'\" te
.\" Copyright 1989 AT&T
.\" Copyright (c) 2001, Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All Rights Reserved
.\" Portions Copyright (c) 1992, X/Open Company Limited  All Rights Reserved
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.\" The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. In the following statement, the phrase "this text" refers to portions of the system documentation. Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in the Sun OS Reference Manual, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html.
.\"  This notice shall appear on any product containing this material.
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.TH SORT 1 "Nov 19, 2001"
.SH NAME
sort \- sort, merge, or sequence check text files
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
.nf
\fB/usr/bin/sort\fR [\fB-bcdfimMnru\fR] [\fB-k\fR \fIkeydef\fR] [\fB-o\fR \fIoutput\fR]
     [\fB-S\fR \fIkmem\fR] [\fB-t\fR \fIchar\fR] [\fB-T\fR \fIdirectory\fR] [\fB-y\fR [\fIkmem\fR]]
     [\fB-z\fR \fIrecsz\fR] [+\fIpos1\fR [-\fIpos2\fR]] [\fIfile\fR]...
.fi

.LP
.nf
\fB/usr/xpg4/bin/sort\fR [\fB-bcdfimMnru\fR] [\fB-k\fR \fIkeydef\fR] [\fB-o\fR \fIoutput\fR]
     [\fB-S\fR \fIkmem\fR] [\fB-t\fR \fIchar\fR] [\fB-T\fR \fIdirectory\fR] [\fB-y\fR [\fIkmem\fR]]
     [\fB-z\fR \fIrecsz\fR] [+\fIpos1\fR [-\fIpos2\fR]] [\fIfile\fR]...
.fi

.SH DESCRIPTION
.sp
.LP
The \fBsort\fR command sorts lines of all the named files together and writes
the result on the standard output.
.sp
.LP
Comparisons are based on one or more sort keys extracted from each line of
input. By default, there is one sort key, the entire input line. Lines are
ordered according to the collating sequence of the current locale.
.SH OPTIONS
.sp
.LP
The following options alter the default behavior:
.SS "/usr/bin/sort"
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-c\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
Checks that the single input file is ordered as specified by the arguments and
the collating sequence of the current locale. The exit code is set and no
output is produced unless the file is out of sort.
.RE

.SS "/usr/xpg4/bin/sort"
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-c\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 16n
Same as \fB/usr/bin/sort\fR except no output is produced under any
circumstances.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-m\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 16n
Merges only. The input files are assumed to be already sorted.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-o\fR \fIoutput\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 16n
Specifies the name of an output file to be used instead of the standard output.
This file can be the same as one of the input files.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-S\fR \fIkmem\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 16n
Specifies the maximum amount of swap-based memory used for sorting, in
kilobytes (the default unit). \fIkmem\fR can also be specified directly as a
number of bytes (b), kilobytes (k), megabytes (m), gigabytes (g), or terabytes
(t); or as a percentage (%) of the installed physical memory.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-T\fR \fIdirectory\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 16n
Specifies the \fIdirectory\fR in which to place temporary files.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-u\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 16n
Unique: suppresses all but one in each set of lines having equal keys. If used
with the \fB-c\fR option, checks that there are no lines with duplicate keys in
addition to checking that the input file is sorted.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-y\fR \fIkmem\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 16n
(obsolete). This option was used to specify the amount of main memory initially
used by \fBsort\fR. Its functionality is not appropriate for a virtual memory
system; memory usage for \fBsort\fR is now specified using the \fB-S\fR option.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-z\fR \fIrecsz\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 16n
(obsolete). This option was used to prevent abnormal termination when lines
longer than the system-dependent default buffer size are encountered. Because
\fBsort\fR automatically allocates buffers large enough to hold the longest
line, this option has no effect.
.RE

.SS "Ordering Options"
.sp
.LP
The default sort order depends on the value of \fBLC_COLLATE\fR. If
\fBLC_COLLATE\fR is set to \fBC\fR, sorting is in \fBASCII\fR order. If
\fBLC_COLLATE\fR is set to \fBen_US\fR, sorting is case insensitive except when
the two strings are otherwise equal and one has an uppercase letter earlier
than the other. Other locales have other sort orders.
.sp
.LP
The following options override the default ordering rules. When ordering
options appear independent of any key field specifications, the requested field
ordering rules are applied globally to all sort keys. When attached to a
specific key (see \fBSort Key Options\fR), the specified ordering options
override all global ordering options for that key. In the obsolescent forms, if
one or more of these options follows a \fI+pos1\fR option, it affects only the
key field specified by that preceding option.
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-d\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
Dictionary order: only letters, digits, and blanks (spaces and tabs) are
significant in comparisons.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-f\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
Folds lower-case letters into upper case.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-i\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
Ignores non-printable characters.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-M\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
Compares as months. The first three non-blank characters of the field are
folded to upper case and compared. For example, in English the sorting order is
\fB"JAN" < "FEB" < .\|.\|. < "DEC"\fR. Invalid fields compare low to
\fB"JAN"\fR. The \fB-M\fR option implies the \fB-b\fR option (see below).
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-n\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
Restricts the sort key to an initial numeric string, consisting of optional
blank characters, optional minus sign, and zero or more digits with an optional
radix character and thousands separators (as defined in the current locale),
which is sorted by arithmetic value.  An empty digit string is treated as zero.
Leading zeros and signs on zeros do not affect ordering.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-r\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
Reverses the sense of comparisons.
.RE

.SS "Field Separator Options"
.sp
.LP
The treatment of field separators can be altered using the following options:
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-b\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 11n
Ignores leading blank characters when determining the starting and ending
positions of a restricted sort key. If the \fB-b\fR option is specified before
the first sort key option, it is applied to all sort key options. Otherwise,
the \fB-b\fR option can be attached independently to each \fB-k\fR
\fIfield_start\fR, \fIfield_end\fR, or +\fIpos1\fR or \(mi\fIpos2\fR
option-argument (see below).
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-t\fR \fIchar\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 11n
Use \fIchar\fR as the field separator character. \fIchar\fR is not considered
to be part of a field (although it can be included in a sort key).  Each
occurrence of \fIchar\fR is significant (for example, \fI<char><char>\fR
delimits an empty field). If \fB-t\fR is not specified, blank characters are
used as default field separators; each maximal non-empty sequence of blank
characters that follows a non-blank character is a field separator.
.RE

.SS "Sort Key Options"
.sp
.LP
Sort keys can be specified using the options:
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-k\fR \fIkeydef\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 19n
The \fIkeydef\fR argument is a restricted sort key field definition. The format
of this definition is:
.sp
.in +2
.nf
\fB-k\fR \fIfield_start\fR [\fItype\fR] [\fB,\fR\fIfield_end\fR [\fItype\fR] ]
.fi
.in -2
.sp

where:
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fIfield_start\fR and \fIfield_end\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
define a key field restricted to a portion of the line.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fItype\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
is a modifier from the list of characters \fBbdfiMnr\fR. The \fBb\fR modifier
behaves like the \fB-b\fR option, but applies only to the \fIfield_start\fR or
\fIfield_end\fR to which it is attached and characters within a field are
counted from the first non-blank character in the field. (This applies
separately to \fIfirst_character\fR and \fIlast_character\fR.) The other
modifiers behave like the corresponding options, but apply only to the key
field to which they are attached. They have this effect if specified with
\fIfield_start\fR, \fIfield_end\fR or both.  If any modifier is attached to a
\fIfield_start\fR or to a \fIfield_end\fR, no option applies to either.
.RE

When there are multiple key fields, later keys are compared only after all
earlier keys compare equal. Except when the \fB-u\fR option is specified, lines
that otherwise compare equal are ordered as if none of the options \fB-d\fR,
\fB-f\fR, \fB-i\fR, \fB-n\fR or \fB-k\fR were present (but with \fB-r\fR still
in effect, if it was specified) and with all bytes in the lines significant to
the comparison.
.sp
The notation:
.sp
.in +2
.nf
\fB-k\fR \fIfield_start\fR[\fItype\fR][\fB,\fR\fIfield_end\fR[\fItype\fR]]
.fi
.in -2
.sp

defines a key field that begins at \fIfield_start\fR and ends at
\fIfield_end\fR inclusive, unless \fIfield_start\fR falls beyond the end of the
line or after \fIfield_end\fR, in which case the key field is empty. A missing
\fIfield_end\fR means the last character of the line.
.sp
A field comprises a maximal sequence of non-separating characters and, in the
absence of option \fB-t\fR, any preceding field separator.
.sp
The \fIfield_start\fR portion of the \fIkeydef\fR option-argument has the form:
.sp
.in +2
.nf
\fIfield_number\fR[\fB\&.\fR\fIfirst_character\fR]
.fi
.in -2
.sp

Fields and characters within fields are numbered starting with 1.
\fIfield_number\fR and \fIfirst_character\fR, interpreted as positive decimal
integers, specify the first character to be used as part of a sort key. If
\fB\&.\fR\fIfirst_character\fR is omitted, it refers to the first character of
the field.
.sp
The \fIfield_end\fR portion of the \fIkeydef\fR option-argument has the form:
.sp
.in +2
.nf
\fIfield_number\fR[\fB\&.\fR\fIlast_character\fR]
.fi
.in -2
.sp

The \fIfield_number\fR is as described above for \fIfield_start\fR.
\fIlast_character\fR, interpreted as a non-negative decimal integer, specifies
the last character to be used as part of the sort key. If \fIlast_character\fR
evaluates to zero or \fB\&.\fR\fIlast_character\fR is omitted, it refers to the
last character of the field specified by \fIfield_number\fR.
.sp
If the \fB-b\fR option or \fBb\fR type modifier is in effect, characters within
a field are counted from the first non-blank character in the field. (This
applies separately to \fIfirst_character\fR and \fIlast_character\fR.)
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB[\fB+\fR\fIpos1\fR [\fB-\fR\fIpos2\fR]]\fR
.ad
.RS 19n
(obsolete). Provide functionality equivalent to the \fB-k\fR\fIkeydef\fR
option.
.sp
\fIpos1\fR and \fIpos2\fR each have the form \fIm\fR\fB\&.\fR\fIn\fR optionally
followed by one or more of the flags \fBbdfiMnr\fR. A starting position
specified by \fB+\fR\fIm\fR\fB\&.\fR\fIn\fR is interpreted to mean the
\fIn\fR+1st character in the \fIm\fR+1st field. A missing \fB\&.\fR\fIn\fR
means \fB\&.0\fR, indicating the first character of the \fIm\fR+1st field. If
the \fBb\fR flag is in effect \fIn\fR is counted from the first non-blank in
the \fIm\fR+1st field; \fB+\fR\fIm\fR\fB\&.0b\fR refers to the first non-blank
character in the \fIm\fR+1st field.
.sp
A last position specified by \fB\(mi\fR\fIm\fR\fB\&.\fR\fIn\fR is interpreted
to mean the \fIn\fRth character (including separators) after the last character
of the \fIm\fRth field. A missing \fB\&.\fR\fIn\fR means \fB\&.\fR0, indicating
the last character of the \fIm\fRth field. If the \fBb\fR flag is in effect
\fIn\fR is counted from the last leading blank in the \fIm\fR+1st field;
\fB\(mi\fR\fIm\fR\fB\&.\fR1\fBb\fR refers to the first non-blank in the
\fIm\fR+1st field.
.sp
The fully specified \fI+pos1\fR \fI\(mipos2\fR form with type modifiers \fBT\fR
and \fBU\fR:
.sp
.in +2
.nf
+\fBw\fR.\fBxT\fR -\fBy\fR.\fBzU\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp

is equivalent to:
.sp
.in +2
.nf
undefined (z==0 & U contains \fIb\fR & \fI-t\fR is present)
-k w+1.x+1T,y.0U     (z==0 otherwise)
-k w+1.x+1T,y+1.zU   (z > 0)
.fi
.in -2
.sp

Implementations support at least nine occurrences of the sort keys (the
\fB-k\fR option and obsolescent \fB+\fR\fIpos1\fR and
\fB\(mi\fR\fIpos2\fR\fB)\fR which are significant in command line order. If no
sort key is specified, a default sort key of the entire line is used.
.RE

.SH OPERANDS
.sp
.LP
The following operand is supported:
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fIfile\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 8n
A path name of a file to be sorted, merged or checked. If no \fIfile\fR
operands are specified, or if a \fIfile\fR operand is \fB\(mi\fR, the standard
input is used.
.RE

.SH USAGE
.sp
.LP
See \fBlargefile\fR(5) for the description of the behavior of \fBsort\fR when
encountering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 2^31 bytes).
.SH EXAMPLES
.sp
.LP
In the following examples, first the preferred and then the obsolete way of
specifying \fBsort\fR keys are given as an aid to understanding the
relationship between the two forms.
.LP
\fBExample 1 \fRSorting with the Second Field as a sort Key
.sp
.LP
Either of the following commands sorts the contents of \fBinfile\fR with the
second field as the sort key:

.sp
.in +2
.nf
example% \fBsort -k 2,2 infile\fR
example% \fBsort +1 \(mi2 infile\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.LP
\fBExample 2 \fRSorting in Reverse Order
.sp
.LP
Either of the following commands sorts, in reverse order, the contents of
\fBinfile1\fR and \fBinfile2\fR, placing the output in \fBoutfile\fR and using
the second character of the second field as the sort key (assuming that the
first character of the second field is the field separator):

.sp
.in +2
.nf
example% \fBsort -r -o outfile -k 2.2,2.2 infile1 infile2\fR
example% \fBsort -r -o outfile +1.1 \(mi1.2 infile1 infile2\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.LP
\fBExample 3 \fRSorting Using a Specified Character in One of the Files
.sp
.LP
Either of the following commands sorts the contents of \fBinfile1\fR and
\fBinfile2\fR using the second non-blank character of the second field as the
sort key:

.sp
.in +2
.nf
example% \fBsort -k 2.2b,2.2b infile1 infile2\fR
example% \fBsort +1.1b \(mi1.2b infile1 infile2\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.LP
\fBExample 4 \fRSorting by Numeric User ID
.sp
.LP
Either of the following commands prints the \fBpasswd\fR(4) file (user
database) sorted by the numeric user ID (the third colon-separated field):

.sp
.in +2
.nf
example% \fBsort -t : -k 3,3n /etc/passwd\fR
example% \fBsort -t : +2 \(mi3n /etc/passwd\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.LP
\fBExample 5 \fRPrinting Sorted Lines Excluding Lines that Duplicate a Field
.sp
.LP
Either of the following commands prints the lines of the already sorted file
\fBinfile\fR, suppressing all but one occurrence of lines having the same third
field:

.sp
.in +2
.nf
example% \fBsort -um -k 3.1,3.0 infile\fR
example% \fBsort -um +2.0 \(mi3.0 infile\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.LP
\fBExample 6 \fRSorting by Host IP Address
.sp
.LP
Either of the following commands prints the \fBhosts\fR(4) file (IPv4 hosts
database), sorted by the numeric \fBIP\fR address (the first four numeric
fields):

.sp
.in +2
.nf
example$ \fBsort -t . -k 1,1n -k 2,2n -k 3,3n -k 4,4n /etc/hosts\fR
example$ \fBsort -t . +0 -1n +1 -2n +2 -3n +3 -4n /etc/hosts\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.sp
.LP
Since '\fB\&.\fR' is both the field delimiter and, in many locales, the decimal
separator, failure to specify both ends of the field leads to results where the
second field is interpreted as a fractional portion of the first, and so forth.

.SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
.sp
.LP
See \fBenviron\fR(5) for descriptions of the following environment variables
that affect the execution of \fBsort\fR: \fBLANG\fR, \fBLC_ALL\fR,
\fBLC_COLLATE\fR, \fBLC_MESSAGES\fR, and \fBNLSPATH\fR.
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fBLC_CTYPE\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 14n
Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data
as characters (for example, single- versus multi-byte characters in arguments
and input files) and the behavior of character classification for the \fB-b\fR,
\fB-d\fR, \fB-f\fR, \fB-i\fR and \fB-n\fR options.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fBLC_NUMERIC\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 14n
Determine the locale for the definition of the radix character and thousands
separator for the \fB-n\fR option.
.RE

.SH EXIT STATUS
.sp
.LP
The following exit values are returned:
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB0\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
All input files were output successfully, or \fB-c\fR was specified and the
input file was correctly sorted.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB1\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
Under the \fB-c\fR option, the file was not ordered as specified, or if the
\fB-c\fR and \fB-u\fR options were both specified, two input lines were found
with equal keys.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB>1\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
An error occurred.
.RE

.SH FILES
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB/var/tmp/stm???\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 19n
Temporary files
.RE

.SH ATTRIBUTES
.sp
.LP
See \fBattributes\fR(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
.SS "/usr/bin/sort"
.sp

.sp
.TS
box;
c | c
l | l .
ATTRIBUTE TYPE	ATTRIBUTE VALUE
_
CSI	Enabled
.TE

.SS "/usr/xpg4/bin/sort"
.sp

.sp
.TS
box;
c | c
l | l .
ATTRIBUTE TYPE	ATTRIBUTE VALUE
_
CSI	Enabled
_
Interface Stability	Standard
.TE

.SH SEE ALSO
.sp
.LP
\fBcomm\fR(1), \fBjoin\fR(1), \fBuniq\fR(1), \fBnl_langinfo\fR(3C),
\fBstrftime\fR(3C), \fBhosts\fR(4), \fBpasswd\fR(4), \fBattributes\fR(5),
\fBenviron\fR(5), \fBlargefile\fR(5), \fBstandards\fR(5)
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
.sp
.LP
Comments and exits with non-zero status for various trouble conditions (for
example, when input lines are too long), and for disorders discovered under the
\fB-c\fR option.
.SH NOTES
.sp
.LP
When the last line of an input file is missing a \fBnew-line\fR character,
\fBsort\fR appends one, prints a warning message, and continues.
.sp
.LP
\fBsort\fR does not guarantee preservation of relative line ordering on equal
keys.
.sp
.LP
One can tune \fBsort\fR performance for a specific scenario using the \fB-S\fR
option. However, one should note in particular that \fBsort\fR has greater
knowledge of how to use a finite amount of memory for sorting than the virtual
memory system. Thus, a sort invoked to request an extremely large amount of
memory via the \fB-S\fR option could perform extremely poorly.
.sp
.LP
As noted, certain of the field modifiers (such as \fB-M\fR and \fB-d\fR) cause
the interpretation of input data to be done with reference to locale-specific
settings. The results of this interpretation can be unexpected if one's
expectations are not aligned with the conventions established by the locale. In
the case of the month keys, \fBsort\fR does not attempt to compensate for
approximate month abbreviations. The precise month abbreviations from
\fBnl_langinfo\fR(3C) or \fBstrftime\fR(3C) are the only ones recognized. For
printable or dictionary order, if these concepts are not well-defined by the
locale, an empty sort key might be the result, leading to the next key being
the significant one for determining the appropriate ordering.