR and \fBO_NDELAY\fR is unspecified. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBO_RSYNC\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n Read I/O operations on the file descriptor complete at the same level of integrity as specified by the \fBO_DSYNC\fR and \fBO_SYNC\fR flags. If both \fBO_DSYNC\fR and \fBO_RSYNC\fR are set in \fIoflag\fR, all I/O operations on the file descriptor complete as defined by synchronized I/O data integrity completion. If both \fBO_SYNC\fR and \fBO_RSYNC\fR are set in \fIoflag\fR, all I/O operations on the file descriptor complete as defined by synchronized I/O file integrity completion. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBO_SYNC\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n Write I/O operations on the file descriptor complete as defined by synchronized I/O file integrity completion (see \fBfcntl.h\fR(3HEAD) definition of \fBO_SYNC\fR). .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBO_TRUNC\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n If the file exists and is a regular file, and the file is successfully opened \fBO_RDWR\fR or \fBO_WRONLY\fR, its length is truncated to 0 and the mode and owner are unchanged. It has no effect on \fBFIFO\fR special files or terminal device files. Its effect on other file types is implementation-dependent. The result of using \fBO_TRUNC\fR with \fBO_RDONLY\fR is undefined. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBO_XATTR\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n If set in \fBopenat()\fR, a relative path argument is interpreted as a reference to an extended attribute of the file associated with the supplied file descriptor. This flag therefore requires the presence of a legal \fIfildes\fR argument. If set in \fBopen()\fR, the implied file descriptor is that for the current working directory. Extended attributes must be referenced with a relative path; providing an absolute path results in a normal file reference. .RE .sp .LP If \fBO_CREAT\fR is set and the file did not previously exist, upon successful completion, \fBopen()\fR marks for update the \fBst_atime\fR, \fBst_ctime\fR, and \fBst_mtime\fR fields of the file and the \fBst_ctime\fR and \fBst_mtime\fR fields of the parent directory. .sp .LP If \fBO_TRUNC\fR is set and the file did previously exist, upon successful completion, \fBopen()\fR marks for update the \fBst_ctime\fR and \fBst_mtime\fR fields of the file. .sp .LP If both the \fBO_SYNC\fR and \fBO_DSYNC\fR flags are set, the effect is as if only the \fBO_SYNC\fR flag was set. .sp .LP If \fIpath\fR refers to a \fBSTREAMS\fR file, \fIoflag\fR may be constructed from \fBO_NONBLOCK\fR or \fBO_NODELAY\fR OR-ed with either \fBO_RDONLY\fR, \fBO_WRONLY\fR, or \fBO_RDWR\fR. Other flag values are not applicable to \fBSTREAMS\fR devices and have no effect on them. The values \fBO_NONBLOCK\fR and \fBO_NODELAY\fR affect the operation of \fBSTREAMS\fR drivers and certain functions (see \fBread\fR(2), \fBgetmsg\fR(2), \fBputmsg\fR(2), and \fBwrite\fR(2)) applied to file descriptors associated with \fBSTREAMS\fR files. For \fBSTREAMS\fR drivers, the implementation of \fBO_NONBLOCK\fR and \fBO_NODELAY\fR is device-specific. .sp .LP When \fBopen()\fR is invoked to open a named stream, and the \fBconnld\fR module (see \fBconnld\fR(7M)) has been pushed on the pipe, \fBopen()\fR blocks until the server process has issued an \fBI_RECVFD\fR \fBioctl()\fR (see \fBstreamio\fR(7I)) to receive the file descriptor. .sp .LP If \fIpath\fR names the master side of a pseudo-terminal device, then it is unspecified whether \fBopen()\fR locks the slave side so that it cannot be opened. Portable applications must call \fBunlockpt\fR(3C) before opening the slave side. .sp .LP If the file is a regular file and the local file system is mounted with the \fBnbmand\fR mount option, then a mandatory share reservation is automatically obtained on the file. The share reservation is obtained as if \fBfcntl\fR(2) were called with \fIcmd\fR \fBF_SHARE_NBMAND\fR and the \fBfshare_t\fR values set as follows: .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBf_access\fR\fR .ad .RS 12n Set to the type of read/write access for which the file is opened. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBf_deny\fR\fR .ad .RS 12n \fBF_NODNY\fR .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBf_id\fR\fR .ad .RS 12n The file descriptor value returned from \fBopen()\fR. .RE .sp .LP If \fIpath\fR is a symbolic link and \fBO_CREAT\fR and \fBO_EXCL\fR are set, the link is not followed. .sp .LP Certain flag values can be set following \fBopen()\fR as described in \fBfcntl\fR(2). .sp .LP The largest value that can be represented correctly in an object of type \fBoff_t\fR is established as the offset maximum in the open file description. .SH RETURN VALUES .sp .LP Upon successful completion, the \fBopen()\fR function opens the file and return a non-negative integer representing the lowest numbered unused file descriptor. Otherwise, \fB\(mi1\fR is returned, \fBerrno\fR is set to indicate the error, and no files are created or modified. .SH ERRORS .sp .LP The \fBopen()\fR and \fBopenat()\fR functions will fail if: .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBEACCES\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n Search permission is denied on a component of the path prefix. .sp The file exists and the permissions specified by \fIoflag\fR are denied. .sp The file does not exist and write permission is denied for the parent directory of the file to be created. .sp \fBO_TRUNC\fR is specified and write permission is denied. .sp The {\fBPRIV_FILE_DAC_SEARCH\fR} privilege allows processes to search directories regardless of permission bits. The {\fBPRIV_FILE_DAC_WRITE\fR} privilege allows processes to open files for writing regardless of permission bits. See \fBprivileges\fR(5) for special considerations when opening files owned by UID 0 for writing. The {\fBPRIV_FILE_DAC_READ\fR} privilege allows processes to open files for reading regardless of permission bits. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBEAGAIN\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n A mandatory share reservation could not be obtained because the desired access conflicts with an existing \fBf_deny\fR share reservation. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBEBADF\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n The file descriptor provided to \fBopenat()\fR is invalid. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBEDQUOT\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n The file does not exist, \fBO_CREAT\fR is specified, and either the directory where the new file entry is being placed cannot be extended because the user's quota of disk blocks on that file system has been exhausted, or the user's quota of inodes on the file system where the file is being created has been exhausted. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBEEXIST\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n The \fBO_CREAT\fR and \fBO_EXCL\fR flags are set and the named file exists. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBEILSEQ\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n The \fIpath\fR argument includes non-UTF8 characters and the file system accepts only file names where all characters are part of the UTF-8 character codeset. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBEINTR\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n A signal was caught during \fBopen()\fR. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBEFAULT\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n The \fIpath\fR argument points to an illegal address. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBEINVAL\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n The system does not support synchronized I/O for this file, or the \fBO_XATTR\fR flag was supplied and the underlying file system does not support extended file attributes. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBEIO\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n The \fIpath\fR argument names a \fBSTREAMS\fR file and a hangup or error occurred during the \fBopen()\fR. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBEISDIR\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n The named file is a directory and \fIoflag\fR includes \fBO_WRONLY\fR or \fBO_RDWR\fR. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBELOOP\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving \fIpath\fR. .sp A loop exists in symbolic links encountered during resolution of the \fIpath\fR argument. .sp The \fBO_NOFOLLOW\fR flag is set and the final component of path is a symbolic link. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBEMFILE\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n There are currently {\fBOPEN_MAX\fR} file descriptors open in the calling process. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBEMLINK\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n The \fBO_NOLINKS\fR flag is set and the named file has a link count greater than 1. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBEMULTIHOP\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n Components of \fIpath\fR require hopping to multiple remote machines and the file system does not allow it. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBENAMETOOLONG\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n The length of the \fIpath\fR argument exceeds {\fBPATH_MAX\fR} or a pathname component is longer than {\fBNAME_MAX\fR}. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBENFILE\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n The maximum allowable number of files is currently open in the system. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBENOENT\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n The \fBO_CREAT\fR flag is not set and the named file does not exist; or the \fBO_CREAT\fR flag is set and either the path prefix does not exist or the \fIpath\fR argument points to an empty string. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBENOLINK\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n The \fIpath\fR argument points to a remote machine, and the link to that machine is no longer active. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBENOSR\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n The \fIpath\fR argument names a STREAMS-based file and the system is unable to allocate a STREAM. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBENOSPC\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n The directory or file system that would contain the new file cannot be expanded, the file does not exist, and \fBO_CREAT\fR is specified. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBENOSYS\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n The device specified by \fIpath\fR does not support the open operation. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBENOTDIR\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n A component of the path prefix is not a directory or a relative path was supplied to \fBopenat()\fR, the \fBO_XATTR\fR flag was not supplied, and the file descriptor does not refer to a directory. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBENXIO\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n The \fBO_NONBLOCK\fR flag is set, the named file is a FIFO, the \fBO_WRONLY\fR flag is set, and no process has the file open for reading; or the named file is a character special or block special file and the device associated with this special file does not exist or has been retired by the fault management framework . .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBEOPNOTSUPP\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n An attempt was made to open a path that corresponds to a \fBAF_UNIX\fR socket. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBEOVERFLOW\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n The named file is a regular file and either \fBO_LARGEFILE\fR is not set and the size of the file cannot be represented correctly in an object of type \fBoff_t\fR or \fBO_LARGEFILE\fR is set and the size of the file cannot be represented correctly in an object of type \fBoff64_t\fR. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBEROFS\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n The named file resides on a read-only file system and either \fBO_WRONLY\fR, \fBO_RDWR\fR, \fBO_CREAT\fR (if file does not exist), or \fBO_TRUNC\fR is set in the \fIoflag\fR argument. .RE .sp .LP The \fBopenat()\fR function will fail if: .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBEBADF\fR\fR .ad .RS 9n The \fIfildes\fR argument is not a valid open file descriptor or is not \fBAT_FTCWD\fR. .RE .sp .LP The \fBopen()\fR function may fail if: .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBEAGAIN\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n The \fIpath\fR argument names the slave side of a pseudo-terminal device that is locked. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBEINVAL\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n The value of the \fIoflag\fR argument is not valid. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBENAMETOOLONG\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n Pathname resolution of a symbolic link produced an intermediate result whose length exceeds {\fBPATH_MAX\fR}. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBENOMEM\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n The \fIpath\fR argument names a \fBSTREAMS\fR file and the system is unable to allocate resources. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fBETXTBSY\fR\fR .ad .RS 16n The file is a pure procedure (shared text) file that is being executed and \fIoflag\fR is \fBO_WRONLY\fR or \fBO_RDWR\fR. .RE .SH EXAMPLES .LP \fBExample 1 \fROpen a file for writing by the owner. .sp .LP The following example opens the file \fB/tmp/file\fR, either by creating it if it does not already exist, or by truncating its length to 0 if it does exist. If the call creates a new file, the access permission bits in the file mode of the file are set to permit reading and writing by the owner, and to permit reading only by group members and others. .sp .LP If the call to \fBopen()\fR is successful, the file is opened for writing. .sp .in +2 .nf #include \&... int fd; mode_t mode = S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH; char *filename = "/tmp/file"; \&... fd = open(filename, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, mode); \&... .fi .in -2 .LP \fBExample 2 \fROpen a file using an existence check. .sp .LP The following example uses the \fBopen()\fR function to try to create the \fBLOCKFILE\fR file and open it for writing. Since the \fBopen()\fR function specifies the \fBO_EXCL\fR flag, the call fails if the file already exists. In that case, the application assumes that someone else is updating the password file and exits. .sp .in +2 .nf #include #include #include #define LOCKFILE "/etc/ptmp" \&... int pfd; /* Integer for file descriptor returned by open() call. */ \&... if ((pfd = open(LOCKFILE, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_EXCL, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH)) == -1) { fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open /etc/ptmp. Try again later.\en"); exit(1); } \&... .fi .in -2 .LP \fBExample 3 \fROpen a file for writing. .sp .LP The following example opens a file for writing, creating the file if it does not already exist. If the file does exist, the system truncates the file to zero bytes. .sp .in +2 .nf #include #include #include #define LOCKFILE "/etc/ptmp" \&... int pfd; char filename[PATH_MAX+1]; \&... if ((pfd = open(filename, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH)) == -1) { perror("Cannot open output file\en"); exit(1); } \&... .fi .in -2 .SH USAGE .sp .LP The \fBopen()\fR function has a transitional interface for 64-bit file offsets. See \fBlf64\fR(5). Note that using \fBopen64()\fR is equivalent to using \fBopen()\fR with \fBO_LARGEFILE\fR set in \fIoflag\fR. .SH ATTRIBUTES .sp .LP See \fBattributes\fR(5) for descriptions of the following attributes: .sp .sp .TS box; c | c l | l . ATTRIBUTE TYPE ATTRIBUTE VALUE _ Interface Stability Committed _ MT-Level Async-Signal-Safe _ Standard For \fBopen()\fR, see \fBstandards\fR(5). .TE .SH SEE ALSO .sp .LP \fBIntro\fR(2), \fBchmod\fR(2), \fBclose\fR(2), \fBcreat\fR(2), \fBdup\fR(2), \fBexec\fR(2), \fBfcntl\fR(2), \fBgetmsg\fR(2), \fBgetrlimit\fR(2), \fBlseek\fR(2), \fBputmsg\fR(2), \fBread\fR(2), \fBstat\fR(2), \fBumask\fR(2), \fBwrite\fR(2), \fBattropen\fR(3C), \fBfcntl.h\fR(3HEAD), \fBstat.h\fR(3HEAD), \fBunlockpt\fR(3C), \fBattributes\fR(5), \fBlf64\fR(5), \fBprivileges\fR(5), \fBstandards\fR(5), \fBconnld\fR(7M), \fBstreamio\fR(7I) .SH NOTES .sp .LP Hierarchical Storage Management (HSM) file systems can sometimes cause long delays when opening a file, since HSM files must be recalled from secondary storage.