'\" t .\"*************************************************************************** .\" Copyright 2018-2023,2024 Thomas E. Dickey * .\" Copyright 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc. * .\" * .\" Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a * .\" copy of this software and associated documentation files (the * .\" "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including * .\" without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, * .\" distribute, distribute with modifications, sublicense, and/or sell * .\" copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is * .\" furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: * .\" * .\" The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included * .\" in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. * .\" * .\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS * .\" OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF * .\" MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. * .\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE ABOVE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, * .\" DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR * .\" OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR * .\" THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. * .\" * .\" Except as contained in this notice, the name(s) of the above copyright * .\" holders shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the * .\" sale, use or other dealings in this Software without prior written * .\" authorization. * .\"*************************************************************************** .\" .\" $Id: user_caps.5,v 1.49 2024/03/16 15:35:01 tom Exp $ .TH user_caps 5 2024-03-16 "ncurses @NCURSES_MAJOR@.@NCURSES_MINOR@" "File formats" .ie \n(.g \{\ .ds `` \(lq .ds '' \(rq .\} .el \{\ .ie t .ds `` `` .el .ds `` "" .ie t .ds '' '' .el .ds '' "" .\} . .de bP .ie n .IP \(bu 4 .el .IP \(bu 2 .. .SH NAME user_caps \- user-defined \fIterminfo\fR capability format .SH SYNOPSIS .B @INFOCMP@ \-x .PP .B @TIC@ \-x .SH DESCRIPTION .SS Background Before \fI\%ncurses\fP 5.0, terminfo databases used a \fIfixed repertoire\fP of terminal capabilities designed for the SVr2 terminal database in 1984, and extended in stages through SVr4 (1989), and standardized in the Single Unix Specification beginning in 1995. .PP Most of the \fIextensions\fP in this fixed repertoire were additions to the tables of Boolean, numeric and string capabilities. Rather than change the meaning of an existing capability, a new name was added. The terminfo database uses a binary format; binary compatibility was ensured by using a header which gave the number of items in the tables for each type of capability. The standardization was incomplete: .bP The \fIbinary format\fP itself is not described in the X/Open Curses documentation. Only the \fIsource format\fP is described. .IP Library developers rely upon the SVr4 documentation, and reverse-engineering the compiled terminfo files to match the binary format. .bP Lacking a standard for the binary format, most implementations copy the SVr2 binary format, which uses 16-bit signed integers, and is limited to 4096-byte entries. .IP The format cannot represent very large numeric capabilities, nor can it represent large numbers of special keyboard definitions. .bP The tables of capability names differ between implementations. .IP Although they \fImay\fP provide all of the standard capability names, the position in the tables differs because some features were added as needed, while others were added (out of order) to comply with X/Open Curses. .IP While \fI\%ncurses\fP' repertoire of predefined capabilities is closest to Solaris, Solaris's terminfo database has a few differences from the list published by X/Open Curses. For example, \fI\%ncurses\fP can be configured with tables which match the terminal databases for AIX, HP-UX or OSF/1, rather than the default Solaris-like configuration. .bP In SVr4 curses and \fI\%ncurses\fP, the terminal database is defined at compile-time using a text file which lists the different terminal capabilities. .IP In principle, the text-file can be extended, but doing this requires recompiling and reinstalling the library. The text-file used in \fI\%ncurses\fP for terminal capabilities includes details for various systems past the documented X/Open Curses features. For example, \fI\%ncurses\fP supports these capabilities in each configuration: .RS 8 .TP 5 memory_lock (meml) lock memory above cursor .TP 5 memory_unlock (memu) unlock memory .TP 5 box_chars_1 (box1) box characters primary set .RE .IP The memory lock/unlock capabilities were included because they were used in the X11R6 terminal description for \fBxterm\fP(1). The \fIbox1\fP capability is used in @TIC@ to help with terminal descriptions written for AIX. .PP During the 1990s, some users were reluctant to use terminfo in spite of its performance advantages over termcap: .bP The fixed repertoire prevented users from adding features for unanticipated terminal improvements (or required them to reuse existing capabilities as a workaround). .bP The limitation to 16-bit signed integers was also mentioned. Because termcap stores everything as a string, it could represent larger numbers. .PP Although termcap's extensibility was rarely used (it was never the \fIspeaker\fP who had actually used the feature), the criticism had a point. \fI\%ncurses\fP 5.0 provided a way to detect nonstandard capabilities, determine their type and optionally store and retrieve them in a way which did not interfere with other applications. These are referred to as \fIuser-defined capabilities\fP because no modifications to the toolset's predefined capability names are needed. .PP The \fI\%ncurses\fP utilities \fB@TIC@\fP and \fB@INFOCMP@\fP have a command-line option \*(``\-x\*('' to control whether the nonstandard capabilities are stored or retrieved. A library function \fBuse_extended_names\fP is provided for the same purpose. .PP When compiling a terminal database, if \*(``\-x\*('' is set, \fB@TIC@\fP will store a user-defined capability if the capability name is not one of the predefined names. .PP Because \fI\%ncurses\fP provides a termcap library interface, these user-defined capabilities may be visible to termcap applications: .bP The termcap interface (like all implementations of termcap) requires that the capability names are 2-characters. .IP When the capability is simple enough for use in a termcap application, it is provided as a 2-character name. .bP There are other user-defined capabilities which refer to features not usable in termcap, e.g., parameterized strings that use more than two parameters or use more than the trivial expression support provided by termcap. For these, the terminfo database should have only capability names with 3 or more characters. .bP Some terminals can send distinct strings for special keys (cursor-, keypad- or function-keys) depending on modifier keys (shift, control, etc.). While terminfo and termcap have a set of 60 predefined function-key names, to which a series of keys can be assigned, that is insufficient for more than a dozen keys multiplied by more than a couple of modifier combinations. The \fI\%ncurses\fP database uses a convention based on \fBxterm\fP(1) to provide extended special-key names. .IP Fitting that into termcap's limitation of 2-character names would be pointless. These extended keys are available only with terminfo. .SS "Recognized Capabilities" The \fI\%ncurses\fP library uses the user-definable capabilities. While the terminfo database may have other extensions, \fI\%ncurses\fP makes explicit checks for these: .RS 3 .TP 3 AX \fIBoolean\fP, asserts that the terminal interprets SGR 39 and SGR 49 by resetting the foreground and background color, respectively, to the default. .IP This is a feature recognized by the \fBscreen\fP program as well. .TP 3 E3 \fIstring\fP, tells how to clear the terminal's scrollback buffer. When present, the \fBclear\fP(1) program sends this before clearing the terminal. .IP The command \*(``\fBtput clear\fP\*('' does the same thing. .TP 3 NQ \fIBoolean\fP, used to suppress a consistency check in @TIC@ for the \fI\%ncurses\fP capabilities in user6 through user9 (u6, u7, u8 and u9) which tell how to query the terminal's cursor position and its device attributes. .TP 3 RGB \fIBoolean\fP, \fInumber\fP \fBor\fP \fIstring\fP, used to assert that the \fBset_a_foreground\fP and \fBset_a_background\fP capabilities correspond to \fIdirect colors\fP, using an RGB (red/green/blue) convention. This capability allows the \fBcolor_content\fP function to return appropriate values without requiring the application to initialize colors using \fBinit_color\fP. .IP The capability type determines the values which \fI\%ncurses\fP sees: .RS 3 .TP 3 \fIBoolean\fP implies that the number of bits for red, green and blue are the same. Using the maximum number of colors, \fI\%ncurses\fP adds two, divides that sum by three, and assigns the result to red, green and blue in that order. .IP If the number of bits needed for the number of colors is not a multiple of three, the blue (and green) components lose in comparison to red. .TP 3 \fInumber\fP tells \fI\%ncurses\fP what result to add to red, green and blue. If \fI\%ncurses\fP runs out of bits, blue (and green) lose just as in the \fIBoolean\fP case. .TP 3 \fIstring\fP explicitly list the number of bits used for red, green and blue components as a slash-separated list of decimal integers. .RE .IP Because there are several RGB encodings in use, applications which make assumptions about the number of bits per color are unlikely to work reliably. As a trivial case, for example, one could define \fBRGB#1\fP to represent the standard eight ANSI colors, i.e., one bit per color. .TP 3 U8 \fInumber\fP, asserts that \fI\%ncurses\fP must use Unicode values for line-drawing characters, and that it should ignore the alternate character set capabilities when the locale uses UTF-8 encoding. For more information, see the discussion of \fBNCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS\fP in \fB\%ncurses\fP(3X). .IP Set this capability to a nonzero value to enable it. .TP 3 XM \fIstring\fP, override \fI\%ncurses\fP's built-in string which enables/disables \fBxterm\fP(1) mouse mode. .IP \fI\%ncurses\fP sends a character sequence to the terminal to initialize mouse mode, and when the user clicks the mouse buttons or (in certain modes) moves the mouse, handles the characters sent back by the terminal to tell it what was done with the mouse. .IP The mouse protocol is enabled when the \fImask\fP passed in the \fBmousemask\fP function is nonzero. By default, \fI\%ncurses\fP handles the responses for the X11 xterm mouse protocol. It also knows about the \fISGR 1006\fP xterm mouse protocol, but must to be told to look for this specifically. It will not be able to guess which mode is used, because the responses are enough alike that only confusion would result. .IP The \fBXM\fP capability has a single parameter. If nonzero, the mouse protocol should be enabled. If zero, the mouse protocol should be disabled. \fI\%ncurses\fP inspects this capability if it is present, to see whether the 1006 protocol is used. If so, it expects the responses to use the \fISGR 1006\fP xterm mouse protocol. .IP The xterm mouse protocol is used by other terminal emulators. The terminal database uses building-blocks for the various xterm mouse protocols which can be used in customized terminal descriptions. .IP The terminal database building blocks for this mouse feature also have an experimental capability \fIxm\fP. The \*(``xm\*('' capability describes the mouse response. Currently there is no interpreter which would use this information to make the mouse support completely data-driven. .IP \fIxm\fP shows the format of the mouse responses. In this experimental capability, the parameters are .RS 5 .TP 5 .I p1 y-ordinate .TP 5 .I p2 x-ordinate .TP 5 .I p3 button .TP 5 .I p4 state, e.g., pressed or released .TP 5 .I p5 y-ordinate starting region .TP 5 .I p6 x-ordinate starting region .TP 5 .I p7 y-ordinate ending region .TP 5 .I p8 x-ordinate ending region .RE .IP Here are examples from the terminal database for the most commonly used xterm mouse protocols: .IP .nf xterm+x11mouse|X11 xterm mouse protocol, kmous=\eE[M, XM=\eE[?1000%?%p1%{1}%=%th%el%;, xm=\eE[M %?%p4%t%p3%e%{3}%;%'\ '%+%c %p2%'!'%+%c %p1%'!'%+%c, xterm+sm+1006|xterm SGR-mouse, kmous=\eE[<, XM=\eE[?1006;1000%?%p1%{1}%=%th%el%;, xm=\eE[<%i%p3%d; %p1%d; %p2%d; %?%p4%tM%em%;, .fi . .SS "Extended Key Definitions" Several terminals provide the ability to send distinct strings for combinations of modified special keys. There is no standard for what those keys can send. .PP Since 1999, \fBxterm\fP(1) has supported \fIshift\fP, \fIcontrol\fP, \fIalt\fP, and \fImeta\fP modifiers which produce distinct special-key strings. In a terminal description, \fI\%ncurses\fP has no special knowledge of the modifiers used. Applications can use the \fInaming convention\fP established for \fBxterm\fP to find these special keys in the terminal description. .PP Starting with the .I curses convention that capability codes describing the input generated by a terminal's key caps begin with \*(``k\*('', and that shifted special keys use uppercase letters in their names, .IR \%ncurses 's terminal database defines the following names and codes to which a suffix is added. .PP .RS 5 .TS Lb Lb Lb Lx. Code Description _ kDC shifted kdch1 (delete character) .\" kDC is a standard capability; see X/Open Curses Issue 7, p. 345. kDN shifted kcud1 (cursor down) kEND shifted kend (end) kHOM shifted khome (home) kLFT shifted kcub1 (cursor back) kNXT shifted knext (next) kPRV shifted kprev (previous) kRIT shifted kcuf1 (cursor forward) kUP shifted kcuu1 (cursor up) .TE .RE .PP Keycap nomenclature on the Unix systems for which .I curses was developed differs from today's ubiquitous descendants of the IBM PC/AT keyboard layout. In the foregoing, interpret \*(``backward\*('' as \*(``left\*('', \*(``forward\*('' as \*(``right\*('', \*(``next\*('' as \*(``page down\*('', and \*(``prev(ious)\*('' as \*(``page up\*(''. .PP These are the suffixes used to denote the modifiers: .PP .RS 5 .TS tab(/) ; l l . \fBValue\fP/\fBDescription\fP _ 2/Shift 3/Alt 4/Shift + Alt 5/Control 6/Shift + Control 7/Alt + Control 8/Shift + Alt + Control 9/Meta 10/Meta + Shift 11/Meta + Alt 12/Meta + Alt + Shift 13/Meta + Ctrl 14/Meta + Ctrl + Shift 15/Meta + Ctrl + Alt 16/Meta + Ctrl + Alt + Shift .TE .RE .PP None of these are predefined; terminal descriptions can refer to \fInames\fP which \fI\%ncurses\fP will allocate at runtime to \fIkey-codes\fP. To use these keys in an \fI\%ncurses\fP program, an application could do this: .bP using a list of extended key \fInames\fP, ask \fBtigetstr\fP(3X) for their values, and .bP given the list of values, ask \fBkey_defined\fP(3X) for the \fIkey-code\fP which would be returned for those keys by \fBwgetch\fP(3X). .\" .SH PORTABILITY The \*(``\-x\*('' extension feature of \fB@TIC@\fP and \fB@INFOCMP@\fP has been adopted in NetBSD curses. That implementation stores user-defined capabilities, but makes no use of these capabilities itself. .\" .SH AUTHORS Thomas E. Dickey .br beginning with \fI\%ncurses\fP 5.0 (1999) .\" .SH SEE ALSO \fB\%@INFOCMP@\fP(1M), \fB\%@TIC@\fP(1M) .PP The terminal database section .I "NCURSES USER-DEFINABLE CAPABILITIES" summarizes commonly-used user-defined capabilities which are used in the terminal descriptions. Some of those features are mentioned in \fB\%screen\fP(1) or \fBtmux\fP(1). .PP .I "XTerm Control Sequences" provides further information on the \fB\%xterm\fP(1) features that are used in these extended capabilities.