.\" .\" Copyright (C) 2001 Chad David . All rights reserved. .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright .\" notice(s), this list of conditions and the following disclaimer as .\" the first lines of this file unmodified other than the possible .\" addition of one or more copyright notices. .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright .\" notice(s), this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. .\" .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER(S) ``AS IS'' AND ANY .\" EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED .\" WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE .\" DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER(S) BE LIABLE FOR ANY .\" DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES .\" (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR .\" SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER .\" CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH .\" DAMAGE. .\" .Dd January 23, 2019 .Dt UCRED 9 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm ucred , .Nm crget , .Nm crhold , .Nm crfree , .Nm crcopy , .Nm crdup , .Nm cru2x .Nd "functions related to user credentials" .Sh SYNOPSIS .In sys/param.h .In sys/ucred.h .Ft "struct ucred *" .Fn crget void .Ft "struct ucred *" .Fn crhold "struct ucred *cr" .Ft void .Fn crfree "struct ucred *cr" .Ft void .Fn crcopy "struct ucred *dest" "struct ucred *src" .Ft "struct ucred *" .Fn crcopysafe "struct proc *p" "struct ucred *cr" .Ft "struct ucred *" .Fn crdup "struct ucred *cr" .Ft void .Fn crsetgroups "struct ucred *cr" "int ngrp" "gid_t *groups" .Ft void .Fn cru2x "struct ucred *cr" "struct xucred *xcr" .Sh DESCRIPTION The .Nm family of functions is used to manage user credential structures .Pq Vt "struct ucred" within the kernel. .Pp The .Fn crget function allocates memory for a new structure, sets its reference count to 1, and initializes its lock. .Pp The .Fn crhold function increases the reference count on the credential. .Pp The .Fn crfree function decreases the reference count on the credential. If the count drops to 0, the storage for the structure is freed. .Pp The .Fn crcopy function copies the contents of the source (template) credential into the destination template. The .Vt uidinfo structure within the destination is referenced by calling .Xr uihold 9 . .Pp The .Fn crcopysafe function copies the current credential associated with the process .Fa p into the newly allocated credential .Fa cr . The process lock on .Fa p must be held and will be dropped and reacquired as needed to allocate group storage space in .Fa cr . .Pp The .Fn crdup function allocates memory for a new structure and copies the contents of .Fa cr into it. The actual copying is performed by .Fn crcopy . .Pp The .Fn crsetgroups function sets the .Va cr_groups and .Va cr_ngroups variables and allocates space as needed. It also truncates the group list to the current maximum number of groups. No other mechanism should be used to modify the .Va cr_groups array except for updating the primary group via assignment to .Va cr_groups[0] . .Pp The .Fn cru2x function converts a .Vt ucred structure to an .Vt xucred structure. That is, it copies data from .Fa cr to .Fa xcr ; it ignores fields in the former that are not present in the latter (e.g., .Va cr_uidinfo ) , and appropriately sets fields in the latter that are not present in the former (e.g., .Va cr_version ) . .Sh RETURN VALUES .Fn crget , .Fn crhold , .Fn crdup , and .Fn crcopysafe all return a pointer to a .Vt ucred structure. .Sh USAGE NOTES As of .Fx 5.0 , the .Vt ucred structure contains extensible fields. This means that the correct protocol must always be followed to create a fresh and writable credential structure: new credentials must always be derived from existing credentials using .Fn crget , .Fn crcopy , and .Fn crcopysafe . .Pp In the common case, credentials required for access control decisions are used in a read-only manner. In these circumstances, the thread credential .Va td_ucred should be used, as it requires no locking to access safely, and remains stable for the duration of the call even in the face of a multi-threaded application changing the process credentials from another thread. .Pp During a process credential update, the process lock must be held across check and update, to prevent race conditions. The process credential, .Va td->td_proc->p_ucred , must be used both for check and update. If a process credential is updated during a system call and checks against the thread credential are to be made later during the same system call, the thread credential must also be refreshed from the process credential so as to prevent use of a stale value. To avoid this scenario, it is recommended that system calls updating the process credential be designed to avoid other authorization functions. .Pp If temporarily elevated privileges are required for a thread, the thread credential can be replaced for the duration of an activity, or for the remainder of the system call. However, as a thread credential is often shared, appropriate care should be taken to make sure modifications are made to a writable credential through the use of .Fn crget and .Fn crcopy . .Pp Caution should be exercised when checking authorization for a thread or process perform an operation on another thread or process. As a result of temporary elevation, the target thread credential should .Em never be used as the target credential in an access control decision: the process credential associated with the thread, .Va td->td_proc->p_ucred , should be used instead. For example, .Xr p_candebug 9 accepts a target process, not a target thread, for access control purposes. .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr uihold 9 .Sh AUTHORS This manual page was written by .An Chad David Aq Mt davidc@acns.ab.ca .