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All rights reserved. # Mapfiles and versioning in ON ============================= 1.0 Objective of this README This README describes the engineering practices of creating and updating visible library interfaces. It describes various kinds of actions that typically occur as libraries are evolved, and shows how interface specifications are affected or updated in accordance. It tells you what you must do as a shared library developer if you: 1. Make interface additions to an existing library - add a Public interface - add a Private interface 2. Update an interface in an existing library - remove an existing interface - promote a Private interface to Public - scope a Private interface to local - move an interface from one library to another - copy interfaces which are part of the standard to a new or existing library 3. Introduce a new library - source directory hierarchy - creation of the "mapfile-vers" file - Makefiles 4. Make an entire library obsolete before end-of-life - introduce SUNWobsolete to the "mapfile-vers" file ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.0 What's a mapfile? Mapfiles are used to tell the link-editor ("ld") all sorts of things about how to generate an executable file or a shared object from a collection of relocatable objects, such as generated by a compiler. For all the gory details, see the Solaris Linker and Libraries Guide, which can be found under http://docs.sun.com. There are two versions of the mapfile language accepted by the link-editor. Version 1 derives from AT&T System V Release 4 Unix. Version 2 is a newer syntax specific to Solaris. All mapfiles in the OSnet (ON consolidation) are required to use version 2 syntax. Note that every mapfile using version 2 syntax must start with the line: $mapfile_version 2 Here, we are only concerned with specifying externally-visible interfaces for shared libraries (shared objects) and with specifying their versions for ABI (Application Binary Interface) purposes. For these purposes, we only need to deal with a subset of the mapfile language. There should be a "mapfile-vers" file associated with every shared library and it should reside in the common source directory for that library, most often in a "common" directory. This is the usual layout of a library's top-level directory (usr/src/lib/libwombat): Makefile amd64/ i386/ sparcv9/ Makefile.com common/ sparc/ The "common" directory contains the source files and other common files for the library: bat.c libwombat_impl.h mapfile-vers wom.c libwombat.h llib-lwombat util.c wombat.c The mapfile's name is, by convention, "mapfile-vers" because it is used for only two purposes: to specify externally-visible interface names while suppressing visibility of all other names, and to specify their respective unique version names. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3.0 Contents of mapfile-vers The structure of mapfile-vers is best explained by an example (the license notification and copyright notice is omitted here for brevity): $mapfile_version 2 SYMBOL_VERSION SUNW_1.2 { # update to libwombat, Solaris 10 global: wb_readv; wb_stat; wb_writev; } SUNW_1.1; SYMBOL_VERSION SUNW_1.1 { # first release of libwombat, Solaris 9 global: wb_read; wb_write; }; SYMBOL_VERSION SUNWprivate { # private libwombat symbols global: wb_add; wb_delete; wb_search; local: *; }; The SUNW_1.* names are the Public version names for the library. There should be at most one version name for each release of Solaris, with the minor number incremented by one over the previous version. If no update to the Public-visible names in the library is made in a given Solaris release, no new version name should be generated for that release. If multiple updates are made to the library at different points in the development of a given release of Solaris, only one version should be used for the entire release. So, for example, if an update to libwombat is made in Solaris 11, you would add "SUNW_1.3" at the start of the mapfile: SYMBOL_VERSION SUNW_1.3 { # update to libwombat, Solaris 11 global: wb_lseek; } SUNW_1.2; Each version must inherit all symbols from its preceding version, specified at the ending "}" for each version. SUNW_1.1 does not inherit any symbols. SUNWprivate, if present, stands alone. The two lines in SUNWprivate: local: *; ensure that no symbols other than those listed in the mapfile are visible to clients of the library. If there is no SUNWprivate, these two lines should appear in SUNW_1.1. For maintainability, the list of names in each version block should be sorted in dictionary order (sort -d). Please comply. The version 2 mapfile language supports a simple mechanism for conditional input, in which lines in the mapfile apply only to a specific platform or ELFCLASS (32/64-bit). This mechanism works very much like the #if/#endif feature of the C preprocessor. For instance, the following mapfile declares a version SUNW_1.1 that always exports a symbol foo, and also exports the symbol bar on 32-bit sparc platforms: $mapfile_version SYMBOL_VERSION SUNW_1.1 { foo; $if _sparc && _ELF32 bar; $endif }; Conditional input can be used if there are ISA-specific library interfaces not common to all instances of the library. It is the preferred method for expressing platform specific items, as long as the differences are simple (which is almost always the case). For example, see libproc, or, if you are masochistic, libc or libnsl. In addition to conditional input, there is a second heavier weight mechanism for expressing ISA-specific differences. In addition to the common mapfile: common/mapfile-vers some libraries may have ISA-specific supplemental mapfiles, one in each of the ISA directories: amd64/mapfile-vers i386/mapfile-vers sparc/mapfile-vers sparcv9/mapfile-vers The ISA-specific mapfiles look like the common mapfile, except that only the ISA-specific names appear. The version names are the same as those in the common mapfile, but only non-empty version instances are present and no inheritance specification is present. The link-editor reads the information from the common and ISA-specific mapfiles and merges them in memory into a single description used to create the resulting object. ISA-specific mapfiles were used with the version 1 mapfile language, which lacked conditional input. Their use is rare now, as conditional input is generally preferred. However, it is important to use conditional input carefully, or the resulting mapfile can be extremly difficult to read. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4.0 Making interface additions to an existing library 4.1 Adding a Public interface The first engineer to update the existing mapfile-vers file in a release needs to identify the current highest version name and properly increment the minor version number by 1 to be the new version name. If this is the first Public interface in the shared object, a new SUNW_1.1 version name must be introduced. The major revision number is incremented whenever an incompatible change is made to an interface. This could be the case if an API changes so dramatically as to invalidate dependencies. This rarely occurs in practice. It also requires changing the suffix of the shared object from, say, .so.1 to .so.2 and introducing code to continue to ship the .so.1 version of the library. The minor revision number is incremented whenever one or more new interfaces is added to a library. Note that the minor number is not incremented on every putback that makes an interface addition to the library. Rather, it is incremented at most once per (external to Sun) release of the library. 4.2 Adding a Private interface Private interfaces are the non-ABI interfaces of the library. Unlike introducing a Public interface, a new entry is simply added to the SUNWprivate version. No minor number increment is necessary. If this interface happens to be the first Private interface introduced into the library, the SUNWprivate version must be created (no major.minor version numbers). It inherits nothing and nothing inherits from it. If the library already has Private interfaces, they may have numbered version names like SUNWprivate_m.n (due to errors of the past). If so, just use the highest numbered private version name to version the new interface. There is no need to introduce a new private version name. Be careful not to use a lower numbered private version name; doing so can cause runtime errors (as opposed to load time errors) when running an application with older versions of the library. There are libraries in the OSnet consolidation that contain only private interfaces. In such libraries, the SUNWprivate_m.n may be incremented to ensure that the programs that depend on them are built and delivered as a integrated unit. A notable example of this is libld.so (usr/src/cmd/sgs/libld), which contains the implementation of the link-editor, the public interface to which is provided by the ld command. When making a modification to the interface of such a library, you should follow the convention already in place. 4.3 Adding new public interfaces in an update release Adding new public interfaces in an update release requires careful coordination with the next marketing release currently under development. Multiple updates ship during the period before the next marketing release ships, and since it is generally impossible to know the full set of new interfaces in the next marketing release until late in its development (after multiple updates have shipped) it must be assumed that not all interfaces added to the next marketing release will be added to an update. Consequently, the new version number for an update cannot be a minor increment, but must be a micro increment. For example, if Release N has version number SUNW_1.3 and Release N+1 will have SUNW_1.4, then interfaces added to an update of Release N must have micro numbers such as SUNW_1.3.1, SUNW_1.3.2, etc. (note that the micro number is not directly tied to the update number: SUNW_1.3.1 may appear in Update 2). The micro versions form an inheritance chain that is inserted between two successive minor versions. For example, the mapfile-vers file for minor release "N+1" to reflect its inclusion of micro releases will look like the following: $mapfile_version 2 SYMBOL_VERSION SUNW_1.4 { # release N+1 global: ... } SUNW_1.3.2; SYMBOL_VERSION SUNW_1.3.2 { # micro release 2 (e.g., release NU3) global: ... } SUNW_1.3.1; SYMBOL_VERSION SUNW_1.3.1 { # micro release 1 (e.g., release NU2) global: ... } SUNW_1.3; SYMBOL_VERSION SUNW_1.3 { # release N global: ... } SUNW_1.2; SYMBOL_VERSION SUNW_1.2 { # release N-1 global: ... } SUNW_1.1; SYMBOL_VERSION SUNW_1.1 { # first release global: ... }; SYMBOL_VERSION SUNW_private { # same in all releases global: ... local: *; }; The corresponding update/patch mapfile-vers file will be identical except for the exclusion of SUNW_1.4. Those interfaces which are only present in Release N+1 are always put into the next minor version set, SUNW_1.4. Thus when adding a new public interface to an update, both the mapfiles of the update release and next marketing release must be modified to be consistent. The update versions should not be added to the marketing release until the putback to the update release has occurred, to avoid timing problems with the update releases (it's all too easy for projects to slip out of updates, or to change ordering). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5.0 How to update an interface in an existing library 5.1 Removing an existing interface 5.1.1 Moving a Public interface No Public interfaces should ever be removed from any mapfile. To move an interface from one library to (say) libc, the code has to be deleted from the library and added to libc, then the mapfile for the library has to have the interface's entry changed from: getfoobar; to: getfoobar { TYPE = FUNCTION; FILTER = libc.so.1 }; See, for example, libnsl's common/mapfile-vers file. Follow the rules for adding a new interface for the necessary changes to libc's mapfile to accommodate the moved interface. In particular, the new interface must be added to the current highest libc version. To move an entire library into libc, look at what has already been done for libthread, libaio, and librt. 5.1.2 Removing a Private interface Deletion of Private interfaces is allowed, but caution should be taken; it should first be established that the interface is not being used. To remove a Private interface, simply delete the corresponding entry for that symbol from the mapfile's SUNWprivate section. Do not forget to delete these Public or Private interfaces from the library's header files as well as from the code that implements the interfaces. 5.2 Promoting a Private interface to Public This is similar to what's done when adding a Public interface. Promoting an existing Private interface to a Public one only requires a change to the existing interface definition. Private interfaces have the symbol version name "SUNWprivate" associated with them. To make the interface a Public one, the interface must be put into a set associated with the current Public release level of the library. As an example, if we were modifying libwombat.so.1 and its version in the last release of Solaris was SUNW_1.23, any new ABI introduced in the next release would be put into a version called SUNW_1.24. Therefore, whether you wish to promote an existing Private interface to Public, or to introduce a new Public interface, this (next successive minor numbered version level) would be the version that it would be associated with. 5.3 Scoping a Private interface local Any interfaces not present in the mapfile-vers file will be scoped local due to the presence of the local: *; lines discussed earlier. This ensures that such interfaces will not be visible outside the library. To move an interface from Private to local scope, simply remove the Private interface from the mapfile-vers file and the header file to prevent it from being exported. This may require moving the Private interface into a library-private header file. Scope reduction of Public interfaces is not allowed without specific ARC review and approval. For the interface to be used in more than one file within the library, it should be in a header file that can be included by each file in the library that uses the interface. For example: #include "libprivate.h" 5.4 How to copy interfaces which are part of a standard to a new or existing library SYSVABI and SISCD are reserved version names for interfaces listed in the System V Interface Definition and the Sparc Compliance Definition. Avoid using these version names when copying the implementation of standard interfaces to another library. Instead, use SUNW_1.1 for a new library, and SUNW_m.n for an existing library (where m.n is the next release version; i.e., if the last version was SUNW_1.18, then you should version the interfaces with SUNW_1.19). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6.0 Introducing a new library 6.1 Directories The normal discipline for introducing a new library in OS/Net is to create a new subdirectory of /usr/src/lib. The interface definition discipline is to create a common/mapfile-vers file for the new library. If we were introducing a new foo library, libfoo, we'd create /usr/src/lib/libfoo containing: Makefile amd64/ i386/ sparcv9/ Makefile.com common/ sparc/ The common subdirectory would contain the normal source files plus the mapfile-vers file. See usr/src/lib/README.Makefiles for directions on how to organize the Makefiles. 6.2 The mapfile The new common/mapfile-vers file would contain: $mapfile_version 2 SYMBOL_VERSION SUNW_1.1 { # first release of libfoo global: ... }; SYMBOL_VERSION SUNWprivate { global: ... local: *; }; If there are no Public interfaces, the SUNW_1.1 section would be omitted. If there are no Private interfaces, the SUNWprivate section would be omitted and the two lines: local: *; would be moved into SUNW_1.1 To decide which interfaces are Public (part of the ABI) and which are Private (unstable interfaces not intended to be used by third party applications or unbundled products), the heuristic which works to a first approximation is that if it has a man page then it's Public. Also, it is really the ARC case for the new interfaces that prescribes which interfaces are Public and which are not (hence, which interfaces have man pages and which do not). For maintainability, the list of names in each version block should be sorted in dictionary order (sort -d). Please comply. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7.0 Make an entire library obsolete 7.1 Introduce SUNWobsolete version Use this version name not for specific interfaces but for marking an entire library as obsolete. The existing public/private version names are left unchanged, but a new SUNWobsolete version is created with no symbols in it. This becomes a tag by which the obsolescence of the library can be recognized. There is no numbering of this version name. $mapfile_version 2 SYMBOL_VERSION SUNWobsolete { global: SUNWobsolete; # This is the only way to do it. } SUNW_1.2; SYMBOL_VERSION SUNW_1.2 { ... ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8.0 Documentation For further information, please refer to the following documents: "Solaris Linker and Libraries Guide", http://docs.sun.com /shared/ON/general_docs/scoping-rules.fm.ps For information on the now-obsolete spec files, used in Solaris releases 7 through 10, see: /shared/ON/general_docs/README.spec /shared/ON/general_docs/libspec-rules.ps /shared/ON/general_docs/spectrans/*