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If applicable, add the following below this CDDL HEADER, with .\" the fields enclosed by brackets "[]" replaced with your own identifying information: Portions Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner] .TH LOFIADM 1M "Aug 28, 2013" .SH NAME lofiadm \- administer files available as block devices through lofi .SH SYNOPSIS .LP .nf \fBlofiadm\fR [\fB-r\fR] \fB-a\fR \fIfile\fR [\fIdevice\fR] .fi .LP .nf \fBlofiadm\fR [\fB-r\fR] \fB-c\fR \fIcrypto_algorithm\fR \fB-a\fR \fIfile\fR [\fIdevice\fR] .fi .LP .nf \fBlofiadm\fR [\fB-r\fR] \fB-c\fR \fIcrypto_algorithm\fR \fB-k\fR \fIraw_key_file\fR \fB-a\fR \fIfile\fR [\fIdevice\fR] .fi .LP .nf \fBlofiadm\fR [\fB-r\fR] \fB-c\fR \fIcrypto_algorithm\fR \fB-T\fR \fItoken_key\fR \fB-a\fR \fIfile\fR [\fIdevice\fR] .fi .LP .nf \fBlofiadm\fR [\fB-r\fR] \fB-c\fR \fIcrypto_algorithm\fR \fB-T\fR \fItoken_key\fR \fB-k\fR \fIwrapped_key_file\fR \fB-a\fR \fIfile\fR [\fIdevice\fR] .fi .LP .nf \fBlofiadm\fR [\fB-r\fR] \fB-c\fR \fIcrypto_algorithm\fR \fB-e\fR \fB-a\fR \fIfile\fR [\fIdevice\fR] .fi .LP .nf \fBlofiadm\fR \fB-C\fR \fIalgorithm\fR [\fB-s\fR \fIsegment_size\fR] \fIfile\fR .fi .LP .nf \fBlofiadm\fR \fB-d\fR \fIfile\fR | \fIdevice\fR .fi .LP .nf \fBlofiadm\fR \fB-U\fR \fIfile\fR .fi .LP .nf \fBlofiadm\fR [ \fIfile\fR | \fIdevice\fR] .fi .SH DESCRIPTION .sp .LP \fBlofiadm\fR administers \fBlofi\fR, the loopback file driver. \fBlofi\fR allows a file to be associated with a block device. That file can then be accessed through the block device. This is useful when the file contains an image of some filesystem (such as a floppy or \fBCD-ROM\fR image), because the block device can then be used with the normal system utilities for mounting, checking or repairing filesystems. See \fBfsck\fR(1M) and \fBmount\fR(1M). .sp .LP Use \fBlofiadm\fR to add a file as a loopback device, remove such an association, or print information about the current associations. .sp .LP Encryption and compression options are mutually exclusive on the command line. Further, an encrypted file cannot be compressed later, nor can a compressed file be encrypted later. In the global zone, \fBlofiadm\fR can be used on both the global zone devices and all devices owned by other non-global zones on the system. .sp .SH OPTIONS .sp .LP The following options are supported: .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB-a\fR \fIfile\fR [\fIdevice\fR]\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n Add \fIfile\fR as a block device. .sp If \fIdevice\fR is not specified, an available device is picked. .sp If \fIdevice\fR is specified, \fBlofiadm\fR attempts to assign it to \fIfile\fR. \fIdevice\fR must be available or \fBlofiadm\fR will fail. The ability to specify a device is provided for use in scripts that wish to reestablish a particular set of associations. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB-C\fR {\fIgzip\fR | \fIgzip-N\fR | \fIlzma\fR}\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n Compress the file with the specified compression algorithm. .sp The \fBgzip\fR compression algorithm uses the same compression as the open-source \fBgzip\fR command. You can specify the \fBgzip\fR level by using the value \fBgzip-\fR\fIN\fR where \fIN\fR is 6 (fast) or 9 (best compression ratio). Currently, \fBgzip\fR, without a number, is equivalent to \fBgzip-6\fR (which is also the default for the \fBgzip\fR command). .sp \fIlzma\fR stands for the LZMA (Lempel-Ziv-Markov) compression algorithm. .sp Note that you cannot write to a compressed file, nor can you mount a compressed file read/write. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB-d\fR \fIfile\fR | \fIdevice\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n Remove an association by \fIfile\fR or \fIdevice\fR name, if the associated block device is not busy, and deallocates the block device. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB-r\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n If the \fB-r\fR option is specified before the \fB-a\fR option, the \fIdevice\fR will be opened read-only. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB-s\fR \fIsegment_size\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n The segment size to use to divide the file being compressed. \fIsegment_size\fR can be an integer multiple of 512. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB-U\fR \fIfile\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n Uncompress a compressed file. .RE .sp .LP The following options are used when the file is encrypted: .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB-c\fR \fIcrypto_algorithm\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n Select the encryption algorithm. The algorithm must be specified when encryption is enabled because the algorithm is not stored in the disk image. .sp If none of \fB-e\fR, \fB-k\fR, or \fB-T\fR is specified, \fBlofiadm\fR prompts for a passphrase, with a minimum length of eight characters, to be entered . The passphrase is used to derive a symmetric encryption key using PKCS#5 PBKD2. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB-k\fR \fIraw_key_file\fR | \fIwrapped_key_file\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n Path to raw or wrapped symmetric encryption key. If a PKCS#11 object is also given with the \fB-T\fR option, then the key is wrapped by that object. If \fB-T\fR is not specified, the key is used raw. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB-T\fR \fItoken_key\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n The key in a PKCS#11 token to use for the encryption or for unwrapping the key file. .sp If \fB-k\fR is also specified, \fB-T\fR identifies the unwrapping key, which must be an RSA private key. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB-e\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n Generate an ephemeral symmetric encryption key. .RE .SH OPERANDS .sp .LP The following operands are supported: .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fIcrypto_algorithm\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n One of: \fBaes-128-cbc\fR, \fBaes-192-cbc\fR, \fBaes-256-cbc\fR, \fBdes3-cbc\fR, \fBblowfish-cbc\fR. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fIdevice\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n Display the file name associated with the block device \fIdevice\fR. .sp Without arguments, print a list of the current associations. Filenames must be valid absolute pathnames. .sp When a file is added, it is opened for reading or writing by root. Any restrictions apply (such as restricted root access over \fBNFS\fR). The file is held open until the association is removed. It is not actually accessed until the block device is used, so it will never be written to if the block device is only opened read-only. Note that the filename may appear as "?" if it is not possible to resolve the path in the current context (for example, if it's an NFS path in a non-global zone). .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fIfile\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n Display the block device associated with \fIfile\fR. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fIraw_key_file\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n Path to a file of the appropriate length, in bits, to use as a raw symmetric encryption key. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fItoken_key\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n PKCS#11 token object in the format: .sp .in +2 .nf \fItoken_name\fR:\fImanufacturer_id\fR:\fIserial_number\fR:\fIkey_label\fR .fi .in -2 .sp All but the key label are optional and can be empty. For example, to specify a token object with only its key label \fBMylofiKey\fR, use: .sp .in +2 .nf -T :::MylofiKey .fi .in -2 .sp .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fIwrapped_key_file\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n Path to file containing a symmetric encryption key wrapped by the RSA private key specified by \fB-T\fR. .RE .SH EXAMPLES .LP \fBExample 1 \fRMounting an Existing CD-ROM Image .sp .LP You should ensure that Solaris understands the image before creating the \fBCD\fR. \fBlofi\fR allows you to mount the image and see if it works. .sp .LP This example mounts an existing \fBCD-ROM\fR image (\fBsparc.iso\fR), of the \fBRed Hat 6.0 CD\fR which was downloaded from the Internet. It was created with the \fBmkisofs\fR utility from the Internet. .sp .LP Use \fBlofiadm\fR to attach a block device to it: .sp .in +2 .nf # \fBlofiadm -a /home/mike_s/RH6.0/sparc.iso\fR /dev/lofi/1 .fi .in -2 .sp .sp .LP \fBlofiadm\fR picks the device and prints the device name to the standard output. You can run \fBlofiadm\fR again by issuing the following command: .sp .in +2 .nf # \fBlofiadm\fR Block Device File Options /dev/lofi/1 /home/mike_s/RH6.0/sparc.iso - .fi .in -2 .sp .sp .LP Or, you can give it one name and ask for the other, by issuing the following command: .sp .in +2 .nf # \fBlofiadm /dev/lofi/1\fR /home/mike_s/RH6.0/sparc.iso .fi .in -2 .sp .sp .LP Use the \fBmount\fR command to mount the image: .sp .in +2 .nf # \fBmount -F hsfs -o ro /dev/lofi/1 /mnt\fR .fi .in -2 .sp .sp .LP Check to ensure that Solaris understands the image: .sp .in +2 .nf # \fBdf -k /mnt\fR Filesystem kbytes used avail capacity Mounted on /dev/lofi/1 512418 512418 0 100% /mnt # \fBls /mnt\fR \&./ RedHat/ doc/ ls-lR rr_moved/ \&../ TRANS.TBL dosutils/ ls-lR.gz sbin@ \&.buildlog bin@ etc@ misc/ tmp/ COPYING boot/ images/ mnt/ usr@ README boot.cat* kernels/ modules/ RPM-PGP-KEY dev@ lib@ proc/ .fi .in -2 .sp .sp .LP Solaris can mount the CD-ROM image, and understand the filenames. The image was created properly, and you can now create the \fBCD-ROM\fR with confidence. .sp .LP As a final step, unmount and detach the images: .sp .in +2 .nf # \fBumount /mnt\fR # \fBlofiadm -d /dev/lofi/1\fR # \fBlofiadm\fR Block Device File Options .fi .in -2 .sp .LP \fBExample 2 \fRMounting a Floppy Image .sp .LP This is similar to the first example. .sp .LP Using \fBlofi\fR to help you mount files that contain floppy images is helpful if a floppy disk contains a file that you need, but the machine which you are on does not have a floppy drive. It is also helpful if you do not want to take the time to use the \fBdd\fR command to copy the image to a floppy. .sp .LP This is an example of getting to \fBMDB\fR floppy for Solaris on an x86 platform: .sp .in +2 .nf # \fBlofiadm -a /export/s28/MDB_s28x_wos/latest/boot.3\fR /dev/lofi/1 # \fBmount -F pcfs /dev/lofi/1 /mnt\fR # \fBls /mnt\fR \&./ COMMENT.BAT* RC.D/ SOLARIS.MAP* \&../ IDENT* REPLACE.BAT* X/ APPEND.BAT* MAKEDIR.BAT* SOLARIS/ # \fBumount /mnt\fR # \fBlofiadm -d /export/s28/MDB_s28x_wos/latest/boot.3\fR .fi .in -2 .sp .LP \fBExample 3 \fRMaking a \fBUFS\fR Filesystem on a File .sp .LP Making a \fBUFS\fR filesystem on a file can be useful, particularly if a test suite requires a scratch filesystem. It can be painful (or annoying) to have to repartition a disk just for the test suite, but you do not have to. You can \fBnewfs\fR a file with \fBlofi\fR .sp .LP Create the file: .sp .in +2 .nf # \fBmkfile 35m /export/home/test\fR .fi .in -2 .sp .sp .LP Attach it to a block device. You also get the character device that \fBnewfs\fR requires, so \fBnewfs\fR that: .sp .in +2 .nf # \fBlofiadm -a /export/home/test\fR /dev/lofi/1 # \fBnewfs /dev/rlofi/1\fR newfs: construct a new file system /dev/rlofi/1: (y/n)? \fBy\fR /dev/rlofi/1: 71638 sectors in 119 cylinders of 1 tracks, 602 sectors 35.0MB in 8 cyl groups (16 c/g, 4.70MB/g, 2240 i/g) super-block backups (for fsck -F ufs -o b=#) at: 32, 9664, 19296, 28928, 38560, 48192, 57824, 67456, .fi .in -2 .sp .sp .LP Note that \fBufs\fR might not be able to use the entire file. Mount and use the filesystem: .sp .in +2 .nf # \fBmount /dev/lofi/1 /mnt\fR # \fBdf -k /mnt\fR Filesystem kbytes used avail capacity Mounted on /dev/lofi/1 33455 9 30101 1% /mnt # \fBls /mnt\fR \&./ ../ lost+found/ # \fBumount /mnt\fR # \fBlofiadm -d /dev/lofi/1\fR .fi .in -2 .sp .LP \fBExample 4 \fRCreating a PC (FAT) File System on a Unix File .sp .LP The following series of commands creates a \fBFAT\fR file system on a Unix file. The file is associated with a block device created by \fBlofiadm\fR. .sp .in +2 .nf # \fBmkfile 10M /export/test/testfs\fR # \fBlofiadm -a /export/test testfs\fR /dev/lofi/1 \fBNote use of\fR rlofi\fB, not\fR lofi\fB, in following command.\fR # \fBmkfs -F pcfs -o nofdisk,size=20480 /dev/rlofi/1\fR \fBConstruct a new FAT file system on /dev/rlofi/1: (y/n)?\fR y # \fBmount -F pcfs /dev/lofi/1 /mnt\fR # \fBcd /mnt\fR # \fBdf -k .\fR Filesystem kbytes used avail capacity Mounted on /dev/lofi/1 10142 0 10142 0% /mnt .fi .in -2 .sp .LP \fBExample 5 \fRCompressing an Existing CD-ROM Image .sp .LP The following example illustrates compressing an existing CD-ROM image (\fBsolaris.iso\fR), verifying that the image is compressed, and then uncompressing it. .sp .in +2 .nf # \fBlofiadm -C gzip /export/home/solaris.iso\fR .fi .in -2 .sp .sp .LP Use \fBlofiadm\fR to attach a block device to it: .sp .in +2 .nf # \fBlofiadm -a /export/home/solaris.iso\fR /dev/lofi/1 .fi .in -2 .sp .sp .LP Check if the mapped image is compressed: .sp .in +2 .nf # \fBlofiadm\fR Block Device File Options /dev/lofi/1 /export/home/solaris.iso Compressed(gzip) /dev/lofi/2 /export/home/regular.iso - .fi .in -2 .sp .sp .LP Unmap the compressed image and uncompress it: .sp .in +2 .nf # \fBlofiadm -d /dev/lofi/1\fR # \fBlofiadm -U /export/home/solaris.iso\fR .fi .in -2 .sp .LP \fBExample 6 \fRCreating an Encrypted UFS File System on a File .sp .LP This example is similar to the example of making a UFS filesystem on a file, above. .sp .LP Create the file: .sp .in +2 .nf # \fBmkfile 35m /export/home/test\fR .fi .in -2 .sp .sp .LP Attach the file to a block device and specify that the file image is encrypted. As a result of this command, you obtain the character device, which is subsequently used by \fBnewfs\fR: .sp .in +2 .nf # \fBlofiadm -c aes-256-cbc -a /export/home/secrets\fR Enter passphrase: \fBMy-M0th3r;l0v3s_m3+4lw4ys!\fR (\fBnot echoed\fR) Re-enter passphrase: \fBMy-M0th3r;l0v3s_m3+4lw4ys!\fR (\fBnot echoed\fR) /dev/lofi/1 # \fBnewfs /dev/rlofi/1\fR newfs: construct a new file system /dev/rlofi/1: (y/n)? \fBy\fR /dev/rlofi/1: 71638 sectors in 119 cylinders of 1 tracks, 602 sectors 35.0MB in 8 cyl groups (16 c/g, 4.70MB/g, 2240 i/g) super-block backups (for fsck -F ufs -o b=#) at: 32, 9664, 19296, 28928, 38560, 48192, 57824, 67456, .fi .in -2 .sp .sp .LP The mapped file system shows that encryption is enabled: .sp .in +2 .nf # \fBlofiadm\fR Block Device File Options /dev/lofi/1 /export/home/secrets Encrypted .fi .in -2 .sp .sp .LP Mount and use the filesystem: .sp .in +2 .nf # \fBmount /dev/lofi/1 /mnt\fR # \fBcp moms_secret_*_recipe /mnt\fR # \fBls /mnt\fR \&./ moms_secret_cookie_recipe moms_secret_soup_recipe \&../ moms_secret_fudge_recipe moms_secret_stuffing_recipe lost+found/ moms_secret_meatloaf_recipe moms_secret_waffle_recipe # \fBumount /mnt\fR # \fBlofiadm -d /dev/lofi/1\fR .fi .in -2 .sp .sp .LP Subsequent attempts to map the filesystem with the wrong key or the wrong encryption algorithm will fail: .sp .in +2 .nf # \fBlofiadm -c blowfish-cbc -a /export/home/secrets\fR Enter passphrase: \fBmommy\fR (\fInot echoed\fR) Re-enter passphrase: \fBmommy\fR (\fInot echoed\fR) lofiadm: could not map file /root/lofi: Invalid argument # \fBlofiadm\fR Block Device File Options # .fi .in -2 .sp .sp .LP Attempts to map the filesystem without encryption will succeed, however attempts to mount and use the filesystem will fail: .sp .in +2 .nf # \fBlofiadm -a /export/home/secrets\fR /dev/lofi/1 # \fBlofiadm\fR Block Device File Options /dev/lofi/1 /export/home/secrets - # \fBmount /dev/lofi/1 /mnt\fR mount: /dev/lofi/1 is not this fstype # .fi .in -2 .sp .SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES .sp .LP See \fBenviron\fR(5) for descriptions of the following environment variables that affect the execution of \fBlofiadm\fR: \fBLC_CTYPE\fR, \fBLC_MESSAGES\fR and \fBNLSPATH\fR. .SH EXIT STATUS .sp .LP The following exit values are returned: .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB0\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n Successful completion. .RE .sp .ne 2 .na \fB\fB>0\fR\fR .ad .sp .6 .RS 4n An error occurred. .RE .SH SEE ALSO .sp .LP \fBfsck\fR(1M), \fBmount\fR(1M), \fBmount_ufs\fR(1M), \fBnewfs\fR(1M), \fBattributes\fR(5), \fBlofi\fR(7D), \fBlofs\fR(7FS) .SH NOTES .sp .LP Just as you would not directly access a disk device that has mounted file systems, you should not access a file associated with a block device except through the \fBlofi\fR file driver. It might also be appropriate to ensure that the file has appropriate permissions to prevent such access. .sp .LP The abilities of \fBlofiadm\fR, and who can use them, are controlled by the permissions of \fB/dev/lofictl\fR. Read-access allows query operations, such as listing all the associations. Write-access is required to do any state-changing operations, like adding an association. As shipped, \fB/dev/lofictl\fR is owned by \fBroot\fR, in group \fBsys\fR, and mode \fB0644\fR, so all users can do query operations but only root can change anything. The administrator can give users write-access, allowing them to add or delete associations, but that is very likely a security hole and should probably only be given to a trusted group. .sp .LP When mounting a filesystem image, take care to use appropriate mount options. In particular, the \fBnosuid\fR mount option might be appropriate for \fBUFS\fR images whose origin is unknown. Also, some options might not be useful or appropriate, like \fBlogging\fR or \fBforcedirectio\fR for \fBUFS\fR. For compatibility purposes, a raw device is also exported along with the block device. For example, \fBnewfs\fR(1M) requires one. .sp .LP The output of \fBlofiadm\fR (without arguments) might change in future releases.