#pragma ident "%Z%%M% %I% %E% SMI" # 2001 September 15 # # The author disclaims copyright to this source code. In place of # a legal notice, here is a blessing: # # May you do good and not evil. # May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others. # May you share freely, never taking more than you give. # #*********************************************************************** # This file implements regression tests for SQLite library. The # focus of this file is testing the SELECT statement. # # $Id: select1.test,v 1.30.2.3 2004/07/20 01:45:49 drh Exp $ set testdir [file dirname $argv0] source $testdir/tester.tcl # Try to select on a non-existant table. # do_test select1-1.1 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT * FROM test1}} msg] lappend v $msg } {1 {no such table: test1}} execsql {CREATE TABLE test1(f1 int, f2 int)} do_test select1-1.2 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT * FROM test1, test2}} msg] lappend v $msg } {1 {no such table: test2}} do_test select1-1.3 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT * FROM test2, test1}} msg] lappend v $msg } {1 {no such table: test2}} execsql {INSERT INTO test1(f1,f2) VALUES(11,22)} # Make sure the columns are extracted correctly. # do_test select1-1.4 { execsql {SELECT f1 FROM test1} } {11} do_test select1-1.5 { execsql {SELECT f2 FROM test1} } {22} do_test select1-1.6 { execsql {SELECT f2, f1 FROM test1} } {22 11} do_test select1-1.7 { execsql {SELECT f1, f2 FROM test1} } {11 22} do_test select1-1.8 { execsql {SELECT * FROM test1} } {11 22} do_test select1-1.8.1 { execsql {SELECT *, * FROM test1} } {11 22 11 22} do_test select1-1.8.2 { execsql {SELECT *, min(f1,f2), max(f1,f2) FROM test1} } {11 22 11 22} do_test select1-1.8.3 { execsql {SELECT 'one', *, 'two', * FROM test1} } {one 11 22 two 11 22} execsql {CREATE TABLE test2(r1 real, r2 real)} execsql {INSERT INTO test2(r1,r2) VALUES(1.1,2.2)} do_test select1-1.9 { execsql {SELECT * FROM test1, test2} } {11 22 1.1 2.2} do_test select1-1.9.1 { execsql {SELECT *, 'hi' FROM test1, test2} } {11 22 1.1 2.2 hi} do_test select1-1.9.2 { execsql {SELECT 'one', *, 'two', * FROM test1, test2} } {one 11 22 1.1 2.2 two 11 22 1.1 2.2} do_test select1-1.10 { execsql {SELECT test1.f1, test2.r1 FROM test1, test2} } {11 1.1} do_test select1-1.11 { execsql {SELECT test1.f1, test2.r1 FROM test2, test1} } {11 1.1} do_test select1-1.11.1 { execsql {SELECT * FROM test2, test1} } {1.1 2.2 11 22} do_test select1-1.11.2 { execsql {SELECT * FROM test1 AS a, test1 AS b} } {11 22 11 22} do_test select1-1.12 { execsql {SELECT max(test1.f1,test2.r1), min(test1.f2,test2.r2) FROM test2, test1} } {11 2.2} do_test select1-1.13 { execsql {SELECT min(test1.f1,test2.r1), max(test1.f2,test2.r2) FROM test1, test2} } {1.1 22} set long {This is a string that is too big to fit inside a NBFS buffer} do_test select1-2.0 { execsql " DROP TABLE test2; DELETE FROM test1; INSERT INTO test1 VALUES(11,22); INSERT INTO test1 VALUES(33,44); CREATE TABLE t3(a,b); INSERT INTO t3 VALUES('abc',NULL); INSERT INTO t3 VALUES(NULL,'xyz'); INSERT INTO t3 SELECT * FROM test1; CREATE TABLE t4(a,b); INSERT INTO t4 VALUES(NULL,'$long'); SELECT * FROM t3; " } {abc {} {} xyz 11 22 33 44} # Error messges from sqliteExprCheck # do_test select1-2.1 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT count(f1,f2) FROM test1}} msg] lappend v $msg } {1 {wrong number of arguments to function count()}} do_test select1-2.2 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT count(f1) FROM test1}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 2} do_test select1-2.3 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT Count() FROM test1}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 2} do_test select1-2.4 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT COUNT(*) FROM test1}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 2} do_test select1-2.5 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT COUNT(*)+1 FROM test1}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 3} do_test select1-2.5.1 { execsql {SELECT count(*),count(a),count(b) FROM t3} } {4 3 3} do_test select1-2.5.2 { execsql {SELECT count(*),count(a),count(b) FROM t4} } {1 0 1} do_test select1-2.5.3 { execsql {SELECT count(*),count(a),count(b) FROM t4 WHERE b=5} } {0 0 0} do_test select1-2.6 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT min(*) FROM test1}} msg] lappend v $msg } {1 {wrong number of arguments to function min()}} do_test select1-2.7 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT Min(f1) FROM test1}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 11} do_test select1-2.8 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT MIN(f1,f2) FROM test1}} msg] lappend v [lsort $msg] } {0 {11 33}} do_test select1-2.8.1 { execsql {SELECT coalesce(min(a),'xyzzy') FROM t3} } {11} do_test select1-2.8.2 { execsql {SELECT min(coalesce(a,'xyzzy')) FROM t3} } {11} do_test select1-2.8.3 { execsql {SELECT min(b), min(b) FROM t4} } [list $long $long] do_test select1-2.9 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT MAX(*) FROM test1}} msg] lappend v $msg } {1 {wrong number of arguments to function MAX()}} do_test select1-2.10 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT Max(f1) FROM test1}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 33} do_test select1-2.11 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT max(f1,f2) FROM test1}} msg] lappend v [lsort $msg] } {0 {22 44}} do_test select1-2.12 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT MAX(f1,f2)+1 FROM test1}} msg] lappend v [lsort $msg] } {0 {23 45}} do_test select1-2.13 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT MAX(f1)+1 FROM test1}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 34} do_test select1-2.13.1 { execsql {SELECT coalesce(max(a),'xyzzy') FROM t3} } {abc} do_test select1-2.13.2 { execsql {SELECT max(coalesce(a,'xyzzy')) FROM t3} } {xyzzy} do_test select1-2.14 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT SUM(*) FROM test1}} msg] lappend v $msg } {1 {wrong number of arguments to function SUM()}} do_test select1-2.15 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT Sum(f1) FROM test1}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 44} do_test select1-2.16 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT sum(f1,f2) FROM test1}} msg] lappend v $msg } {1 {wrong number of arguments to function sum()}} do_test select1-2.17 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT SUM(f1)+1 FROM test1}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 45} do_test select1-2.17.1 { execsql {SELECT sum(a) FROM t3} } {44} do_test select1-2.18 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT XYZZY(f1) FROM test1}} msg] lappend v $msg } {1 {no such function: XYZZY}} do_test select1-2.19 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT SUM(min(f1,f2)) FROM test1}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 44} do_test select1-2.20 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT SUM(min(f1)) FROM test1}} msg] lappend v $msg } {1 {misuse of aggregate function min()}} # WHERE clause expressions # do_test select1-3.1 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT f1 FROM test1 WHERE f1<11}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 {}} do_test select1-3.2 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT f1 FROM test1 WHERE f1<=11}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 11} do_test select1-3.3 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT f1 FROM test1 WHERE f1=11}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 11} do_test select1-3.4 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT f1 FROM test1 WHERE f1>=11}} msg] lappend v [lsort $msg] } {0 {11 33}} do_test select1-3.5 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT f1 FROM test1 WHERE f1>11}} msg] lappend v [lsort $msg] } {0 33} do_test select1-3.6 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT f1 FROM test1 WHERE f1!=11}} msg] lappend v [lsort $msg] } {0 33} do_test select1-3.7 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT f1 FROM test1 WHERE min(f1,f2)!=11}} msg] lappend v [lsort $msg] } {0 33} do_test select1-3.8 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT f1 FROM test1 WHERE max(f1,f2)!=11}} msg] lappend v [lsort $msg] } {0 {11 33}} do_test select1-3.9 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT f1 FROM test1 WHERE count(f1,f2)!=11}} msg] lappend v $msg } {1 {wrong number of arguments to function count()}} # ORDER BY expressions # do_test select1-4.1 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT f1 FROM test1 ORDER BY f1}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 {11 33}} do_test select1-4.2 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT f1 FROM test1 ORDER BY -f1}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 {33 11}} do_test select1-4.3 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT f1 FROM test1 ORDER BY min(f1,f2)}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 {11 33}} do_test select1-4.4 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT f1 FROM test1 ORDER BY min(f1)}} msg] lappend v $msg } {1 {misuse of aggregate function min()}} do_test select1-4.5 { catchsql { SELECT f1 FROM test1 ORDER BY 8.4; } } {1 {ORDER BY terms must not be non-integer constants}} do_test select1-4.6 { catchsql { SELECT f1 FROM test1 ORDER BY '8.4'; } } {1 {ORDER BY terms must not be non-integer constants}} do_test select1-4.7 { catchsql { SELECT f1 FROM test1 ORDER BY 'xyz'; } } {1 {ORDER BY terms must not be non-integer constants}} do_test select1-4.8 { execsql { CREATE TABLE t5(a,b); INSERT INTO t5 VALUES(1,10); INSERT INTO t5 VALUES(2,9); SELECT * FROM t5 ORDER BY 1; } } {1 10 2 9} do_test select1-4.9 { execsql { SELECT * FROM t5 ORDER BY 2; } } {2 9 1 10} do_test select1-4.10 { catchsql { SELECT * FROM t5 ORDER BY 3; } } {1 {ORDER BY column number 3 out of range - should be between 1 and 2}} do_test select1-4.11 { execsql { INSERT INTO t5 VALUES(3,10); SELECT * FROM t5 ORDER BY 2, 1 DESC; } } {2 9 3 10 1 10} do_test select1-4.12 { execsql { SELECT * FROM t5 ORDER BY 1 DESC, b; } } {3 10 2 9 1 10} do_test select1-4.13 { execsql { SELECT * FROM t5 ORDER BY b DESC, 1; } } {1 10 3 10 2 9} # ORDER BY ignored on an aggregate query # do_test select1-5.1 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT max(f1) FROM test1 ORDER BY f2}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 33} execsql {CREATE TABLE test2(t1 test, t2 text)} execsql {INSERT INTO test2 VALUES('abc','xyz')} # Check for column naming # do_test select1-6.1 { set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT f1 FROM test1 ORDER BY f2}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 {f1 11 f1 33}} do_test select1-6.1.1 { execsql {PRAGMA full_column_names=on} set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT f1 FROM test1 ORDER BY f2}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 {test1.f1 11 test1.f1 33}} do_test select1-6.1.2 { set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT f1 as 'f1' FROM test1 ORDER BY f2}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 {f1 11 f1 33}} do_test select1-6.1.3 { set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE f1==11}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 {test1.f1 11 test1.f2 22}} do_test select1-6.1.4 { set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT DISTINCT * FROM test1 WHERE f1==11}} msg] execsql {PRAGMA full_column_names=off} lappend v $msg } {0 {test1.f1 11 test1.f2 22}} do_test select1-6.1.5 { set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE f1==11}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 {f1 11 f2 22}} do_test select1-6.1.6 { set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT DISTINCT * FROM test1 WHERE f1==11}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 {f1 11 f2 22}} do_test select1-6.2 { set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT f1 as xyzzy FROM test1 ORDER BY f2}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 {xyzzy 11 xyzzy 33}} do_test select1-6.3 { set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT f1 as "xyzzy" FROM test1 ORDER BY f2}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 {xyzzy 11 xyzzy 33}} do_test select1-6.3.1 { set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT f1 as 'xyzzy ' FROM test1 ORDER BY f2}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 {{xyzzy } 11 {xyzzy } 33}} do_test select1-6.4 { set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT f1+F2 as xyzzy FROM test1 ORDER BY f2}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 {xyzzy 33 xyzzy 77}} do_test select1-6.4a { set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT f1+F2 FROM test1 ORDER BY f2}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 {f1+F2 33 f1+F2 77}} do_test select1-6.5 { set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT test1.f1+F2 FROM test1 ORDER BY f2}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 {test1.f1+F2 33 test1.f1+F2 77}} do_test select1-6.5.1 { execsql2 {PRAGMA full_column_names=on} set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT test1.f1+F2 FROM test1 ORDER BY f2}} msg] execsql2 {PRAGMA full_column_names=off} lappend v $msg } {0 {test1.f1+F2 33 test1.f1+F2 77}} do_test select1-6.6 { set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT test1.f1+F2, t1 FROM test1, test2 ORDER BY f2}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 {test1.f1+F2 33 t1 abc test1.f1+F2 77 t1 abc}} do_test select1-6.7 { set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT A.f1, t1 FROM test1 as A, test2 ORDER BY f2}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 {A.f1 11 t1 abc A.f1 33 t1 abc}} do_test select1-6.8 { set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT A.f1, f1 FROM test1 as A, test1 as B ORDER BY f2}} msg] lappend v $msg } {1 {ambiguous column name: f1}} do_test select1-6.8b { set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT A.f1, B.f1 FROM test1 as A, test1 as B ORDER BY f2}} msg] lappend v $msg } {1 {ambiguous column name: f2}} do_test select1-6.8c { set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT A.f1, f1 FROM test1 as A, test1 as A ORDER BY f2}} msg] lappend v $msg } {1 {ambiguous column name: A.f1}} do_test select1-6.9 { set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT A.f1, B.f1 FROM test1 as A, test1 as B ORDER BY A.f1, B.f1}} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 {A.f1 11 B.f1 11 A.f1 11 B.f1 33 A.f1 33 B.f1 11 A.f1 33 B.f1 33}} do_test select1-6.10 { set v [catch {execsql2 { SELECT f1 FROM test1 UNION SELECT f2 FROM test1 ORDER BY f2; }} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 {f2 11 f2 22 f2 33 f2 44}} do_test select1-6.11 { set v [catch {execsql2 { SELECT f1 FROM test1 UNION SELECT f2+100 FROM test1 ORDER BY f2+100; }} msg] lappend v $msg } {0 {f2+100 11 f2+100 33 f2+100 122 f2+100 144}} do_test select1-7.1 { set v [catch {execsql { SELECT f1 FROM test1 WHERE f2=; }} msg] lappend v $msg } {1 {near ";": syntax error}} do_test select1-7.2 { set v [catch {execsql { SELECT f1 FROM test1 UNION SELECT WHERE; }} msg] lappend v $msg } {1 {near "WHERE": syntax error}} do_test select1-7.3 { set v [catch {execsql {SELECT f1 FROM test1 as 'hi', test2 as}} msg] lappend v $msg } {1 {near "as": syntax error}} do_test select1-7.4 { set v [catch {execsql { SELECT f1 FROM test1 ORDER BY; }} msg] lappend v $msg } {1 {near ";": syntax error}} do_test select1-7.5 { set v [catch {execsql { SELECT f1 FROM test1 ORDER BY f1 desc, f2 where; }} msg] lappend v $msg } {1 {near "where": syntax error}} do_test select1-7.6 { set v [catch {execsql { SELECT count(f1,f2 FROM test1; }} msg] lappend v $msg } {1 {near "FROM": syntax error}} do_test select1-7.7 { set v [catch {execsql { SELECT count(f1,f2+) FROM test1; }} msg] lappend v $msg } {1 {near ")": syntax error}} do_test select1-7.8 { set v [catch {execsql { SELECT f1 FROM test1 ORDER BY f2, f1+; }} msg] lappend v $msg } {1 {near ";": syntax error}} do_test select1-8.1 { execsql {SELECT f1 FROM test1 WHERE 4.3+2.4 OR 1 ORDER BY f1} } {11 33} do_test select1-8.2 { execsql { SELECT f1 FROM test1 WHERE ('x' || f1) BETWEEN 'x10' AND 'x20' ORDER BY f1 } } {11} do_test select1-8.3 { execsql { SELECT f1 FROM test1 WHERE 5-3==2 ORDER BY f1 } } {11 33} do_test select1-8.4 { execsql { SELECT coalesce(f1/(f1-11),'x'), coalesce(min(f1/(f1-11),5),'y'), coalesce(max(f1/(f1-33),6),'z') FROM test1 ORDER BY f1 } } {x y 6 1.5 1.5 z} do_test select1-8.5 { execsql { SELECT min(1,2,3), -max(1,2,3) FROM test1 ORDER BY f1 } } {1 -3 1 -3} # Check the behavior when the result set is empty # do_test select1-9.1 { catch {unset r} set r(*) {} db eval {SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE f1<0} r {} set r(*) } {} do_test select1-9.2 { execsql {PRAGMA empty_result_callbacks=on} set r(*) {} db eval {SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE f1<0} r {} set r(*) } {f1 f2} do_test select1-9.3 { set r(*) {} db eval {SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE f1<(select count(*) from test2)} r {} set r(*) } {f1 f2} do_test select1-9.4 { set r(*) {} db eval {SELECT * FROM test1 ORDER BY f1} r {} set r(*) } {f1 f2} do_test select1-9.5 { set r(*) {} db eval {SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE f1<0 ORDER BY f1} r {} set r(*) } {f1 f2} unset r # Check for ORDER BY clauses that refer to an AS name in the column list # do_test select1-10.1 { execsql { SELECT f1 AS x FROM test1 ORDER BY x } } {11 33} do_test select1-10.2 { execsql { SELECT f1 AS x FROM test1 ORDER BY -x } } {33 11} do_test select1-10.3 { execsql { SELECT f1-23 AS x FROM test1 ORDER BY abs(x) } } {10 -12} do_test select1-10.4 { execsql { SELECT f1-23 AS x FROM test1 ORDER BY -abs(x) } } {-12 10} do_test select1-10.5 { execsql { SELECT f1-22 AS x, f2-22 as y FROM test1 } } {-11 0 11 22} do_test select1-10.6 { execsql { SELECT f1-22 AS x, f2-22 as y FROM test1 WHERE x>0 AND y<50 } } {11 22} # Check the ability to specify "TABLE.*" in the result set of a SELECT # do_test select1-11.1 { execsql { DELETE FROM t3; DELETE FROM t4; INSERT INTO t3 VALUES(1,2); INSERT INTO t4 VALUES(3,4); SELECT * FROM t3, t4; } } {1 2 3 4} do_test select1-11.2 { execsql2 { SELECT * FROM t3, t4; } } {t3.a 1 t3.b 2 t4.a 3 t4.b 4} do_test select1-11.3 { execsql2 { SELECT * FROM t3 AS x, t4 AS y; } } {x.a 1 x.b 2 y.a 3 y.b 4} do_test select1-11.4.1 { execsql { SELECT t3.*, t4.b FROM t3, t4; } } {1 2 4} do_test select1-11.4.2 { execsql { SELECT "t3".*, t4.b FROM t3, t4; } } {1 2 4} do_test select1-11.5 { execsql2 { SELECT t3.*, t4.b FROM t3, t4; } } {t3.a 1 t3.b 2 t4.b 4} do_test select1-11.6 { execsql2 { SELECT x.*, y.b FROM t3 AS x, t4 AS y; } } {x.a 1 x.b 2 y.b 4} do_test select1-11.7 { execsql { SELECT t3.b, t4.* FROM t3, t4; } } {2 3 4} do_test select1-11.8 { execsql2 { SELECT t3.b, t4.* FROM t3, t4; } } {t3.b 2 t4.a 3 t4.b 4} do_test select1-11.9 { execsql2 { SELECT x.b, y.* FROM t3 AS x, t4 AS y; } } {x.b 2 y.a 3 y.b 4} do_test select1-11.10 { catchsql { SELECT t5.* FROM t3, t4; } } {1 {no such table: t5}} do_test select1-11.11 { catchsql { SELECT t3.* FROM t3 AS x, t4; } } {1 {no such table: t3}} do_test select1-11.12 { execsql2 { SELECT t3.* FROM t3, (SELECT max(a), max(b) FROM t4) } } {t3.a 1 t3.b 2} do_test select1-11.13 { execsql2 { SELECT t3.* FROM (SELECT max(a), max(b) FROM t4), t3 } } {t3.a 1 t3.b 2} do_test select1-11.14 { execsql2 { SELECT * FROM t3, (SELECT max(a), max(b) FROM t4) AS 'tx' } } {t3.a 1 t3.b 2 tx.max(a) 3 tx.max(b) 4} do_test select1-11.15 { execsql2 { SELECT y.*, t3.* FROM t3, (SELECT max(a), max(b) FROM t4) AS y } } {y.max(a) 3 y.max(b) 4 t3.a 1 t3.b 2} do_test select1-11.16 { execsql2 { SELECT y.* FROM t3 as y, t4 as z } } {y.a 1 y.b 2} # Tests of SELECT statements without a FROM clause. # do_test select1-12.1 { execsql2 { SELECT 1+2+3 } } {1+2+3 6} do_test select1-12.2 { execsql2 { SELECT 1,'hello',2 } } {1 1 'hello' hello 2 2} do_test select1-12.3 { execsql2 { SELECT 1 AS 'a','hello' AS 'b',2 AS 'c' } } {a 1 b hello c 2} do_test select1-12.4 { execsql { DELETE FROM t3; INSERT INTO t3 VALUES(1,2); SELECT * FROM t3 UNION SELECT 3 AS 'a', 4 ORDER BY a; } } {1 2 3 4} do_test select1-12.5 { execsql { SELECT 3, 4 UNION SELECT * FROM t3; } } {1 2 3 4} do_test select1-12.6 { execsql { SELECT * FROM t3 WHERE a=(SELECT 1); } } {1 2} do_test select1-12.7 { execsql { SELECT * FROM t3 WHERE a=(SELECT 2); } } {} do_test select1-12.8 { execsql2 { SELECT x FROM ( SELECT a,b FROM t3 UNION SELECT a AS 'x', b AS 'y' FROM t4 ORDER BY a,b ) ORDER BY x; } } {x 1 x 3} do_test select1-12.9 { execsql2 { SELECT z.x FROM ( SELECT a,b FROM t3 UNION SELECT a AS 'x', b AS 'y' FROM t4 ORDER BY a,b ) AS 'z' ORDER BY x; } } {z.x 1 z.x 3} finish_test