'\" te
.\"  Copyright (c) 2008, Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved
.\" The contents of this file are subject to the terms of the Common Development and Distribution License (the "License").  You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
.\" You can obtain a copy of the license at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE or http://www.opensolaris.org/os/licensing.  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
.\" When distributing Covered Code, include this CDDL HEADER in each file and include the License file at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE.  If applicable, add the following below this CDDL HEADER, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]" replaced with your own identifying information: Portions Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
.TH CRLE 1 "Apr 15, 2020"
.SH NAME
crle \- configure runtime linking environment
.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
\fBcrle\fR [\fB-64\fR] [\fB-a\fR \fIname\fR] [\fB-A\fR \fIname\fR] [\fB-c\fR \fIconf\fR] [\fB-e\fR \fIenv\fR] [\fB-E\fR \fIenv\fR]
     [\fB-f\fR \fIflags\fR] [\fB-i\fR \fIname\fR] [\fB-I\fR \fIname\fR] [\fB-g\fR \fIname\fR] [\fB-G\fR \fIname\fR]
     [\fB-l\fR \fIdir\fR] [\fB-o\fR \fIdir\fR] [\fB-s\fR \fIdir\fR] [\fB-t\fR [ ELF | AOUT]] [\fB-u\fR] [\fB-v\fR]
.fi

.SH DESCRIPTION
The \fBcrle\fR utility provides for the creation and display of a runtime
linking configuration file. The configuration file is read and interpreted by
the runtime linker, \fBld.so.1\fR(1), during process startup. The runtime
linker attempts to read a default configuration file for all processes. For
32-bit processes, the default configuration file is \fB/var/ld/ld.config\fR.
For 64-bit processes, the default configuration file is
\fB/var/ld/64/ld.config\fR.
.sp
.LP
Without any arguments, or with just the \fB-c\fR option, \fBcrle\fR displays
configuration information. This information includes the contents of a
configuration file, any system defaults and the command-line required to
regenerate the configuration file. When used with any other options, a new
configuration file is created or updated.
.sp
.LP
The runtime linker can also be directed to an alternative configuration file by
setting one of the \fBLD_CONFIG\fR family of environment variable.
\fBLD_CONFIG\fR applies to both 32-bit and 64-bit programs. Since 32-bit and
64-bit configuration files differ, a single configuration file cannot be used
for both class of object. Hence, \fBLD_CONFIG\fR can adversely affect program
execution in cases where a program of one class executes a program of the other
class. In particular, it is common practice for the 32-bit version of standard
Solaris utilities to execute their 64-bit counterpart. \fBLD_CONFIG\fR cannot
be successfully used in this case. Therefore, the use of the \fBLD_CONFIG_32\fR
and \fBLD_CONFIG_64\fR environment variables, that precisely target the
appropriate class of process, is recommended.
.sp
.LP
Creating an incorrect configuration file in the standard location,
\fB/var/ld\fR, can prevent programs from running, and can therefore be
difficult to recover from. To guard against this situation, it is recommended
that new configuration files first be created in a temporary location. Then set
the appropriate \fBLD_CONFIG\fR environment variable to this new configuration
file. This setting causes the new configuration file to be used by the runtime
linker instead of any default. After verification, the new configuration file
can be moved to the default location if desired. At any time, the environment
variable \fBLD_NOCONFIG\fR can be set to any value to instruct the runtime
linker to ignore any configuration files. This setting can prove useful during
experimentation.
.sp
.LP
A configuration file can contain the following information.
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fBDefault Search Paths\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
The runtime linker uses a prescribed search path for locating the dynamic
dependencies of an object. This search path starts with the components of any
\fBLD_LIBRARY_PATH\fR definition, followed by the components of an object's
\fBrunpath\fR. Finally, any default search paths specific to the object's class
are used. This last component of the search path can be expressed within the
configuration file. Typically, use of this facility should be augmented with
any system default. See the \fB-l\fR and \fB-u\fR options.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fBTrusted Directories\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
When processing a secure application, the runtime linker restricts the use of
\fBLD_LIBRARY_PATH\fR searches, and \fB$ORIGIN\fR token expansion. See
\fISecurity\fR in \fILinker and Libraries Guide\fR. In addition, the
directories from which preload and audit libraries can be located are also
restricted. The path names that are associated with preload and audit libraries
are restricted to known trusted directories. Trusted directories can be
expressed within the configuration file. Typically, use of this facility should
be augmented with any system defaults. See the \fB-s\fR and \fB-u\fR options.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fBEnvironment Variables\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Any environment variable interpreted by the runtime linker can be specified
within the configuration file.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fBDirectory Cache\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
The location of shared objects within defined directories can be maintained as
a cache within the configuration file. This directory cache can reduce the
overhead of searching for application dependencies.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fBAlternative Objects\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
In conjunction with the directory cache, shared objects can have alternative
objects specified for use at runtime. These alternate objects, can be supplied
by the user. Alternative objects can also be created by \fBcrle\fR as copies of
shared objects fixed to known memory locations. These fixed alternative objects
can require less processing at runtime than their original shared object
counterpart.
.RE

.sp
.LP
Defining additional default search paths, or additional trusted directories can
be useful for administrators who wish to install third party software in a
central location, or otherwise alter the search path of applications that might
not have been coded with a suitable runpath.
.sp
.LP
The declaration of alternative objects provides a means of replacing
dependencies other than by using symbolic links or requiring
\fBLD_LIBRARY_PATH\fR settings.
.sp
.LP
The declaration of environment variables that are interpreted by the runtime
linker provides a means of centralizing their definition for all applications.
.sp
.LP
The directory cache, and \fBcrle\fR generated alternate objects, can provide a
means of reducing the runtime startup overhead of applications. Alternative
objects can be useful for applications that require many dependencies, or whose
dependencies are expensive to relocate. Shared objects that contain
\fBposition-dependent\fR code are often expensive to relocate. Note, the system
has many caching facilities that help mitigate expenses such as negative path
lookups, and thus employing \fBcrle\fR to create a directory cache may have
minimal effect other than for some very specific cases.
.sp
.LP
When alternate objects that are generated by \fBcrle\fR are specified within a
configuration file, the runtime linker performs some minimal consistency
verification. The alternative objects are verified against their originating
objects. This verification is intended to avert application failure should an
applications configuration information become out-of-sync with the underlying
system components. When this situation arises the flexibility offered by
dynamic linking system components can be compromised. This type of application
failure can be very difficult to diagnose. No verification of directory cache
information is performed. Any changes to the directory structure are not seen
by a process until the cache is rebuilt.
.sp
.LP
System shared objects are often well tuned, and can show little benefit from
being cached. The directory cache and alternative object features are typically
applicable to user applications and shared objects, and may only show
improvement in some very specific cases.
.sp
.LP
\fBcrle\fR creates alternate objects for the shared objects that are discovered
when using the \fB-I\fR and \fB-G\fR options, using \fBdldump\fR(3C). The
alternate object is created in the directory specified by the preceding
\fB-o\fR option, or defaults to the directory in which the configuration file
is created. The flags used by \fBdldump()\fR are specified using the \fB-f\fR
option, or default to \fBRTLD_REL_RELATIVE\fR.
.SH OPTIONS
The following options are supported.
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-64\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Specify to process 64-bit objects, the default is 32-bit. Use \fB-64\fR to
create a 64-bit specific configuration file.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-a\fR \fIname\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Create an alternative path name for \fIname\fR. The alternative path name is
added to the configuration file.
.sp
The actual alternative file must be supplied by the user. Multiple occurrences
of this option are permitted. If \fIname\fR is a directory, each shared object
within the directory is added to the cache. If \fIname\fR does not exist, then
\fIname\fR is marked in the cache as a nonexistent file.
.sp
Typically, this option is used with the \fB-o\fR option.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-A\fR \fIname\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Create an optional alternative path name for \fIname\fR. This alternative path
name is added to the configuration file.
.sp
This option mimics the \fB-a\fR option, except that if the alternative is
unavailable at runtime, the original object \fIname\fR is used. This model
mimics the use of auxiliary filters. See \fIGenerating Auxiliary Filters\fR in
\fILinker and Libraries Guide\fR.
.sp
Typically, this option is used with the \fB-o\fR option.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-c\fR \fIconf\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Specify to use the configuration file name \fIconf\fR. If this option is not
supplied, the default configuration file is used.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-e\fR \fIenv\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Specify a \fBreplaceable\fR environment variable, \fIenv\fR. Only environment
variables that are applicable to the runtime linker are meaningful. Multiple
occurrences of this option are permitted. This option is similar to the
\fB-E\fR option. However, the options differs in how configuration file
definitions, and process environment definitions of the same name are resolved
at runtime.
.sp
A definition established in a configuration file can be \fBoverridden\fR by a
process environment definition, or be \fBsuppressed\fR by a null-value process
environment definition.
.sp
In other words, these configuration file definitions can be replaced, or
removed by the process environment at runtime.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-E\fR \fIenv\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Specify a \fBpermanent\fR environment variable, \fIenv\fR. Only environment
variables that are applicable to the runtime linker are meaningful. Multiple
occurrences of this option are permitted. This option is similar to the
\fB-e\fR option. However, the option differs in how configuration file
definitions, and process environment definitions of the same name are resolved
at runtime.
.sp
Environment variable definitions that are meaningful to the runtime linker fall
into one of two categories. Singular definitions are definitions such as
\fBLD_NOLAZYLOAD=1\fR and \fBLD_DEBUG_OUTPUT=\fR\fIfile\fR. List definitions,
which can take one or more values, are definitions such as
\fBLD_LIBRARY_PATH=\fR\fIpath\fR, and \fBLD_DEBUG=\fR\fIfiles\fR,\fIdetails\fR.
.sp
A singular definition that is established in a configuration file takes
precedence over a process environment definition. A list definition that is
established in a configuration file is \fBappended\fR to a process environment
definition. Any definition that is established in a configuration file can
\fBnot\fR be suppressed by a null-value process environment definition.
.sp
In other words, these configuration file definitions can \fBnot\fR be replaced,
or removed by the process environment at runtime.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-f\fR \fIflags\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Provide the symbolic \fIflags\fR argument to the \fBdldump\fR(3C) calls used to
generate alternate objects. Any of the \fBRTLD_REL\fR flags that are defined in
\fB/usr/include/dlfcn.h\fR can be used. Multiple flags can be \fBor\fR'ed
together using the "\fB|\fR" character. In this case, the string should be
quoted to avoid expansion by the shell. If no \fIflags\fR values are provided
the default flag is \fBRTLD_REL_RELATIVE\fR.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-i\fR \fIname\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Add an individual \fIname\fR to the configuration cache. Multiple occurrences
of this option are permitted. \fIname\fR can be a shared object or a directory.
If \fIname\fR is a directory, each shared object within the directory is added
to the cache. If \fIname\fR does not exist, the \fIname\fR is marked in the
cache as a nonexistent directory.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-I\fR \fIname\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Mimic the \fB-i\fR, and in addition any shared object that is processed has an
alternative created using \fBdldump\fR(3C). If the \fB-f\fR flag contains
\fBRTLD_REL_EXEC\fR, then \fIname\fR can be a dynamic executable, for which an
alternative is created. Only one dynamic executable can be specified in this
manner, as the cache that is created is specific to this application.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-g\fR \fIname\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Add the group \fIname\fR to the configuration cache. Each object is expanded to
determine its dependencies. Multiple occurrences of this option are permitted.
\fIname\fR can be a dynamic executable, shared object or a directory. If
\fIname\fR is a shared object, the shared object and its dependencies are added
to the cache. If \fIname\fR is a directory, each shared object within the
directory, and its dependencies, are added to the cache.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-G\fR \fIname\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Mimic the \fB-g\fR option, and in addition any shared object that is processed
has an alternative created using \fBdldump\fR(3C). If \fIname\fR is a dynamic
executable, and the \fB-f\fR flag contains \fBRTLD_REL_EXEC\fR, then an
alternative for the dynamic executable is also created. Only one dynamic
executable can be specified in this manner as the cache that is created is
specific to this application.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-l\fR \fIdir\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Specify a new default search directory \fIdir\fR for \fBELF\fR or \fBAOUT\fR
objects. Multiple occurrences of this option are permitted. The type of object
that is applicable to the search, is specified by the preceding \fB-t\fR
option, or defaults to \fBELF\fR.
.sp
The default search paths for 32-bit \fBELF\fR objects are \fB/lib\fR followed
by \fB/usr/lib\fR. For 64-bit \fBELF\fR objects, the default search paths are
\fB/lib/64\fR followed by \fB/usr/lib/64\fR.
.sp
The default search paths for \fBAOUT\fR objects are \fB/usr/lib\fR and
\fB/usr/local/lib\fR.
.sp
Use of this option \fBreplaces\fR the default search path. Therefore, a
\fB-l\fR option is normally required to specify the original system default in
relation to any new paths that are being applied. However, if the \fB-u\fR
option is in effect, and a configuration file does \fBnot\fR exist, the system
defaults are added to the new configuration file. These defaults are added
before the new paths specified with the \fB-l\fR option.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-o\fR \fIdir\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
When used with either the \fB-a\fR or \fB-A\fR options, specifies the directory
\fIdir\fR in which any alternate objects exist. When alternative objects are
created by \fBcrle\fR, this option specified where the alternative are created.
Without this option, alternate objects exist in the directory in which the
configuration file is created. Multiple occurrences of this option are
permitted, the directory \fIdir\fR being used to locate alternatives for any
following command-line options. Alternative objects are not permitted to
override their associated originals.
.sp
Typically, this option is used with the \fB-a\fR or \fB-A\fR options.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-s\fR \fIdir\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Specify a new trusted directory \fIdir\fR for \fIsecure\fR \fBELF\fR or
\fBAOUT\fR objects. See \fBSECURITY\fR in \fBld.so.1\fR(1) for a definition of
secure objects. See \fISecurity\fR in \fILinker and Libraries Guide\fR for a
discussion of runtime restrictions imposed on secure applications.
.sp
Multiple occurrences of this option are permitted. The type of object that is
applicable to the search is specified by the preceding \fB-t\fR option, or
defaults to \fBELF\fR.
.sp
The default trusted directories for secure 32-bit \fBELF\fR objects, and
\fBAOUT\fR objects, are \fB/lib/secure\fR followed by \fB/usr/lib/secure\fR.
For 64-bit secure \fBELF\fR objects, the default trusted directories are
\fB/lib/secure/64\fR followed by \fB/usr/lib/secure/64\fR.
.sp
Use of this option \fBreplaces\fR the default trusted directories. Therefore, a
\fB-s\fR option is normally required to specify the original system default in
relation to any new directories that are being applied. However, if the
\fB-u\fR option is in effect, and a configuration file does \fBnot\fR exist,
the system defaults are added to the new configuration file. These defaults are
added before the new directories specified with the \fB-l\fR option.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-t\fR \fBELF\fR | \fBAOUT\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Toggle the object type that is applicable to any \fB-l\fR or \fB-s\fR options
that follow. The default object type is \fBELF\fR.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-u\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Request that a configuration file be updated, possibly with the addition of new
information. Without other options, any existing configuration file is
inspected and its contents recomputed. Additional arguments allow information
to be appended to the recomputed contents. See NOTES.
.sp
If a configuration file does not exist, the configuration file is created as
directed by the other arguments. In the case of the \fB-l\fR and \fB-s\fR
options, any system defaults are first applied to the configuration file before
the directories specified with these options.
.sp
The configuration file can be in the older format that lacks the system
identification information that is normally written at the beginning of the
file. In this case, \fBcrle\fR does not place system identification information
into the resulting file, preserving compatibility of the file with older
versions of Solaris. See NOTES.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-v\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Specify verbose mode. When creating a configuration file, a trace of the files
that are being processed is written to the standard out. When printing the
contents of a configuration file, more extensive directory and file information
is provided.
.RE

.sp
.LP
By default, the runtime linker attempts to read the configuration file
\fB/var/ld/ld.config\fR for each 32-bit application processed.
\fB/var/ld/64/ld.config\fR is read for each 64-bit application. When processing
an alternative application, the runtime linker uses a
\fB$ORIGIN/ld.config.\fIapp-name\fR\fR configuration file if present. See
NOTES. Applications can reference an alternative configuration file by setting
the \fBLD_CONFIG\fR environment variable. An alternative configuration file can
also be specified by recording the configuration file name in the application
at the time the application is built. See the \fB-c\fR option of \fBld\fR(1).
.SH EXAMPLES
\fBExample 1 \fRExperimenting With a Temporary Configuration File
.sp
.LP
The following example creates a temporary configuration file with a new default
search path for ELF objects. The environment variable \fBLD_CONFIG_32\fR is
used to instruct the runtime linker to use this configuration file for all
32-bit processes.

.sp
.in +2
.nf
$ \fBcrle -c /tmp/ld.config -u -l /local/lib\fR
$ \fBcrle -c /tmp/ld.config\fR

Configuration file [version 4]: /tmp/ld.config
  Platform:     32-bit MSB SPARC
  Default Library Path (ELF):  /lib:/usr/lib:/local/lib
  Trusted Directories (ELF):   /lib/secure:/usr/lib/secure  \e
                               (system default)

Command line:
  crle -c /tmp/ld.config -l /lib:/usr/lib:/local/lib

$ \fBLD_CONFIG_32=/tmp/ld.config date\fR
Thu May 29 17:42:00 PDT 2008
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.LP
\fBExample 2 \fRUpdating and Displaying a New Default Search Path for ELF
Objects
.sp
.LP
The following example updates and displays a new default search path for ELF
objects.

.sp
.in +2
.nf
# \fBcrle -u -l /local/lib\fR
# \fBcrle\fR

Configuration file [version 4]: /var/ld/ld.config
  Platform:     32-bit MSB SPARC
  Default Library Path (ELF):  /lib:/usr/lib:/local/lib
  Trusted Directories (ELF):   /lib/secure:/usr/lib/secure  \e
                               (system default)

Command line:
  crle -l /lib:/usr/lib:/local/lib

# \fBcrle -u -l /ISV/lib\fR
# \fBcrle\fR

Configuration file [version 4]: /var/ld/ld.config
  Platform      32-bit MSB SPARC
  Default Library Path (ELF):  /lib:/usr/lib:/local/lib:/ISV/lib
  Trusted Directories (ELF):   /lib/secure:/usr/lib/secure  \e
                               (system default)

Command line:
  crle -l /lib:/usr/lib:/local/lib:/usr/local/lib
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.sp
.LP
In this example, the default configuration file initially did not exist.
Therefore, the new search path \fB/local/lib\fR is appended to the system
default. The next update appends the search path \fB/ISV/lib\fR to those paths
already established in the configuration file.

.LP
\fBExample 3 \fRRecovering From a Bad Configuration File
.sp
.LP
The following example creates a bad configuration file in the default location.
The file can be removed by instructing the runtime linker to ignore any
configuration file with the \fBLD_NOCONFIG\fR environment variable. Note, it is
recommended that temporary configuration files be created and the environment
variable \fBLD_CONFIG\fR used to experiment with these files.

.sp
.in +2
.nf
# \fBcrle -l /local/lib\fR
# \fBdate\fR
ld.so.1: date: fatal: libc.so.1: open failed:  \e
   No such file or directory
Killed
# \fBLD_NOCONFIG=yes rm /var/ld/ld.config\fR
# \fBdate\fR
Thu May 29 17:52:00 PDT 2008
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.sp
.LP
Note, the reason the configuration file is bad is because the system default
search paths are not present. Hence, the \fBdate\fR utility is not able to
locate the system dependencies that it required. In this case, the \fB-u\fR
option should have been used.
.LP
\fBExample 4 \fRCreating and Displaying a New Default Search Path and New
Trusted Directory for ELF Objects
.sp
.LP
The following example creates and displays a new default search path and new
trusted directory for ELF objects.

.sp
.in +2
.nf
# \fBcrle -l /local/lib -l /lib -l /usr/lib -s /local/lib\fR
# \fBcrle\fR

Configuration file [version 4]: /var/ld/ld.config
  Platform:     32-bit MSB SPARC
  Default Library Path (ELF):  /local/lib:/lib:/usr/lib
  Trusted Directories (ELF):   /local/lib

Command line:
  crle -l /local/lib:/lib:/usr/lib -s /local/lib
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.sp
.LP
With this configuration file, third party applications could be installed in
\fB/local/bin\fR and their associated dependencies in \fB/local/lib\fR. The
default search path allows the applications to locate their dependencies
without the need to set \fBLD_LIBRARY_PATH\fR. The default trusted directories
have also been replaced with this example.

.LP
\fBExample 5 \fRCreating a Directory Cache for ELF Objects
.sp
.LP
The following example creates a directory cache for ELF objects.

.sp
.in +2
.nf
$ \fBcrle -i /usr/dt/lib -i /usr/openwin/lib -i /lib -i /usr/lib  \e
        -c config\fR
$ \fBldd -s ./main\fR
\&....
   find object=libc.so.1; required by ./main
    search path=/usr/dt/lib:/usr/openwin/lib  (RUNPATH/RPATH ./main)
    trying path=/usr/dt/lib/libc.so.1
    trying path=/usr/openwin/lib/libc.so.1
    search path=/lib  (default)
    trying path=/lib/libc.so.1
        libc.so.1 =>     /lib/libc.so.1

$ \fBLD_CONFIG=config ldd -s ./main\fR
\&....
   find object=libc.so.1; required by ./main
    search path=/usr/dt/lib:/usr/openwin/lib  (RUNPATH/RPATH ./main)
    search path=/lib  (default)
    trying path=/lib/libc.so.1
        libc.so.1 =>     /lib/libc.so.1
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.sp
.LP
With this configuration, the cache reflects that the system library
\fBlibc.so.1\fR does not exist in the directories \fB/usr/dt/lib\fR or
\fB/usr/openwin/lib\fR. Therefore, the search for this system file ignores
these directories even though the application's runpath indicates these paths
should be searched.

.LP
\fBExample 6 \fRCreating an Alternative Object Cache for an ELF Executable
.sp
.LP
The following example creates an alternative object cache for an ELF
executable.

.sp
.in +2
.nf
$ \fBcrle -c /local/$HOST/.xterm/ld.config.xterm  \e
        -f RTLD_REL_ALL  -G /usr/openwin/bin/xterm\fR
$ \fBln  -s /local/$HOST/.xterm/xterm  /local/$HOST/xterm\fR
$ \fBldd /usr/local/$HOST/xterm\fR
    libXaw.so.5 =>  /local/$HOST/.xterm/libWaw.so.5  (alternate)
    libXmu.so.4 =>  /local/$HOST/.xterm/libXmu.so.4  (alternate)
    ....
    libc.so.1 =>    /local/$HOST/.xterm/libc.so.1  (alternate)
    ....
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.sp
.LP
With this configuration, a new \fBxterm\fR and its dependencies are created.
These new objects are fully relocated to each other, and result in faster
startup than the originating objects. The execution of this application uses
its own specific configuration file. This model is generally more flexible than
using the environment variable \fBLD_CONFIG\fR, as the configuration file can
not be erroneously used by other applications such as \fBldd\fR(1) or
\fBtruss\fR(1).

.LP
\fBExample 7 \fRCreating an Alternative Object Cache to Replace an ELF Shared
Object
.sp
.LP
The following example creates an alternative object cache to replace an ELF
shared object.

.sp
.in +2
.nf
$ \fBldd /usr/bin/vi\fR
    libcurses.so.1 =>  /lib/libcurses.so.1
    ....

# \fBcrle -a /lib/libcurses.so.1 -o /usr/ucblib\fR
# \fBcrle\fR

Configuration file [version 4]: /var/ld/ld.config
  Platform:     32-bit MSB SPARC
  Default Library Path (ELF):  /lib:/usr/lib  (system default)
  Trusted Directories (ELF):   /lib/secure:/usr/lib/secure  \e
                               (system default)

Directory: /lib
  libcurses.so.1  (alternate: /usr/ucblib/libcurses.so.1)
\&....

$ \fBldd /usr/bin/vi\fR
    libcurses.so.1 => /usr/ucblib/libcurses.so.1 (alternate)
    ....
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.sp
.LP
With this configuration, any dependency that would normally resolve to
\fB/usr/lib/libcurses.so.1\fR instead resolves to
\fB/usr/ucblib/libcurses.so.1\fR.

.LP
\fBExample 8 \fRSetting Replaceable and Permanent Environment Variables
.sp
.LP
The following example sets replaceable and permanent environment variables.

.sp
.in +2
.nf
# \fBcrle -e LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/local/lib  \e
        -E LD_PRELOAD=preload.so.1\fR
# \fBcrle\fR
\&.....
Environment Variables:
  LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/local/lib  (replaceable)
  LD_PRELOAD=preload.so.1  (permanent)

\&.....
$ \fBLD_DEBUG=files LD_PRELOAD=preload.so.2 ./main\fR
\&.....
18764: file=preload.so.2;  preloaded
18764: file=/local/lib/preload.so.2  [ ELF ]; generating link map
\&.....
18764: file=preload.so.1;  preloaded
18764: file=/local/lib/preload.so.1  [ ELF ]; generating link map
\&.....
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.sp
.LP
With this configuration file, a replaceable search path has been specified
together with a permanent preload object which becomes appended to the process
environment definition.

.SH EXIT STATUS
The creation or display of a configuration file results in a \fB0\fR being
returned. Otherwise, any error condition is accompanied with a diagnostic
message and a non-zero value being returned.
.SH NOTES
The ability to tag an alternative application to use an application-specific
configuration file, is possible if the original application contains one of the
\fI\&.dynamic\fR tags \fBDT_FLAGS_1\fR or \fBDT_FEATURE_1\fR. Without these
entries, a configuration file must be specified using the \fBLD_CONFIG\fR
environment variable. Care should be exercised with this latter method as this
environment variable is visible to any forked applications.
.sp
.LP
The use of the \fB-u\fR option requires at least version 2 of \fBcrle\fR. This
version level is evident from displaying the contents of a configuration file.
.sp
.in +2
.nf
$ \fBcrle\fR

Configuration file [2]: /var/ld/ld.config
  ......
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.sp
.LP
With a version 2 configuration file, \fBcrle\fR is capable of constructing the
command-line arguments required to regenerate the configuration file. This
command-line construction, provides full update capabilities using the \fB-u\fR
option. Although a version 1 configuration file update is possible, the
configuration file contents might be insufficient for \fBcrle\fR to compute the
entire update requirements.
.sp
.LP
Configuration files contain platform specific binary data. A given
configuration file can only be interpreted by software with the same machine
class and byte ordering. However, the information necessary to enforce this
restriction was not included in configuration files until \fBSXCE\fR build
\fB41\fR. As of this \fBSXCE\fR build, configuration files have system
identification information at the beginning of the file. This additional
information is used by \fBcrle\fR and the runtime to check their compatibility
with configuration files. This information also allows the \fBfile\fR(1)
command to properly identify  configuration files. For backward compatibility,
older files that are missing this information are still accepted, although
without the identification and error checking that would otherwise be possible.
When processing an update (\fB-u\fR) operation for an older file that lacks
system information, \fBcrle\fR does not add system identification information
to the result.
.SH FILES
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB/var/ld/ld.config\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Default configuration file for 32-bit applications.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB/var/ld/64/ld.config\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Default configuration file for 64-bit applications.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB/var/tmp\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Default location for temporary configuration file. See \fBtempnam\fR(3C).
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB/usr/lib/lddstub\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Stub application that is employed to \fBdldump\fR(3C) 32-bit objects.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB/usr/lib/64/lddstub\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Stub application that is employed to \fBdldump\fR(3C) 64-bit objects.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB/usr/lib/libcrle.so.1\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Audit library that is employed to \fBdldump\fR(3C) 32-bit objects.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB/usr/lib/64/libcrle.so.1\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Audit library that is employed to \fBdldump\fR(3C) 64-bit objects.
.RE

.SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
There are no environment variables that are referenced by \fBcrle\fR. However,
several environment variables affect the runtime linkers behavior in regard to
the processing of configuration files that are created by \fBcrle\fR.
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fBLD_CONFIG\fR, \fBLD_CONFIG_32\fR and \fBLD_CONFIG_64\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Provide an alternative configuration file.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fBLD_NOCONFIG\fR, \fBLD_NOCONFIG_32\fR and \fBLD_NOCONFIG_64\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Disable configuration file processing.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fBLD_NODIRCONFIG\fR, \fBLD_NODIRCONFIG_32\fR and \fBLD_NODIRCONFIG_64\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Disable directory cache processing from a configuration file.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fBLD_NOENVCONFIG\fR, \fBLD_NOENVCONFIG_32\fR and \fBLD_NOENVCONFIG_64\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Disable environment variable processing from a configuration file.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fBLD_NOOBJALTER\fR, \fBLD_NOOBJALTER_32\fR and \fBLD_NOOBJALTER_64\fR\fR
.ad
.sp .6
.RS 4n
Disable alternative object processing from a configuration file.
.RE

.SH ATTRIBUTES
See \fBattributes\fR(7) for descriptions of the following attributes.
.sp

.sp
.TS
box;
c | c
l | l .
ATTRIBUTE TYPE	ATTRIBUTE VALUE
_
Interface Stability	Committed
.TE

.SH SEE ALSO
.BR file (1),
.BR ld (1),
.BR ld.so.1 (1),
.BR dldump (3C),
.BR tempnam (3C),
.BR attributes (7)
.sp
.LP
\fILinker and Libraries Guide\fR