This document describes the use of the NTP Project's ntp-keygen
program, that generates cryptographic data files used by the NTPv4
authentication and identity schemes.
It can generate message digest keys used in symmetric key cryptography and,
if the OpenSSL software
library has been installed, it can generate host keys, sign keys,
certificates, and identity keys and parameters used by the Autokey
public key cryptography.
The message digest keys file is generated in a
format compatible with NTPv3.
All other files are in PEM-encoded
printable ASCII format so they can be embedded as MIME attachments in
mail to other sites.
This document applies to version 4.2.8p4 of ntp-keygen.
This program generates cryptographic data files used by the NTPv4 authentication and identity schemes. It can generate message digest keys used in symmetric key cryptography and, if the OpenSSL software library has been installed, it can generate host keys, sign keys, certificates, and identity keys and parameters used by the Autokey public key cryptography. The message digest keys file is generated in a format compatible with NTPv3. All other files are in PEM-encoded printable ASCII format so they can be embedded as MIME attachments in mail to other sites.
When used to generate message digest keys, the program produces a file containing ten pseudo-random printable ASCII strings suitable for the MD5 message digest algorithm included in the distribution. If the OpenSSL library is installed, it produces an additional ten hex-encoded random bit strings suitable for the SHA1 and other message digest algorithms. The message digest keys file must be distributed and stored using secure means beyond the scope of NTP itself. Besides the keys used for ordinary NTP associations, additional keys can be defined as passwords for the ntpq and ntpdc utility programs.
The remaining generated files are compatible with other OpenSSL applications and other Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) resources. Certificates generated by this program are compatible with extant industry practice, although some users might find the interpretation of X509v3 extension fields somewhat liberal. However, the identity keys are probably not compatible with anything other than Autokey.
Some files used by this program are encrypted using a private password.
The -p option specifies the password for local encrypted files and the
-q option the password for encrypted files sent to remote sites.
If no password is specified, the host name returned by the Unix
gethostname() function, normally the DNS name of the host, is used.
The pw option of the crypto configuration command
specifies the read password for previously encrypted local files.
This must match the local password used by this program.
If not specified, the host name is used.
Thus, if files are generated by this program without password,
they can be read back by ntpd without password, but only on the same
host.
Normally, encrypted files for each host are generated by that host and
used only by that host, although exceptions exist as noted later on
this page.
The symmetric keys file, normally called ntp.keys, is
usually installed in /etc.
Other files and links are usually installed
in /usr/local/etc, which is normally in a shared filesystem in
NFS-mounted networks and cannot be changed by shared clients.
The location of the keys directory can be changed by the keysdir
configuration command in such cases.
Normally, this is in /etc.
This program directs commentary and error messages to the standard
error stream stderr and remote files to the standard output stream
stdout where they can be piped to other applications or redirected to
files.
The names used for generated files and links all begin with the
string ntpkey and include the file type,
generating host and filestamp,
as described in the Cryptographic Data Files section below.
To test and gain experience with Autokey concepts, log in as root and
change to the keys directory, usually /usr/local/etc.
When run for the
first time, or if all files with names beginning ntpkey] have been
removed, use the ntp-keygen command without arguments to generate a
default RSA host key and matching RSA-MD5 certificate with expiration
date one year hence.
If run again without options, the program uses the
existing keys and parameters and generates only a new certificate with
new expiration date one year hence.
Run the command on as many hosts as necessary.
Designate one of them as the trusted host (TH) using ntp-keygen
with the -T option and configure
it to synchronize from reliable Internet servers.
Then configure the other hosts to synchronize to the TH directly or indirectly.
A certificate trail is created when Autokey asks the immediately
ascendant host towards the TH to sign its certificate, which is then
provided to the immediately descendant host on request.
All group hosts should have acyclic certificate trails ending on the TH.
The host key is used to encrypt the cookie when required and so must be
RSA type.
By default, the host key is also the sign key used to encrypt signatures.
A different sign key can be assigned using the -S option
and this can be either RSA or DSA type.
By default, the signature
message digest type is MD5, but any combination of sign key type and
message digest type supported by the OpenSSL library can be specified
using the -c option.
The rules say cryptographic media should be generated with proventic filestamps, which means the host should already be synchronized before this program is run. This of course creates a chicken-and-egg problem when the host is started for the first time. Accordingly, the host time should be set by some other means, such as eyeball-and-wristwatch, at least so that the certificate lifetime is within the current year. After that and when the host is synchronized to a proventic source, the certificate should be re-generated.
Additional information on trusted groups and identity schemes is on the Autokey Public-Key Authentication page.
This program generates cryptographic data files used by the NTPv4 authentication and identification schemes. It generates MD5 key files used in symmetric key cryptography. In addition, if the OpenSSL software library has been installed, it generates keys, certificate and identity files used in public key cryptography. These files are used for cookie encryption, digital signature and challenge/response identification algorithms compatible with the Internet standard security infrastructure.
All files are in PEM-encoded printable ASCII format, so they can be embedded as MIME attachments in mail to other sites and certificate authorities. By default, files are not encrypted.
When used to generate message digest keys, the program produces a file
containing ten pseudo-random printable ASCII strings suitable for the
MD5 message digest algorithm included in the distribution.
If the OpenSSL library is installed, it produces an additional ten
hex-encoded random bit strings suitable for the SHA1 and other message
digest algorithms.
The message digest keys file must be distributed and stored
using secure means beyond the scope of NTP itself.
Besides the keys used for ordinary NTP associations, additional keys
can be defined as passwords for the
ntpq(1ntpqmdoc)
and
ntpdc(1ntpdcmdoc)
utility programs.
The remaining generated files are compatible with other OpenSSL applications and other Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) resources. Certificates generated by this program are compatible with extant industry practice, although some users might find the interpretation of X509v3 extension fields somewhat liberal. However, the identity keys are probably not compatible with anything other than Autokey.
Some files used by this program are encrypted using a private password.
The
-p
option specifies the password for local encrypted files and the
-q
option the password for encrypted files sent to remote sites.
If no password is specified, the host name returned by the Unix
gethostname()
function, normally the DNS name of the host is used.
The pw option of the crypto configuration command specifies the read password for previously encrypted local files. This must match the local password used by this program. If not specified, the host name is used. Thus, if files are generated by this program without password, they can be read back by ntpd without password but only on the same host.
Normally, encrypted files for each host are generated by that host and used only by that host, although exceptions exist as noted later on this page. The symmetric keys file, normally called ntp.keys, is usually installed in /etc. Other files and links are usually installed in /usr/local/etc, which is normally in a shared filesystem in NFS-mounted networks and cannot be changed by shared clients. The location of the keys directory can be changed by the keysdir configuration command in such cases. Normally, this is in /etc.
This program directs commentary and error messages to the standard error stream stderr and remote files to the standard output stream stdout where they can be piped to other applications or redirected to files. The names used for generated files and links all begin with the string ntpkey and include the file type, generating host and filestamp, as described in the Cryptographic Data Files section below.
To test and gain experience with Autokey concepts, log in as root and
change to the keys directory, usually
/usr/local/etc
When run for the first time, or if all files with names beginning with
ntpkey
have been removed, use the
ntp-keygen
command without arguments to generate a
default RSA host key and matching RSA-MD5 certificate with expiration
date one year hence.
If run again without options, the program uses the
existing keys and parameters and generates only a new certificate with
new expiration date one year hence.
Run the command on as many hosts as necessary.
Designate one of them as the trusted host (TH) using
ntp-keygen
with the
-T
option and configure it to synchronize from reliable Internet servers.
Then configure the other hosts to synchronize to the TH directly or
indirectly.
A certificate trail is created when Autokey asks the immediately
ascendant host towards the TH to sign its certificate, which is then
provided to the immediately descendant host on request.
All group hosts should have acyclic certificate trails ending on the TH.
The host key is used to encrypt the cookie when required and so must be
RSA type.
By default, the host key is also the sign key used to encrypt
signatures.
A different sign key can be assigned using the
-S
option and this can be either RSA or DSA type.
By default, the signature
message digest type is MD5, but any combination of sign key type and
message digest type supported by the OpenSSL library can be specified
using the
-c
option.
The rules say cryptographic media should be generated with proventic
filestamps, which means the host should already be synchronized before
this program is run.
This of course creates a chicken-and-egg problem
when the host is started for the first time.
Accordingly, the host time
should be set by some other means, such as eyeball-and-wristwatch, at
least so that the certificate lifetime is within the current year.
After that and when the host is synchronized to a proventic source, the
certificate should be re-generated.
Additional information on trusted groups and identity schemes is on the Autokey Public-Key Authentication page.
The
ntpd(1ntpdmdoc)
configuration command
crypto pw password
specifies the read password for previously encrypted files.
The daemon expires on the spot if the password is missing
or incorrect.
For convenience, if a file has been previously encrypted,
the default read password is the name of the host running
the program.
If the previous write password is specified as the host name,
these files can be read by that host with no explicit password.
File names begin with the prefix
ntpkey_
and end with the postfix
_hostname.filestamp,
where
hostname
is the owner name, usually the string returned
by the Unix gethostname() routine, and
filestamp
is the NTP seconds when the file was generated, in decimal digits.
This both guarantees uniqueness and simplifies maintenance
procedures, since all files can be quickly removed
by a
rm ntpkey*
command or all files generated
at a specific time can be removed by a
rm
*filestamp
command.
To further reduce the risk of misconfiguration,
the first two lines of a file contain the file name
and generation date and time as comments.
All files are installed by default in the keys directory /usr/local/etc, which is normally in a shared filesystem in NFS-mounted networks. The actual location of the keys directory and each file can be overridden by configuration commands, but this is not recommended. Normally, the files for each host are generated by that host and used only by that host, although exceptions exist as noted later on this page.
Normally, files containing private values, including the host key, sign key and identification parameters, are permitted root read/write-only; while others containing public values are permitted world readable. Alternatively, files containing private values can be encrypted and these files permitted world readable, which simplifies maintenance in shared file systems. Since uniqueness is insured by the hostname and file name extensions, the files for a NFS server and dependent clients can all be installed in the same shared directory.
The recommended practice is to keep the file name extensions
when installing a file and to install a soft link
from the generic names specified elsewhere on this page
to the generated files.
This allows new file generations to be activated simply
by changing the link.
If a link is present, ntpd follows it to the file name
to extract the filestamp.
If a link is not present,
ntpd(1ntpdmdoc)
extracts the filestamp from the file itself.
This allows clients to verify that the file and generation times
are always current.
The
ntp-keygen
program uses the same timestamp extension for all files generated
at one time, so each generation is distinct and can be readily
recognized in monitoring data.
The safest way to run the
ntp-keygen
program is logged in directly as root.
The recommended procedure is change to the keys directory,
usually
/usr/local/etc,
then run the program.
When run for the first time,
or if all
ntpkey
files have been removed,
the program generates a RSA host key file and matching RSA-MD5 certificate file,
which is all that is necessary in many cases.
The program also generates soft links from the generic names
to the respective files.
If run again, the program uses the same host key file,
but generates a new certificate file and link.
The host key is used to encrypt the cookie when required and so must be RSA type. By default, the host key is also the sign key used to encrypt signatures. When necessary, a different sign key can be specified and this can be either RSA or DSA type. By default, the message digest type is MD5, but any combination of sign key type and message digest type supported by the OpenSSL library can be specified, including those using the MD2, MD5, SHA, SHA1, MDC2 and RIPE160 message digest algorithms. However, the scheme specified in the certificate must be compatible with the sign key. Certificates using any digest algorithm are compatible with RSA sign keys; however, only SHA and SHA1 certificates are compatible with DSA sign keys.
Private/public key files and certificates are compatible with other OpenSSL applications and very likely other libraries as well. Certificates or certificate requests derived from them should be compatible with extant industry practice, although some users might find the interpretation of X509v3 extension fields somewhat liberal. However, the identification parameter files, although encoded as the other files, are probably not compatible with anything other than Autokey.
Running the program as other than root and using the Unix
su
command
to assume root may not work properly, since by default the OpenSSL library
looks for the random seed file
.rnd
in the user home directory.
However, there should be only one
.rnd,
most conveniently
in the root directory, so it is convenient to define the
$RANDFILE
environment variable used by the OpenSSL library as the path to
/.rnd.
Installing the keys as root might not work in NFS-mounted
shared file systems, as NFS clients may not be able to write
to the shared keys directory, even as root.
In this case, NFS clients can specify the files in another
directory such as
/etc
using the
keysdir
command.
There is no need for one client to read the keys and certificates
of other clients or servers, as these data are obtained automatically
by the Autokey protocol.
Ordinarily, cryptographic files are generated by the host that uses them, but it is possible for a trusted agent (TA) to generate these files for other hosts; however, in such cases files should always be encrypted. The subject name and trusted name default to the hostname of the host generating the files, but can be changed by command line options. It is convenient to designate the owner name and trusted name as the subject and issuer fields, respectively, of the certificate. The owner name is also used for the host and sign key files, while the trusted name is used for the identity files.
All files are installed by default in the keys directory /usr/local/etc, which is normally in a shared filesystem in NFS-mounted networks. The actual location of the keys directory and each file can be overridden by configuration commands, but this is not recommended. Normally, the files for each host are generated by that host and used only by that host, although exceptions exist as noted later on this page.
Normally, files containing private values, including the host key, sign key and identification parameters, are permitted root read/write-only; while others containing public values are permitted world readable. Alternatively, files containing private values can be encrypted and these files permitted world readable, which simplifies maintenance in shared file systems. Since uniqueness is insured by the hostname and file name extensions, the files for a NFS server and dependent clients can all be installed in the same shared directory.
The recommended practice is to keep the file name extensions
when installing a file and to install a soft link
from the generic names specified elsewhere on this page
to the generated files.
This allows new file generations to be activated simply
by changing the link.
If a link is present, ntpd follows it to the file name
to extract the filestamp.
If a link is not present,
ntpd(1ntpdmdoc)
extracts the filestamp from the file itself.
This allows clients to verify that the file and generation times
are always current.
The
ntp-keygen
program uses the same timestamp extension for all files generated
at one time, so each generation is distinct and can be readily
recognized in monitoring data.
The safest way to run the
ntp-keygen
program is logged in directly as root.
The recommended procedure is change to the keys directory,
usually
/usr/local/etc,
then run the program.
When run for the first time,
or if all
ntpkey
files have been removed,
the program generates a RSA host key file and matching RSA-MD5 certificate file,
which is all that is necessary in many cases.
The program also generates soft links from the generic names
to the respective files.
If run again, the program uses the same host key file,
but generates a new certificate file and link.
The host key is used to encrypt the cookie when required and so must be RSA type. By default, the host key is also the sign key used to encrypt signatures. When necessary, a different sign key can be specified and this can be either RSA or DSA type. By default, the message digest type is MD5, but any combination of sign key type and message digest type supported by the OpenSSL library can be specified, including those using the MD2, MD5, SHA, SHA1, MDC2 and RIPE160 message digest algorithms. However, the scheme specified in the certificate must be compatible with the sign key. Certificates using any digest algorithm are compatible with RSA sign keys; however, only SHA and SHA1 certificates are compatible with DSA sign keys.
Private/public key files and certificates are compatible with other OpenSSL applications and very likely other libraries as well. Certificates or certificate requests derived from them should be compatible with extant industry practice, although some users might find the interpretation of X509v3 extension fields somewhat liberal. However, the identification parameter files, although encoded as the other files, are probably not compatible with anything other than Autokey.
Running the program as other than root and using the Unix
su
command
to assume root may not work properly, since by default the OpenSSL library
looks for the random seed file
.rnd
in the user home directory.
However, there should be only one
.rnd,
most conveniently
in the root directory, so it is convenient to define the
$RANDFILE
environment variable used by the OpenSSL library as the path to
/.rnd.
Installing the keys as root might not work in NFS-mounted
shared file systems, as NFS clients may not be able to write
to the shared keys directory, even as root.
In this case, NFS clients can specify the files in another
directory such as
/etc
using the
keysdir
command.
There is no need for one client to read the keys and certificates
of other clients or servers, as these data are obtained automatically
by the Autokey protocol.
Ordinarily, cryptographic files are generated by the host that uses them, but it is possible for a trusted agent (TA) to generate these files for other hosts; however, in such cases files should always be encrypted. The subject name and trusted name default to the hostname of the host generating the files, but can be changed by command line options. It is convenient to designate the owner name and trusted name as the subject and issuer fields, respectively, of the certificate. The owner name is also used for the host and sign key files, while the trusted name is used for the identity files. seconds. seconds.
s Trusted Hosts and Groups
Each cryptographic configuration involves selection of a signature scheme
and identification scheme, called a cryptotype,
as explained in the
Authentication Options
section of
ntp.conf(5).
The default cryptotype uses RSA encryption, MD5 message digest
and TC identification.
First, configure a NTP subnet including one or more low-stratum
trusted hosts from which all other hosts derive synchronization
directly or indirectly.
Trusted hosts have trusted certificates;
all other hosts have nontrusted certificates.
These hosts will automatically and dynamically build authoritative
certificate trails to one or more trusted hosts.
A trusted group is the set of all hosts that have, directly or indirectly,
a certificate trail ending at a trusted host.
The trail is defined by static configuration file entries
or dynamic means described on the
Automatic NTP Configuration Options
section of
ntp.conf(5).
On each trusted host as root, change to the keys directory.
To insure a fresh fileset, remove all
ntpkey
files.
Then run
ntp-keygen
-T
to generate keys and a trusted certificate.
On all other hosts do the same, but leave off the
-T
flag to generate keys and nontrusted certificates.
When complete, start the NTP daemons beginning at the lowest stratum
and working up the tree.
It may take some time for Autokey to instantiate the certificate trails
throughout the subnet, but setting up the environment is completely automatic.
If it is necessary to use a different sign key or different digest/signature
scheme than the default, run
ntp-keygen
with the
-S type
option, where
type
is either
RSA
or
DSA.
The most often need to do this is when a DSA-signed certificate is used.
If it is necessary to use a different certificate scheme than the default,
run
ntp-keygen
with the
-c scheme
option and selected
scheme
as needed.
f
ntp-keygen
is run again without these options, it generates a new certificate
using the same scheme and sign key.
After setting up the environment it is advisable to update certificates
from time to time, if only to extend the validity interval.
Simply run
ntp-keygen
with the same flags as before to generate new certificates
using existing keys.
However, if the host or sign key is changed,
ntpd(1ntpdmdoc)
should be restarted.
When
ntpd(1ntpdmdoc)
is restarted, it loads any new files and restarts the protocol.
Other dependent hosts will continue as usual until signatures are refreshed,
at which time the protocol is restarted.
As mentioned on the Autonomous Authentication page,
the default TC identity scheme is vulnerable to a middleman attack.
However, there are more secure identity schemes available,
including PC, IFF, GQ and MV described on the
"Identification Schemes"
page
(maybe available at
http://www.eecis.udel.edu/%7emills/keygen.html).
These schemes are based on a TA, one or more trusted hosts
and some number of nontrusted hosts.
Trusted hosts prove identity using values provided by the TA,
while the remaining hosts prove identity using values provided
by a trusted host and certificate trails that end on that host.
The name of a trusted host is also the name of its sugroup
and also the subject and issuer name on its trusted certificate.
The TA is not necessarily a trusted host in this sense, but often is.
In some schemes there are separate keys for servers and clients. A server can also be a client of another server, but a client can never be a server for another client. In general, trusted hosts and nontrusted hosts that operate as both server and client have parameter files that contain both server and client keys. Hosts that operate only as clients have key files that contain only client keys.
The PC scheme supports only one trusted host in the group.
On trusted host alice run
ntp-keygen
-P
-p password
to generate the host key file
ntpkey_RSAkey_alice.filestamp
and trusted private certificate file
ntpkey_RSA-MD5_cert_alice.filestamp.
Copy both files to all group hosts;
they replace the files which would be generated in other schemes.
On each host bob install a soft link from the generic name
ntpkey_host_bob
to the host key file and soft link
ntpkey_cert_bob
to the private certificate file.
Note the generic links are on bob, but point to files generated
by trusted host alice.
In this scheme it is not possible to refresh
either the keys or certificates without copying them
to all other hosts in the group.
For the IFF scheme proceed as in the TC scheme to generate keys
and certificates for all group hosts, then for every trusted host in the group,
generate the IFF parameter file.
On trusted host alice run
ntp-keygen
-T
-I
-p password
to produce her parameter file
ntpkey_IFFpar_alice.filestamp,
which includes both server and client keys.
Copy this file to all group hosts that operate as both servers
and clients and install a soft link from the generic
ntpkey_iff_alice
to this file.
If there are no hosts restricted to operate only as clients,
there is nothing further to do.
As the IFF scheme is independent
of keys and certificates, these files can be refreshed as needed.
If a rogue client has the parameter file, it could masquerade
as a legitimate server and present a middleman threat.
To eliminate this threat, the client keys can be extracted
from the parameter file and distributed to all restricted clients.
After generating the parameter file, on alice run
ntp-keygen
-e
and pipe the output to a file or mail program.
Copy or mail this file to all restricted clients.
On these clients install a soft link from the generic
ntpkey_iff_alice
to this file.
To further protect the integrity of the keys,
each file can be encrypted with a secret password.
For the GQ scheme proceed as in the TC scheme to generate keys
and certificates for all group hosts, then for every trusted host
in the group, generate the IFF parameter file.
On trusted host alice run
ntp-keygen
-T
-G
-p password
to produce her parameter file
ntpkey_GQpar_alice.filestamp,
which includes both server and client keys.
Copy this file to all group hosts and install a soft link
from the generic
ntpkey_gq_alice
to this file.
In addition, on each host bob install a soft link
from generic
ntpkey_gq_bob
to this file.
As the GQ scheme updates the GQ parameters file and certificate
at the same time, keys and certificates can be regenerated as needed.
For the MV scheme, proceed as in the TC scheme to generate keys
and certificates for all group hosts.
For illustration assume trish is the TA, alice one of several trusted hosts
and bob one of her clients.
On TA trish run
ntp-keygen
-V n
-p password,
where
n
is the number of revokable keys (typically 5) to produce
the parameter file
ntpkeys_MVpar_trish.filestamp
and client key files
ntpkeys_MVkeyd_trish.filestamp
where
d
is the key number (0 <
d
<
n).
Copy the parameter file to alice and install a soft link
from the generic
ntpkey_mv_alice
to this file.
Copy one of the client key files to alice for later distribution
to her clients.
It doesn't matter which client key file goes to alice,
since they all work the same way.
Alice copies the client key file to all of her cliens.
On client bob install a soft link from generic
ntpkey_mvkey_bob
to the client key file.
As the MV scheme is independent of keys and certificates,
these files can be refreshed as needed.
-c schemeDSA-SHA1.
Note that RSA schemes must be used with a RSA sign key and DSA
schemes must be used with a DSA sign key.
The default without this option is
RSA-MD5.
-d-e-G-g-H-I-i name-M-P-p password-q-S [RSA | DSA]-s name-T-V nkeysAll cryptographically sound key generation schemes must have means
to randomize the entropy seed used to initialize
the internal pseudo-random number generator used
by the library routines.
The OpenSSL library uses a designated random seed file for this purpose.
The file must be available when starting the NTP daemon and
ntp-keygen
program.
If a site supports OpenSSL or its companion OpenSSH,
it is very likely that means to do this are already available.
It is important to understand that entropy must be evolved for each generation, for otherwise the random number sequence would be predictable. Various means dependent on external events, such as keystroke intervals, can be used to do this and some systems have built-in entropy sources. Suitable means are described in the OpenSSL software documentation, but are outside the scope of this page.
The entropy seed used by the OpenSSL library is contained in a file,
usually called
.rnd,
which must be available when starting the NTP daemon
or the
ntp-keygen
program.
The NTP daemon will first look for the file
using the path specified by the
randfile
subcommand of the
crypto
configuration command.
If not specified in this way, or when starting the
ntp-keygen
program,
the OpenSSL library will look for the file using the path specified
by the
.Ev RANDFILE
environment variable in the user home directory,
whether root or some other user.
If the
.Ev RANDFILE
environment variable is not present,
the library will look for the
.rnd
file in the user home directory.
If the file is not available or cannot be written,
the daemon exits with a message to the system log and the program
exits with a suitable error message.
All other file formats begin with two lines.
The first contains the file name, including the generated host name
and filestamp.
The second contains the datestamp in conventional Unix date format.
Lines beginning with # are considered comments and ignored by the
ntp-keygen
program and
ntpd(1ntpdmdoc)
daemon.
Cryptographic values are encoded first using ASN.1 rules,
then encrypted if necessary, and finally written PEM-encoded
printable ASCII format preceded and followed by MIME content identifier lines.
The format of the symmetric keys file is somewhat different than the other files in the interest of backward compatibility. Since DES-CBC is deprecated in NTPv4, the only key format of interest is MD5 alphanumeric strings. Following hte heard the keys are entered one per line in the format
keyno type key
where keyno is a positive integer in the range 1-65,535, type is the string MD5 defining the key format and key is the key itself, which is a printable ASCII string 16 characters or less in length. Each character is chosen from the 93 printable characters in the range 0x21 through 0x7f excluding space and the # character.
Note that the keys used by the
ntpq(1ntpqmdoc)
and
ntpdc(1ntpdcmdoc)
programs
are checked against passwords requested by the programs
and entered by hand, so it is generally appropriate to specify these keys
in human readable ASCII format.
The
ntp-keygen
program generates a MD5 symmetric keys file
ntpkey_MD5key_hostname.filestamp.
Since the file contains private shared keys,
it should be visible only to root and distributed by secure means
to other subnet hosts.
The NTP daemon loads the file
ntp.keys,
so
ntp-keygen
installs a soft link from this name to the generated file.
Subsequently, similar soft links must be installed by manual
or automated means on the other subnet hosts.
While this file is not used with the Autokey Version 2 protocol,
it is needed to authenticate some remote configuration commands
used by the
ntpq(1ntpqmdoc)
and
ntpdc(1ntpdcmdoc)
utilities.
This section was generated by AutoGen,
using the agtexi-cmd template and the option descriptions for the ntp-keygen program.
This software is released under the NTP license, <http://ntp.org/license>.
This is the automatically generated usage text for ntp-keygen.
The text printed is the same whether selected with the help option
(--help) or the more-help option (--more-help). more-help will print
the usage text by passing it through a pager program.
more-help is disabled on platforms without a working
fork(2) function. The PAGER environment variable is
used to select the program, defaulting to more. Both will exit
with a status code of 0.
ntp-keygen (ntp) - Create a NTP host key - Ver. 4.2.8p4-sec-RC2
Usage: ntp-keygen [ -<flag> [<val>] | --<name>[{=| }<val>] ]...
Flg Arg Option-Name Description
-b Num imbits identity modulus bits
- it must be in the range:
256 to 2048
-c Str certificate certificate scheme
-C Str cipher privatekey cipher
-d no debug-level Increase debug verbosity level
- may appear multiple times
-D Num set-debug-level Set the debug verbosity level
- may appear multiple times
-e no id-key Write IFF or GQ identity keys
-G no gq-params Generate GQ parameters and keys
-H no host-key generate RSA host key
-I no iffkey generate IFF parameters
-i Str ident set Autokey group name
-l Num lifetime set certificate lifetime
-M no md5key generate MD5 keys
-m Num modulus modulus
- it must be in the range:
256 to 2048
-P no pvt-cert generate PC private certificate
-p Str password local private password
-q Str export-passwd export IFF or GQ group keys with password
-S Str sign-key generate sign key (RSA or DSA)
-s Str subject-name set host and optionally group name
-T no trusted-cert trusted certificate (TC scheme)
-V Num mv-params generate <num> MV parameters
-v Num mv-keys update <num> MV keys
opt version output version information and exit
-? no help display extended usage information and exit
-! no more-help extended usage information passed thru pager
-> opt save-opts save the option state to a config file
-< Str load-opts load options from a config file
- disabled as '--no-load-opts'
- may appear multiple times
Options are specified by doubled hyphens and their name or by a single
hyphen and the flag character.
The following option preset mechanisms are supported:
- reading file $HOME/.ntprc
- reading file ./.ntprc
- examining environment variables named NTP_KEYGEN_*
Please send bug reports to: <http://bugs.ntp.org, bugs@ntp.org>
This is the “identity modulus bits” option. This option takes a number argument imbits.
This option has some usage constraints. It:
AUTOKEY during the compilation.
The number of bits in the identity modulus. The default is 256.
This is the “certificate scheme” option. This option takes a string argument scheme.
This option has some usage constraints. It:
AUTOKEY during the compilation.
scheme is one of RSA-MD2, RSA-MD5, RSA-SHA, RSA-SHA1, RSA-MDC2, RSA-RIPEMD160, DSA-SHA, or DSA-SHA1.
Select the certificate message digest/signature encryption scheme. Note that RSA schemes must be used with a RSA sign key and DSA schemes must be used with a DSA sign key. The default without this option is RSA-MD5.
This is the “privatekey cipher” option. This option takes a string argument cipher.
This option has some usage constraints. It:
AUTOKEY during the compilation.
Select the cipher which is used to encrypt the files containing
private keys. The default is three-key triple DES in CBC mode,
equivalent to "-C des-ede3-cbc". The openssl tool lists ciphers
available in "openssl -h" output.
This is the “write iff or gq identity keys” option.
This option has some usage constraints. It:
AUTOKEY during the compilation.
Write the IFF or GQ client keys to the standard output. This is intended for automatic key distribution by mail.
This is the “generate gq parameters and keys” option.
This option has some usage constraints. It:
AUTOKEY during the compilation.
Generate parameters and keys for the GQ identification scheme, obsoleting any that may exist.
This is the “generate rsa host key” option.
This option has some usage constraints. It:
AUTOKEY during the compilation.
Generate new host keys, obsoleting any that may exist.
This is the “generate iff parameters” option.
This option has some usage constraints. It:
AUTOKEY during the compilation.
Generate parameters for the IFF identification scheme, obsoleting any that may exist.
This is the “set autokey group name” option. This option takes a string argument group.
This option has some usage constraints. It:
AUTOKEY during the compilation.
Set the optional Autokey group name to name. This is used in
the file name of IFF, GQ, and MV client parameters files. In
that role, the default is the host name if this option is not
provided. The group name, if specified using 'crypto ident' or 'server ident' configuration in
ntpd's configuration file.
-i/--ident or
using -s/--subject-name following an '}' character,
is also a part of the self-signed host certificate's subject and
issuer names in the form host
This is the ``set certificate lifetime'' option. This option takes a number argument lifetime.
This option has some usage constraints. It:
AUTOKEY during the compilation.
Set the certificate expiration to lifetime days from now.
This is the ``generate md5 keys'' option. Generate MD5 keys, obsoleting any that may exist.
This is the ``modulus'' option. This option takes a number argument modulus.
This option has some usage constraints. It:
AUTOKEY during the compilation.
The number of bits in the prime modulus. The default is 512.
This is the ``generate pc private certificate'' option.
This option has some usage constraints. It:
AUTOKEY during the compilation.
Generate a private certificate. By default, the program generates public certificates.
This is the ``local private password'' option. This option takes a string argument passwd.
This option has some usage constraints. It:
AUTOKEY during the compilation.
Local files containing private data are encrypted with the DES-CBC algorithm and the specified password. The same password must be specified to the local ntpd via the "crypto pw password" configuration command. The default password is the local hostname.
This is the ``export iff or gq group keys with password'' option. This option takes a string argument passwd.
This option has some usage constraints. It:
AUTOKEY during the compilation.
Export IFF or GQ identity group keys to the standard output, encrypted with the DES-CBC algorithm and the specified password. The same password must be specified to the remote ntpd via the "crypto pw password" configuration command. See also the option --id-key (-e) for unencrypted exports.
This is the ``generate sign key (rsa or dsa)'' option. This option takes a string argument sign.
This option has some usage constraints. It:
AUTOKEY during the compilation.
Generate a new sign key of the designated type, obsoleting any that may exist. By default, the program uses the host key as the sign key.
This is the ``set host and optionally group name'' option. This option takes a string argument host@group.
This option has some usage constraints. It:
AUTOKEY during the compilation.
Set the Autokey host name, and optionally, group name specified
following an ' fields. Specifying '-s
leaving the host name unchanged while appending
subject and issuer fields, as with -i group. The group name, or
if not provided, the host name are also used in the file names
of IFF, GQ, and MV client parameter files.
}' character. The host name is used in the file
name of generated host and signing certificates, without the
group name. The host name, and if provided, group name are used
in host
This is the ``trusted certificate (tc scheme)'' option.
This option has some usage constraints. It:
AUTOKEY during the compilation.
Generate a trusted certificate. By default, the program generates a non-trusted certificate.
This is the ``generate <num> mv parameters'' option. This option takes a number argument num.
This option has some usage constraints. It:
AUTOKEY during the compilation.
Generate parameters and keys for the Mu-Varadharajan (MV) identification scheme.
This is the ``update <num> mv keys'' option. This option takes a number argument num.
This option has some usage constraints. It:
AUTOKEY during the compilation.
This option has no doc documentation.
Any option that is not marked as not presettable may be preset by
loading values from configuration ("rc" or "ini") files, and values from environment variables named NTP-KEYGEN and NTP-KEYGEN_<OPTION_NAME>. <OPTION_NAME> must be one of
the options listed above in upper case and segmented with underscores.
The NTP-KEYGEN variable will be tokenized and parsed like
the command line. The remaining variables are tested for existence and their
values are treated like option arguments.
libopts will search in 2 places for configuration files:
HOME, and PWD
are expanded and replaced when ntp-keygen runs.
For any of these that are plain files, they are simply processed.
For any that are directories, then a file named .ntprc is searched for
within that directory and processed.
Configuration files may be in a wide variety of formats. The basic format is an option name followed by a value (argument) on the same line. Values may be separated from the option name with a colon, equal sign or simply white space. Values may be continued across multiple lines by escaping the newline with a backslash.
Multiple programs may also share the same initialization file. Common options are collected at the top, followed by program specific segments. The segments are separated by lines like:
[NTP-KEYGEN]
or by
<?program ntp-keygen>
Do not mix these styles within one configuration file.
Compound values and carefully constructed string values may also be specified using XML syntax:
<option-name>
<sub-opt>...<...>...</sub-opt>
</option-name>
yielding an option-name.sub-opt string value of
"...<...>..."
AutoOpts does not track suboptions. You simply note that it is a
hierarchicly valued option. AutoOpts does provide a means for searching
the associated name/value pair list (see: optionFindValue).
The command line options relating to configuration and/or usage help are:
Print the program version to standard out, optionally with licensing information, then exit 0. The optional argument specifies how much licensing detail to provide. The default is to print just the version. The licensing infomation may be selected with an option argument. Only the first letter of the argument is examined:
One of the following exit values will be returned:
All cryptographically sound key generation schemes must have means to
randomize the entropy seed used to initialize the internal
pseudo-random number generator used by the OpenSSL library routines.
If a site supports ssh, it is very likely that means to do this are
already available.
The entropy seed used by the OpenSSL library is contained in a file,
usually called .rnd, which must be available when
starting the ntp-keygen program or ntpd daemon.
The OpenSSL library looks for the file using the path specified by the
RANDFILE environment variable in the user home directory, whether root
or some other user.
If the RANDFILE environment variable is not
present, the library looks for the .rnd file in the user home
directory.
Since both the ntp-keygen program and ntpd daemon must run
as root, the logical place to put this file is in /.rnd or
/root/.rnd.
If the file is not available or cannot be written, the program exits
with a message to the system log.
File and link names are in the form ntpkey_key_name.fstamp,
where key is the key or parameter type,
name is the host or group name and
fstamp is the filestamp (NTP seconds) when the file was created).
By convention, key names in generated file names include both upper and
lower case characters, while key names in generated link names include
only lower case characters. The filestamp is not used in generated link
names.
The key name is a string defining the cryptographic key type. Key types include public/private keys host and sign, certificate cert and several challenge/response key types. By convention, client files used for challenges have a par subtype, as in the IFF challenge IFFpar, while server files for responses have a key subtype, as in the GQ response GQkey.
All files begin with two nonencrypted lines. The first line contains
the file name in the format ntpkey_key_host.fstamp.
The second line contains the datestamp in conventional Unix date format.
Lines beginning with # are ignored.
The remainder of the file contains cryptographic data encoded first using ASN.1 rules, then encrypted using the DES-CBC algorithm with given password and finally written in PEM-encoded printable ASCII text preceded and followed by MIME content identifier lines.
The format of the symmetric keys file, ordinarily named ntp.keys,
is somewhat different than the other files in the interest of backward
compatibility.
Ordinarily, the file is generated by this program, but
it can be constructed and edited using an ordinary text editor.
# ntpkey_MD5key_hms.local.3564038757
# Sun Dec 9 02:45:57 2012
1 MD5 "]!ghT%O;3)WJ,/Nc:>I # MD5 key
2 MD5 lu+H^tF46BKR-6~pV_5 # MD5 key
3 MD5 :lnoVsE%Yz*avh%EtNC # MD5 key
4 MD5 |fdZrf0sF~^V # MD5 key
5 MD5 IyAG>O"y"LmCRS!*bHC # MD5 key
6 MD5 ">e\A # MD5 key
7 MD5 c9x=M'CfLxax9v)PV-si # MD5 key
8 MD5 E|=jvFVov?Bn|Ev=&aK\ # MD5 key
9 MD5 T!c4UT&`(m$+m+B6,`Q0 # MD5 key
10 MD5 JVF/1=)=IFbHbJQz..Cd # MD5 key
11 SHA1 6dea311109529e436c2b4fccae9bc753c16d1b48 # SHA1 key
12 SHA1 7076f373d86c4848c59ff8046e49cb7d614ec394 # SHA1 key
13 SHA1 5f48b1b60591eb01b7cf1d33b7774f08d20262d3 # SHA1 key
14 SHA1 eed5ab9d9497319ec60cf3781d52607e76720178 # SHA1 key
15 SHA1 f283562611a04c964da8126296f5f8e58c3f85de # SHA1 key
16 SHA1 1930da171297dd63549af50b29449de17dcf341f # SHA1 key
17 SHA1 fee892110358cd4382322b889869e750db8e8a8f # SHA1 key
18 SHA1 b5520c9fadd7ad3fd8bfa061c8821b65d029bb37 # SHA1 key
19 SHA1 8c74fb440ec80f453ec6aaa62b9baed0ab723b92 # SHA1 key
20 SHA1 6bc05f734306a189326000970c19b3910f403795 # SHA1 key
Figure 1. Typical Symmetric Key File
Figure 1 shows a typical symmetric keys file used by the reference implementation. Each line of the file contains three fields, first an integer between 1 and 65534, inclusive, representing the key identifier used in the server and peer configuration commands. Next is the key type for the message digest algorithm, which in the absence of the OpenSSL library must be MD5 to designate the MD5 message digest algorithm. If the OpenSSL library is installed, the key type can be any message digest algorithm supported by that library. However, if compatibility with FIPS 140-2 is required, the key type must be either SHA or SHA1. The key type can be changed using an ASCII text editor.
An MD5 key consists of a printable ASCII string less than or equal to 16 characters and terminated by whitespace or a # character. An OpenSSL key consists of a hex-encoded ASCII string of 40 characters, which is truncated as necessary.
Note that the keys used by the ntpq and ntpdc programs are
checked against passwords requested by the programs and entered by hand,
so it
is generally appropriate to specify these keys in human readable ASCII
format.
The ntp-keygen program generates a MD5 symmetric keys file
ntpkey_MD5key_hostname.filestamp.
Since the file contains private
shared keys, it should be visible only to root and distributed by
secure means to other subnet hosts.
The NTP daemon loads the file ntp.keys, so ntp-keygen
installs a soft link from this name to the generated file.
Subsequently, similar soft links must be installed by
manual or automated means on the other subnet hosts.
While this file is
not used with the Autokey Version 2 protocol, it is needed to
authenticate some remote configuration commands used by the ntpq and
ntpdc utilities.