'\" te
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.TH TAIL 1 "Jul 13, 2005"
.SH NAME
tail \- deliver the last part of a file
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
.nf
\fB/usr/bin/tail\fR [\(+-s \fInumber\fR [lbcr]] [\fIfile\fR]
.fi

.LP
.nf
\fB/usr/bin/tail\fR [\fB-lbcr\fR] [\fIfile\fR]
.fi

.LP
.nf
\fB/usr/bin/tail\fR [\(+- \fInumber\fR [lbcf]] [\fIfile\fR]
.fi

.LP
.nf
\fB/usr/bin/tail\fR [\fB-lbcf\fR] [\fIfile\fR]
.fi

.LP
.nf
\fB/usr/xpg4/bin/tail\fR [\fB-f\fR | \fB-r\fR] [\fB-c\fR \fInumber\fR | \fB-n\fR \fInumber\fR] [\fIfile\fR]
.fi

.LP
.nf
\fB/usr/xpg4/bin/tail\fR [\(+- \fInumber\fR [l | b | c] [f]] [\fIfile\fR]
.fi

.LP
.nf
\fB/usr/xpg4/bin/tail\fR [\(+- \fInumber\fR [l] [f | r]] [\fIfile\fR]
.fi

.SH DESCRIPTION
.sp
.LP
The \fBtail\fR utility copies the named file to the standard output beginning
at a designated place. If no file is named, the standard input is used.
.sp
.LP
Copying begins at a point in the file indicated by the \fB-c\fR\fInumber\fR,
\fB-n\fR\fInumber\fR, or \fB\(+-\fR\fInumber\fR options (if \fB+\fR\fInumber\fR
is specified, begins at distance number from the beginning; if
\fB-\fR\fInumber\fR is specified, from the end of the input; if \fInumber\fR is
\fINULL\fR, the value \fB10\fR is assumed). \fInumber\fR is counted in units of
lines or byte according to the \fB-c\fR \fB or \fR \fB-n\fR options, or lines,
blocks, or bytes, according to the appended option \fBl\fR, \fBb\fR, or
\fBc\fR. When no units are specified, counting is by lines.
.SH OPTIONS
.sp
.LP
The following options are supported for both \fB/usr/bin/tail\fR and
\fB/usr/xpg4/bin/tail\fR. The \fB-r\fR and \fB-f\fR options are mutually
exclusive. If both are specified on the command line, the \fB-f\fR option is
ignored.
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-b\fR \fR
.ad
.RS 7n
Units of blocks.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-c\fR \fR
.ad
.RS 7n
Units of bytes.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-f\fR \fR
.ad
.RS 7n
Follow. If the input-file is not a pipe, the program does not terminate after
the line of the input-file has been copied, but enters an endless loop, wherein
it sleeps for a second and then attempts to read and copy further records from
the input-file. Thus it can be used to monitor the growth of a file that is
being written by some other process.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-l\fR \fR
.ad
.RS 7n
Units of lines.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-r\fR \fR
.ad
.RS 7n
Reverse. Copies lines from the specified starting point in the file in reverse
order. The default for \fBr\fR is to print the entire file in reverse order.
.RE

.SS "/usr/xpg4/bin/tail"
.sp
.LP
The following options are supported for \fB/usr/xpg4/bin/tail\fR only:
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-c\fR \fInumber\fR \fR
.ad
.RS 14n
The \fInumber\fR option-argument must be a decimal integer whose sign affects
the location in the file, measured in bytes, to begin the copying:
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB+\fR \fR
.ad
.RS 9n
Copying starts relative to the beginning of the file.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB\(mi\fR \fR
.ad
.RS 9n
Copying starts relative to the end of the file.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fBnone\fR
.ad
.RS 9n
Copying starts relative to the end of the file.
.RE

The origin for counting is 1; that is, \fB\fR\fB-c\fR\fB+1\fR represents the
first byte of the file, \fB\fR\fB-c\fR\fB\(mi1\fR the last.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-n\fR \fInumber\fR \fR
.ad
.RS 14n
Equivalent to \fB-c\fR\fInumber,\fR except the starting location in the file is
measured in lines instead of bytes. The origin for counting is \fB1\fR. That
is, \fB-n\fR\fB+1\fR represents the first line of the file, \fB-n\fR\fB\(mi1\fR
the last.
.RE

.SH OPERANDS
.sp
.LP
The following operand is supported:
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fIfile\fR \fR
.ad
.RS 9n
A path name of an input file. If no \fIfile\fR operands are specified, the
standard input is used.
.RE

.SH USAGE
.sp
.LP
See \fBlargefile\fR(5) for the description of the behavior of \fBtail\fR when
encountering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 2^31 bytes).
.SH EXAMPLES
.LP
\fBExample 1 \fRUsing the tail Command
.sp
.LP
The following command prints the last ten lines of the file \fBfred\fR,
followed by any lines that are appended to \fBfred\fR between the time
\fBtail\fR is initiated and killed.

.sp
.in +2
.nf
example% \fBtail -f fred\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.sp
.LP
The next command prints the last 15 bytes of the file \fBfred\fR, followed by
any lines that are appended to \fBfred\fR between the time \fBtail\fR is
initiated and killed:

.sp
.in +2
.nf
example% \fBtail -15cf fred\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
.sp
.LP
See \fBenviron\fR(5) for descriptions of the following environment variables
that affect the execution of \fBtail\fR: \fBLANG\fR, \fBLC_ALL\fR,
\fBLC_CTYPE\fR, \fBLC_MESSAGES\fR, and \fBNLSPATH\fR.
.SH EXIT STATUS
.sp
.LP
The following exit values are returned:
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB0\fR \fR
.ad
.RS 7n
Successful completion.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB>0\fR \fR
.ad
.RS 7n
An error occurred.
.RE

.SH ATTRIBUTES
.sp
.LP
See \fBattributes\fR(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
.SS "/usr/bin/tail"
.sp

.sp
.TS
box;
c | c
l | l .
ATTRIBUTE TYPE	ATTRIBUTE VALUE
_
CSI	Enabled
.TE

.SS "/usr/xpg4/bin/tail"
.sp

.sp
.TS
box;
c | c
l | l .
ATTRIBUTE TYPE	ATTRIBUTE VALUE
_
CSI	Enabled
_
Interface Stability	Standard
.TE

.SH SEE ALSO
.sp
.LP
\fBcat\fR(1), \fBhead\fR(1), \fBmore\fR(1), \fBpg\fR(1), \fBdd\fR(1M),
\fBattributes\fR(5), \fBenviron\fR(5), \fBlargefile\fR(5), \fBstandards\fR(5)
.SH NOTES
.sp
.LP
Piped tails relative to the end of the file are stored in a buffer, and thus
are limited in length. Various kinds of anomalous behavior can happen with
character special files.