BMAKE(1) FreeBSD General Commands Manual BMAKE(1) NNAAMMEE bbmmaakkee - maintain program dependencies SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS bbmmaakkee [--BBeeiikkNNnnqqrrSSssttWWwwXX] [--CC _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y] [--DD _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e] [--dd _f_l_a_g_s] [--ff _m_a_k_e_f_i_l_e] [--II _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y] [--JJ _p_r_i_v_a_t_e] [--jj _m_a_x___j_o_b_s] [--mm _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y] [--TT _f_i_l_e] [--VV _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e] [--vv _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e] [_v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e==_v_a_l_u_e] [_t_a_r_g_e_t ...] DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN bbmmaakkee is a program designed to simplify the maintenance of other programs. Its input is a list of specifications as to the files upon which programs and other files depend. If no --ff _m_a_k_e_f_i_l_e option is given, bbmmaakkee tries to open `_m_a_k_e_f_i_l_e' then `_M_a_k_e_f_i_l_e' in order to find the specifications. If the file `_._d_e_p_e_n_d' exists, it is read, see mkdep(1). This manual page is intended as a reference document only. For a more thorough description of bbmmaakkee and makefiles, please refer to _P_M_a_k_e _- _A _T_u_t_o_r_i_a_l (from 1993). bbmmaakkee prepends the contents of the MAKEFLAGS environment variable to the command line arguments before parsing them. The options are as follows: --BB Try to be backwards compatible by executing a single shell per command and by making the sources of a dependency line in sequence. --CC _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y Change to _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y before reading the makefiles or doing anything else. If multiple --CC options are specified, each is interpreted relative to the previous one: --CC _/ --CC _e_t_c is equivalent to --CC _/_e_t_c. --DD _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e Define _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e to be 1, in the global scope. --dd [--]_f_l_a_g_s Turn on debugging, and specify which portions of bbmmaakkee are to print debugging information. Unless the flags are preceded by `-', they are added to the MAKEFLAGS environment variable and are passed on to any child make processes. By default, debugging information is printed to standard error, but this can be changed using the FF debugging flag. The debugging output is always unbuffered; in addition, if debugging is enabled but debugging output is not directed to standard output, the standard output is line buffered. The available _f_l_a_g_s are: AA Print all possible debugging information; equivalent to specifying all of the debugging flags. aa Print debugging information about archive searching and caching. CC Print debugging information about the current working directory. cc Print debugging information about conditional evaluation. dd Print debugging information about directory searching and caching. ee Print debugging information about failed commands and targets. FF[++]_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e Specify where debugging output is written. This must be the last flag, because it consumes the remainder of the argument. If the character immediately after the FF flag is `+', the file is opened in append mode; otherwise the file is overwritten. If the file name is `stdout' or `stderr', debugging output is written to the standard output or standard error output respectively (and the `+' option has no effect). Otherwise, the output is written to the named file. If the file name ends with `.%d', the `%d' is replaced by the pid. ff Print debugging information about loop evaluation. gg11 Print the input graph before making anything. gg22 Print the input graph after making everything, or before exiting on error. gg33 Print the input graph before exiting on error. hh Print debugging information about hash table operations. jj Print debugging information about running multiple shells. LL Turn on lint checks. This throws errors for variable assignments that do not parse correctly, at the time of assignment, so the file and line number are available. ll Print commands in Makefiles regardless of whether or not they are prefixed by `@' or other "quiet" flags. Also known as "loud" behavior. MM Print debugging information about "meta" mode decisions about targets. mm Print debugging information about making targets, including modification dates. nn Don't delete the temporary command scripts created when running commands. These temporary scripts are created in the directory referred to by the TMPDIR environment variable, or in _/_t_m_p if TMPDIR is unset or set to the empty string. The temporary scripts are created by mkstemp(3), and have names of the form _m_a_k_e_X_X_X_X_X_X. _N_O_T_E: This can create many files in TMPDIR or _/_t_m_p, so use with care. pp Print debugging information about makefile parsing. ss Print debugging information about suffix-transformation rules. tt Print debugging information about target list maintenance. VV Force the --VV option to print raw values of variables, overriding the default behavior set via _._M_A_K_E_._E_X_P_A_N_D___V_A_R_I_A_B_L_E_S. vv Print debugging information about variable assignment and expansion. xx Run shell commands with --xx so the actual commands are printed as they are executed. --ee Let environment variables override global variables within makefiles. --ff _m_a_k_e_f_i_l_e Specify a makefile to read instead of the default _m_a_k_e_f_i_l_e or _M_a_k_e_f_i_l_e. If _m_a_k_e_f_i_l_e is `-', standard input is read. Multiple makefiles may be specified, and are read in the order specified. --II _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y Specify a directory in which to search for makefiles and included makefiles. The system makefile directory (or directories, see the --mm option) is automatically included as part of this list. --ii Ignore non-zero exit of shell commands in the makefile. Equivalent to specifying `-' before each command line in the makefile. --JJ _p_r_i_v_a_t_e This option should _n_o_t be specified by the user. When the --jj option is in use in a recursive build, this option is passed by a make to child makes to allow all the make processes in the build to cooperate to avoid overloading the system. --jj _m_a_x___j_o_b_s Specify the maximum number of jobs that bbmmaakkee may have running at any one time. If _m_a_x___j_o_b_s is a floating point number, or ends with `C', then the value is multiplied by the number of CPUs reported online by sysconf(3). The value of _m_a_x___j_o_b_s is saved in _._M_A_K_E_._J_O_B_S. Turns compatibility mode off, unless the --BB option is also specified. When compatibility mode is off, all commands associated with a target are executed in a single shell invocation as opposed to the traditional one shell invocation per line. This can break traditional scripts which change directories on each command invocation and then expect to start with a fresh environment on the next line. It is more efficient to correct the scripts rather than turn backwards compatibility on. A job token pool with _m_a_x___j_o_b_s tokens is used to control the total number of jobs running. Each instance of bbmmaakkee will wait for a token from the pool before running a new job. --kk Continue processing after errors are encountered, but only on those targets that do not depend on the target whose creation caused the error. --mm _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y Specify a directory in which to search for _s_y_s_._m_k and makefiles included via the <_f_i_l_e>-style include statement. The --mm option can be used multiple times to form a search path. This path overrides the default system include path _/_u_s_r_/_s_h_a_r_e_/_m_k. Furthermore, the system include path is appended to the search path used for "_f_i_l_e"-style include statements (see the --II option). The system include path can be referenced via the read- only variable _._S_Y_S_P_A_T_H. If a directory name in the --mm argument (or the MAKESYSPATH environment variable) starts with the string `.../', bbmmaakkee searches for the specified file or directory named in the remaining part of the argument string. The search starts with the current directory and then works upward towards the root of the file system. If the search is successful, the resulting directory replaces the `.../' specification in the --mm argument. This feature allows bbmmaakkee to easily search in the current source tree for customized _s_y_s_._m_k files (e.g., by using `.../mk/sys.mk' as an argument). --nn Display the commands that would have been executed, but do not actually execute them unless the target depends on the _._M_A_K_E special source (see below) or the command is prefixed with `++'. --NN Display the commands that would have been executed, but do not actually execute any of them; useful for debugging top-level makefiles without descending into subdirectories. --qq Do not execute any commands, instead exit 0 if the specified targets are up to date, and 1 otherwise. --rr Do not use the built-in rules specified in the system makefile. --SS Stop processing if an error is encountered. This is the default behavior and the opposite of --kk. --ss Do not echo any commands as they are executed. Equivalent to specifying `@@' before each command line in the makefile. --TT _t_r_a_c_e_f_i_l_e When used with the --jj flag, append a trace record to _t_r_a_c_e_f_i_l_e for each job started and completed. --tt Rather than re-building a target as specified in the makefile, create it or update its modification time to make it appear up- to-date. --VV _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e Print the value of _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e. Do not build any targets. Multiple instances of this option may be specified; the variables are printed one per line, with a blank line for each null or undefined variable. The value printed is extracted from the global scope after all makefiles have been read. By default, the raw variable contents (which may include additional unexpanded variable references) are shown. If _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e contains a `$', it is not interpreted as a variable name but rather as an expression. Its value is expanded before printing. The value is also expanded before printing if _._M_A_K_E_._E_X_P_A_N_D___V_A_R_I_A_B_L_E_S is set to true and the --ddVV option has not been used to override it. Note that loop-local and target-local variables, as well as values taken temporarily by global variables during makefile processing, are not accessible via this option. The --ddvv debug mode can be used to see these at the cost of generating substantial extraneous output. --vv _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e Like --VV, but all printed variables are always expanded to their complete value. The last occurrence of --VV or --vv decides whether all variables are expanded or not. --WW Treat any warnings during makefile parsing as errors. --ww Print entering and leaving directory messages, pre and post processing. --XX Don't export variables passed on the command line to the environment individually. Variables passed on the command line are still exported via the MAKEFLAGS environment variable. This option may be useful on systems which have a small limit on the size of command arguments. _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e==_v_a_l_u_e Set the value of the variable _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e to _v_a_l_u_e. Normally, all values passed on the command line are also exported to sub-makes in the environment. The --XX flag disables this behavior. Variable assignments should follow options for POSIX compatibility but no ordering is enforced. There are several different types of lines in a makefile: dependency specifications, shell commands, variable assignments, include statements, conditional directives, for loops, other directives, and comments. Lines may be continued from one line to the next by ending them with a backslash (`\'). The trailing newline character and initial whitespace on the following line are compressed into a single space. FFIILLEE DDEEPPEENNDDEENNCCYY SSPPEECCIIFFIICCAATTIIOONNSS Dependency lines consist of one or more targets, an operator, and zero or more sources. This creates a relationship where the targets "depend" on the sources and are customarily created from them. A target is considered out of date if it does not exist, or if its modification time is less than that of any of its sources. An out-of-date target is re- created, but not until all sources have been examined and themselves re- created as needed. Three operators may be used: :: Many dependency lines may name this target but only one may have attached shell commands. All sources named in all dependency lines are considered together, and if needed the attached shell commands are run to create or re-create the target. If bbmmaakkee is interrupted, the target is removed. !! The same, but the target is always re-created whether or not it is out of date. :::: Any dependency line may have attached shell commands, but each one is handled independently: its sources are considered and the attached shell commands are run if the target is out of date with respect to (only) those sources. Thus, different groups of the attached shell commands may be run depending on the circumstances. Furthermore, unlike ::, for dependency lines with no sources, the attached shell commands are always run. Also unlike ::, the target is not removed if bbmmaakkee is interrupted. All dependency lines mentioning a particular target must use the same operator. Targets and sources may contain the shell wildcard values `?', `*', `[]', and `{}'. The values `?', `*', and `[]' may only be used as part of the final component of the target or source, and only match existing files. The value `{}' need not necessarily be used to describe existing files. Expansion is in directory order, not alphabetically as done in the shell. SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Each target may have associated with it one or more lines of shell commands, normally used to create the target. Each of the lines in this script _m_u_s_t be preceded by a tab. (For historical reasons, spaces are not accepted.) While targets can occur in many dependency lines if desired, by default only one of these rules may be followed by a creation script. If the `::::' operator is used, however, all rules may include scripts, and the respective scripts are executed in the order found. Each line is treated as a separate shell command, unless the end of line is escaped with a backslash `\', in which case that line and the next are combined. If the first characters of the command are any combination of `@@', `++', or `--', the command is treated specially. @@ causes the command not to be echoed before it is executed. ++ causes the command to be executed even when --nn is given. This is similar to the effect of the _._M_A_K_E special source, except that the effect can be limited to a single line of a script. -- in compatibility mode causes any non-zero exit status of the command line to be ignored. When bbmmaakkee is run in jobs mode with --jj _m_a_x___j_o_b_s, the entire script for the target is fed to a single instance of the shell. In compatibility (non-jobs) mode, each command is run in a separate process. If the command contains any shell meta characters (`#=|^(){};&<>*?[]:$`\\n'), it is passed to the shell; otherwise bbmmaakkee attempts direct execution. If a line starts with `--' and the shell has ErrCtl enabled, failure of the command line is ignored as in compatibility mode. Otherwise `--' affects the entire job; the script stops at the first command line that fails, but the target is not deemed to have failed. Makefiles should be written so that the mode of bbmmaakkee operation does not change their behavior. For example, any command which uses "cd" or "chdir" without the intention of changing the directory for subsequent commands should be put in parentheses so it executes in a subshell. To force the use of a single shell, escape the line breaks so as to make the whole script one command. For example: avoid-chdir-side-effects: @echo "Building $@ in $$(pwd)" @(cd ${.CURDIR} && ${MAKE} $@) @echo "Back in $$(pwd)" ensure-one-shell-regardless-of-mode: @echo "Building $@ in $$(pwd)"; \ (cd ${.CURDIR} && ${MAKE} $@); \ echo "Back in $$(pwd)" Since bbmmaakkee changes the current working directory to `_._O_B_J_D_I_R' before executing any targets, each child process starts with that as its current working directory. VVAARRIIAABBLLEE AASSSSIIGGNNMMEENNTTSS Variables in make behave much like macros in the C preprocessor. Variable assignments have the form `_N_A_M_E _o_p _v_a_l_u_e', where: _N_A_M_E is a single-word variable name, consisting, by tradition, of all upper-case letters, _o_p is one of the variable assignment operators described below, and _v_a_l_u_e is interpreted according to the variable assignment operator. Whitespace around _N_A_M_E, _o_p and _v_a_l_u_e is discarded. VVaarriiaabbllee aassssiiggnnmmeenntt ooppeerraattoorrss The five operators that assign values to variables are: == Assign the value to the variable. Any previous value is overwritten. ++== Append the value to the current value of the variable, separating them by a single space. ??== Assign the value to the variable if it is not already defined. ::== Expand the value, then assign it to the variable. _N_O_T_E: References to undefined variables are _n_o_t expanded. This can cause problems when variable modifiers are used. !!== Expand the value and pass it to the shell for execution, then assign the output from the child's standard output to the variable. Any newlines in the result are replaced with spaces. EExxppaannssiioonn ooff vvaarriiaabblleess In most contexts where variables are expanded, `$$' expands to a single dollar sign. In other contexts (most variable modifiers, string literals in conditions), `\$' expands to a single dollar sign. References to variables have the form $${{_n_a_m_e[::_m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r_s]}} or $$((_n_a_m_e[::_m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r_s])). If the variable name consists of only a single character and the expression contains no modifiers, the surrounding curly braces or parentheses are not required. This shorter form is not recommended. If the variable name contains a dollar, the name itself is expanded first. This allows almost arbitrary variable names, however names containing dollar, braces, parentheses or whitespace are really best avoided. If the result of expanding a nested variable expression contains a dollar sign (`$'), the result is subject to further expansion. Variable substitution occurs at four distinct times, depending on where the variable is being used. 1. Variables in dependency lines are expanded as the line is read. 2. Variables in conditionals are expanded individually, but only as far as necessary to determine the result of the conditional. 3. Variables in shell commands are expanded when the shell command is executed. 4. ..ffoorr loop index variables are expanded on each loop iteration. Note that other variables are not expanded when composing the body of a loop, so the following example code: .for i in 1 2 3 a+= ${i} j= ${i} b+= ${j} .endfor all: @echo ${a} @echo ${b} prints: 1 2 3 3 3 3 After the loop is executed: _a contains `${:U1} ${:U2} ${:U3}', which expands to `1 2 3'. _j contains `${:U3}', which expands to `3'. _b contains `${j} ${j} ${j}', which expands to `${:U3} ${:U3} ${:U3}' and further to `3 3 3'. VVaarriiaabbllee ccllaasssseess The four different classes of variables (in order of increasing precedence) are: Environment variables Variables defined as part of bbmmaakkee's environment. Global variables Variables defined in the makefile or in included makefiles. Command line variables Variables defined as part of the command line. Local variables Variables that are defined specific to a certain target. Local variables can be set on a dependency line, unless _._M_A_K_E_._T_A_R_G_E_T___L_O_C_A_L___V_A_R_I_A_B_L_E_S is set to `false'. The rest of the line (which already has had global variables expanded) is the variable value. For example: COMPILER_WRAPPERS= ccache distcc icecc ${OBJS}: .MAKE.META.CMP_FILTER=${COMPILER_WRAPPERS:S,^,N,} Only the targets `${OBJS}' are impacted by that filter (in "meta" mode) and simply enabling/disabling any of the compiler wrappers does not render all of those targets out-of-date. _N_O_T_E: target-local variable assignments behave differently in that; ++== Only appends to a previous local assignment for the same target and variable. ::== Is redundant with respect to global variables, which have already been expanded. The seven built-in local variables are: _._A_L_L_S_R_C The list of all sources for this target; also known as `_>'. _._A_R_C_H_I_V_E The name of the archive file; also known as `_!'. _._I_M_P_S_R_C In suffix-transformation rules, the name/path of the source from which the target is to be transformed (the "implied" source); also known as `_<'. It is not defined in explicit rules. _._M_E_M_B_E_R The name of the archive member; also known as `_%'. _._O_O_D_A_T_E The list of sources for this target that were deemed out- of-date; also known as `_?'. _._P_R_E_F_I_X The name of the target with suffix (if declared in ..SSUUFFFFIIXXEESS) removed; also known as `_*'. _._T_A_R_G_E_T The name of the target; also known as `_@'. For compatibility with other makes this is an alias for _._A_R_C_H_I_V_E in archive member rules. The shorter forms (`_>', `_!', `_<', `_%', `_?', `_*', and `_@') are permitted for backward compatibility with historical makefiles and legacy POSIX make and are not recommended. Variants of these variables with the punctuation followed immediately by `D' or `F', e.g. `$(@D)', are legacy forms equivalent to using the `:H' and `:T' modifiers. These forms are accepted for compatibility with AT&T System V UNIX makefiles and POSIX but are not recommended. Four of the local variables may be used in sources on dependency lines because they expand to the proper value for each target on the line. These variables are `_._T_A_R_G_E_T', `_._P_R_E_F_I_X', `_._A_R_C_H_I_V_E', and `_._M_E_M_B_E_R'. AAddddiittiioonnaall bbuuiilltt--iinn vvaarriiaabblleess In addition, bbmmaakkee sets or knows about the following variables: _._A_L_L_T_A_R_G_E_T_S The list of all targets encountered in the makefiles. If evaluated during makefile parsing, lists only those targets encountered thus far. _._C_U_R_D_I_R A path to the directory where bbmmaakkee was executed. Refer to the description of `_P_W_D' for more details. _._E_R_R_O_R___C_M_D Is used in error handling, see _M_A_K_E___P_R_I_N_T___V_A_R___O_N___E_R_R_O_R. _._E_R_R_O_R___C_W_D Is used in error handling, see _M_A_K_E___P_R_I_N_T___V_A_R___O_N___E_R_R_O_R. _._E_R_R_O_R___E_X_I_T Is used in error handling, see _M_A_K_E___P_R_I_N_T___V_A_R___O_N___E_R_R_O_R. _._E_R_R_O_R___M_E_T_A___F_I_L_E Is used in error handling in "meta" mode, see _M_A_K_E___P_R_I_N_T___V_A_R___O_N___E_R_R_O_R. _._E_R_R_O_R___T_A_R_G_E_T Is used in error handling, see _M_A_K_E___P_R_I_N_T___V_A_R___O_N___E_R_R_O_R. _._I_N_C_L_U_D_E_D_F_R_O_M_D_I_R The directory of the file this makefile was included from. _._I_N_C_L_U_D_E_D_F_R_O_M_F_I_L_E The filename of the file this makefile was included from. _M_A_C_H_I_N_E The machine hardware name, see uname(1). _M_A_C_H_I_N_E___A_R_C_H The machine processor architecture name, see uname(1). _M_A_K_E The name that bbmmaakkee was executed with (_a_r_g_v_[_0_]). _._M_A_K_E The same as _M_A_K_E, for compatibility. The preferred variable to use is the environment variable MAKE because it is more compatible with other make variants and cannot be confused with the special target with the same name. _._M_A_K_E_._D_E_P_E_N_D_F_I_L_E Names the makefile (default `_._d_e_p_e_n_d') from which generated dependencies are read. _._M_A_K_E_._D_I_E___Q_U_I_E_T_L_Y If set to `true', do not print error information at the end. _._M_A_K_E_._E_X_P_A_N_D___V_A_R_I_A_B_L_E_S A boolean that controls the default behavior of the --VV option. If true, variable values printed with --VV are fully expanded; if false, the raw variable contents (which may include additional unexpanded variable references) are shown. _._M_A_K_E_._E_X_P_O_R_T_E_D The list of variables exported by bbmmaakkee. _M_A_K_E_F_I_L_E The top-level makefile that is currently read, as given in the command line. _._M_A_K_E_F_L_A_G_S The environment variable `MAKEFLAGS' may contain anything that may be specified on bbmmaakkee's command line. Anything specified on bbmmaakkee's command line is appended to the _._M_A_K_E_F_L_A_G_S variable, which is then added to the environment for all programs that bbmmaakkee executes. _._M_A_K_E_._G_I_D The numeric group ID of the user running bbmmaakkee. It is read-only. _._M_A_K_E_._J_O_B_._P_R_E_F_I_X If bbmmaakkee is run with --jj, the output for each target is prefixed with a token --- _t_a_r_g_e_t --- the first part of which can be controlled via _._M_A_K_E_._J_O_B_._P_R_E_F_I_X. If _._M_A_K_E_._J_O_B_._P_R_E_F_I_X is empty, no token is printed. For example, setting _._M_A_K_E_._J_O_B_._P_R_E_F_I_X to `${.newline}---${.MAKE:T}[${.MAKE.PID}]' would produce tokens like ---make[1234] _t_a_r_g_e_t --- making it easier to track the degree of parallelism being achieved. _._M_A_K_E_._J_O_B_S The argument to the --jj option. _._M_A_K_E_._J_O_B_S_._C A read-only boolean that indicates whether the --jj option supports use of `C'. _._M_A_K_E_._L_E_V_E_L The recursion depth of bbmmaakkee. The top-level instance of bbmmaakkee has level 0, and each child make has its parent level plus 1. This allows tests like: .if ${.MAKE.LEVEL} == 0 to protect things which should only be evaluated in the top-level instance of bbmmaakkee. _._M_A_K_E_._L_E_V_E_L_._E_N_V The name of the environment variable that stores the level of nested calls to bbmmaakkee. _._M_A_K_E_._M_A_K_E_F_I_L_E___P_R_E_F_E_R_E_N_C_E The ordered list of makefile names (default `_m_a_k_e_f_i_l_e', `_M_a_k_e_f_i_l_e') that bbmmaakkee looks for. _._M_A_K_E_._M_A_K_E_F_I_L_E_S The list of makefiles read by bbmmaakkee, which is useful for tracking dependencies. Each makefile is recorded only once, regardless of the number of times read. _._M_A_K_E_._M_E_T_A_._B_A_I_L_I_W_I_C_K In "meta" mode, provides a list of prefixes which match the directories controlled by bbmmaakkee. If a file that was generated outside of _._O_B_J_D_I_R but within said bailiwick is missing, the current target is considered out-of-date. _._M_A_K_E_._M_E_T_A_._C_M_P___F_I_L_T_E_R In "meta" mode, it can (very rarely!) be useful to filter command lines before comparison. This variable can be set to a set of modifiers that are applied to each line of the old and new command that differ, if the filtered commands still differ, the target is considered out-of-date. _._M_A_K_E_._M_E_T_A_._C_R_E_A_T_E_D In "meta" mode, this variable contains a list of all the meta files updated. If not empty, it can be used to trigger processing of _._M_A_K_E_._M_E_T_A_._F_I_L_E_S. _._M_A_K_E_._M_E_T_A_._F_I_L_E_S In "meta" mode, this variable contains a list of all the meta files used (updated or not). This list can be used to process the meta files to extract dependency information. _._M_A_K_E_._M_E_T_A_._I_G_N_O_R_E___F_I_L_T_E_R Provides a list of variable modifiers to apply to each pathname. Ignore if the expansion is an empty string. _._M_A_K_E_._M_E_T_A_._I_G_N_O_R_E___P_A_T_H_S Provides a list of path prefixes that should be ignored; because the contents are expected to change over time. The default list includes: `_/_d_e_v _/_e_t_c _/_p_r_o_c _/_t_m_p _/_v_a_r_/_r_u_n _/_v_a_r_/_t_m_p' _._M_A_K_E_._M_E_T_A_._I_G_N_O_R_E___P_A_T_T_E_R_N_S Provides a list of patterns to match against pathnames. Ignore any that match. _._M_A_K_E_._M_E_T_A_._P_R_E_F_I_X Defines the message printed for each meta file updated in "meta verbose" mode. The default value is: Building ${.TARGET:H:tA}/${.TARGET:T} _._M_A_K_E_._M_O_D_E Processed after reading all makefiles. Affects the mode that bbmmaakkee runs in. It can contain these keywords: ccoommppaatt Like --BB, puts bbmmaakkee into "compat" mode. mmeettaa Puts bbmmaakkee into "meta" mode, where meta files are created for each target to capture the command run, the output generated, and if filemon(4) is available, the system calls which are of interest to bbmmaakkee. The captured output can be useful when diagnosing errors. ccuurrddiirrOOkk==_b_f By default, bbmmaakkee does not create _._m_e_t_a files in `_._C_U_R_D_I_R'. This can be overridden by setting _b_f to a value which represents true. mmiissssiinngg--mmeettaa==_b_f If _b_f is true, a missing _._m_e_t_a file makes the target out- of-date. mmiissssiinngg--ffiilleemmoonn==_b_f If _b_f is true, missing filemon data makes the target out- of-date. nnooffiilleemmoonn Do not use filemon(4). eennvv For debugging, it can be useful to include the environment in the _._m_e_t_a file. vveerrbboossee If in "meta" mode, print a clue about the target being built. This is useful if the build is otherwise running silently. The message printed is the expanded value of _._M_A_K_E_._M_E_T_A_._P_R_E_F_I_X. iiggnnoorree--ccmmdd Some makefiles have commands which are simply not stable. This keyword causes them to be ignored for determining whether a target is out of date in "meta" mode. See also ..NNOOMMEETTAA__CCMMPP. ssiilleenntt==_b_f If _b_f is true, when a .meta file is created, mark the target ..SSIILLEENNTT. rraannddoommiizzee--ttaarrggeettss In both compat and parallel mode, do not make the targets in the usual order, but instead randomize their order. This mode can be used to detect undeclared dependencies between files. _M_A_K_E_O_B_J_D_I_R Used to create files in a separate directory, see _._O_B_J_D_I_R. _M_A_K_E___O_B_J_D_I_R___C_H_E_C_K___W_R_I_T_A_B_L_E When true, bbmmaakkee will check that _._O_B_J_D_I_R is writable, and issue a warning if not. _M_A_K_E___D_E_B_U_G___O_B_J_D_I_R___C_H_E_C_K___W_R_I_T_A_B_L_E When true and bbmmaakkee is warning about an unwritable _._O_B_J_D_I_R, report the variables listed in _M_A_K_E___P_R_I_N_T___V_A_R___O_N___E_R_R_O_R to help debug. _M_A_K_E_O_B_J_D_I_R_P_R_E_F_I_X Used to create files in a separate directory, see _._O_B_J_D_I_R. _._M_A_K_E_._O_S The name of the operating system, see uname(1). It is read-only. _._M_A_K_E_O_V_E_R_R_I_D_E_S This variable is used to record the names of variables assigned to on the command line, so that they may be exported as part of `MAKEFLAGS'. This behavior can be disabled by assigning an empty value to `_._M_A_K_E_O_V_E_R_R_I_D_E_S' within a makefile. Extra variables can be exported from a makefile by appending their names to `_._M_A_K_E_O_V_E_R_R_I_D_E_S'. `MAKEFLAGS' is re-exported whenever `_._M_A_K_E_O_V_E_R_R_I_D_E_S' is modified. _._M_A_K_E_._P_A_T_H___F_I_L_E_M_O_N If bbmmaakkee was built with filemon(4) support, this is set to the path of the device node. This allows makefiles to test for this support. _._M_A_K_E_._P_I_D The process ID of bbmmaakkee. It is read-only. _._M_A_K_E_._P_P_I_D The parent process ID of bbmmaakkee. It is read-only. _M_A_K_E___P_R_I_N_T___V_A_R___O_N___E_R_R_O_R When bbmmaakkee stops due to an error, it sets `_._E_R_R_O_R___T_A_R_G_E_T' to the name of the target that failed, `_._E_R_R_O_R___E_X_I_T' to the exit status of the failed target, `_._E_R_R_O_R___C_M_D' to the commands of the failed target, and in "meta" mode, it also sets `_._E_R_R_O_R___C_W_D' to the getcwd(3), and `_._E_R_R_O_R___M_E_T_A___F_I_L_E' to the path of the meta file (if any) describing the failed target. It then prints its name and the value of `_._C_U_R_D_I_R' as well as the value of any variables named in `_M_A_K_E___P_R_I_N_T___V_A_R___O_N___E_R_R_O_R'. _._M_A_K_E_._S_A_V_E___D_O_L_L_A_R_S If true, `$$' are preserved when doing `:=' assignments. The default is false, for backwards compatibility. Set to true for compatability with other makes. If set to false, `$$' becomes `$' per normal evaluation rules. _._M_A_K_E_._T_A_R_G_E_T___L_O_C_A_L___V_A_R_I_A_B_L_E_S If set to `false', apparent variable assignments in dependency lines are treated as normal sources. _._M_A_K_E_._U_I_D The numeric ID of the user running bbmmaakkee. It is read-only. _._n_e_w_l_i_n_e This variable is simply assigned a newline character as its value. It is read-only. This allows expansions using the ::@@ modifier to put a newline between iterations of the loop rather than a space. For example, in case of an error, bbmmaakkee prints the variable names and their values using: ${MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR:@v@$v='${$v}'${.newline}@} _._O_B_J_D_I_R A path to the directory where the targets are built. Its value is determined by trying to chdir(2) to the following directories in order and using the first match: 1. $${{MMAAKKEEOOBBJJDDIIRRPPRREEFFIIXX}}$${{..CCUURRDDIIRR}} (Only if `MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX' is set in the environment or on the command line.) 2. $${{MMAAKKEEOOBBJJDDIIRR}} (Only if `MAKEOBJDIR' is set in the environment or on the command line.) 3. $${{..CCUURRDDIIRR}}_/_o_b_j_.$${{MMAACCHHIINNEE}} 4. $${{..CCUURRDDIIRR}}_/_o_b_j 5. _/_u_s_r_/_o_b_j_/$${{..CCUURRDDIIRR}} 6. $${{..CCUURRDDIIRR}} Variable expansion is performed on the value before it is used, so expressions such as $${{..CCUURRDDIIRR::SS,,^^//uussrr//ssrrcc,,//vvaarr//oobbjj,,}} may be used. This is especially useful with `MAKEOBJDIR'. `_._O_B_J_D_I_R' may be modified in the makefile via the special target `..OOBBJJDDIIRR'. In all cases, bbmmaakkee changes to the specified directory if it exists, and sets `_._O_B_J_D_I_R' and `_P_W_D' to that directory before executing any targets. Except in the case of an explicit `..OOBBJJDDIIRR' target, bbmmaakkee checks that the specified directory is writable and ignores it if not. This check can be skipped by setting the environment variable `MAKE_OBJDIR_CHECK_WRITABLE' to "no". _._P_A_R_S_E_D_I_R The directory name of the current makefile being parsed. _._P_A_R_S_E_F_I_L_E The basename of the current makefile being parsed. This variable and `_._P_A_R_S_E_D_I_R' are both set only while the makefiles are being parsed. To retain their current values, assign them to a variable using assignment with expansion `::=='. _._P_A_T_H The space-separated list of directories that bbmmaakkee searches for files. To update this search list, use the special target `..PPAATTHH' rather than modifying the variable directly. _%_P_O_S_I_X Is set in POSIX mode, see the special `_._P_O_S_I_X' target. _P_W_D Alternate path to the current directory. bbmmaakkee normally sets `_._C_U_R_D_I_R' to the canonical path given by getcwd(3). However, if the environment variable `PWD' is set and gives a path to the current directory, bbmmaakkee sets `_._C_U_R_D_I_R' to the value of `PWD' instead. This behavior is disabled if `MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX' is set or `MAKEOBJDIR' contains a variable transform. `_P_W_D' is set to the value of `_._O_B_J_D_I_R' for all programs which bbmmaakkee executes. _._S_H_E_L_L The pathname of the shell used to run target scripts. It is read-only. _._S_U_F_F_I_X_E_S The list of known suffixes. It is read-only. _._S_Y_S_P_A_T_H The space-separated list of directories that bbmmaakkee searches for makefiles, referred to as the system include path. To update this search list, use the special target `..SSYYSSPPAATTHH' rather than modifying the variable which is read-only. _._T_A_R_G_E_T_S The list of targets explicitly specified on the command line, if any. _V_P_A_T_H The colon-separated (":") list of directories that bbmmaakkee searches for files. This variable is supported for compatibility with old make programs only, use `_._P_A_T_H' instead. VVaarriiaabbllee mmooddiiffiieerrss The general format of a variable expansion is: $${{_v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e[::_m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r[::...]]}} Each modifier begins with a colon. To escape a colon, precede it with a backslash `\'. A list of indirect modifiers can be specified via a variable, as follows: _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r___v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e = _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r[::...] $${{_v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e::$${{_m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r___v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e}}[::...]}} In this case, the first modifier in the _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r___v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e does not start with a colon, since that colon already occurs in the referencing variable. If any of the modifiers in the _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r___v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e contains a dollar sign (`$'), these must be doubled to avoid early expansion. Some modifiers interpret the expression value as a single string, others treat the expression value as a whitespace-separated list of words. When splitting a string into words, whitespace can be escaped using double quotes, single quotes and backslashes, like in the shell. The quotes and backslashes are retained in the words. The supported modifiers are: ::EE Replaces each word with its suffix. ::HH Replaces each word with its dirname. ::MM_p_a_t_t_e_r_n Selects only those words that match _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. The standard shell wildcard characters (`*', `?', and `[]') may be used. The wildcard characters may be escaped with a backslash (`\'). As a consequence of the way values are split into words, matched, and then joined, the construct `${VAR:M*}' removes all leading and trailing whitespace and normalizes the inter-word spacing to a single space. ::NN_p_a_t_t_e_r_n This is the opposite of `::MM', selecting all words which do _n_o_t match _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. ::OO Orders the words lexicographically. ::OOnn Orders the words numerically. A number followed by one of `k', `M' or `G' is multiplied by the appropriate factor, which is 1024 for `k', 1048576 for `M', or 1073741824 for `G'. Both upper- and lower- case letters are accepted. ::OOrr Orders the words in reverse lexicographical order. ::OOrrnn Orders the words in reverse numerical order. ::OOxx Shuffles the words. The results are different each time you are referring to the modified variable; use the assignment with expansion `::==' to prevent such behavior. For example, LIST= uno due tre quattro RANDOM_LIST= ${LIST:Ox} STATIC_RANDOM_LIST:= ${LIST:Ox} all: @echo "${RANDOM_LIST}" @echo "${RANDOM_LIST}" @echo "${STATIC_RANDOM_LIST}" @echo "${STATIC_RANDOM_LIST}" may produce output similar to: quattro due tre uno tre due quattro uno due uno quattro tre due uno quattro tre ::QQ Quotes every shell meta-character in the value, so that it can be passed safely to the shell. ::qq Quotes every shell meta-character in the value, and also doubles `$' characters so that it can be passed safely through recursive invocations of bbmmaakkee. This is equivalent to `::SS//\\$$//&&&&//gg::QQ'. ::RR Replaces each word with everything but its suffix. ::rraannggee[==_c_o_u_n_t] The value is an integer sequence representing the words of the original value, or the supplied _c_o_u_n_t. ::ggmmttiimmee[==_t_i_m_e_s_t_a_m_p] The value is interpreted as a format string for strftime(3), using gmtime(3), producing the formatted timestamp. Note: the `%s' format should only be used with `::llooccaallttiimmee'. If a _t_i_m_e_s_t_a_m_p value is not provided or is 0, the current time is used. ::hhaasshh Computes a 32-bit hash of the value and encodes it as 8 hex digits. ::llooccaallttiimmee[==_t_i_m_e_s_t_a_m_p] The value is interpreted as a format string for strftime(3), using localtime(3), producing the formatted timestamp. If a _t_i_m_e_s_t_a_m_p value is not provided or is 0, the current time is used. ::mmttiimmee[==_t_i_m_e_s_t_a_m_p] Call stat(2) with each word as pathname; use `st_mtime' as the new value. If stat(2) fails; use _t_i_m_e_s_t_a_m_p or current time. If _t_i_m_e_s_t_a_m_p is set to `error', then stat(2) failure will cause an error. ::ttAA Attempts to convert the value to an absolute path using realpath(3). If that fails, the value is unchanged. ::ttll Converts the value to lower-case letters. ::ttss_c When joining the words after a modifier that treats the value as words, the words are normally separated by a space. This modifier changes the separator to the character _c. If _c is omitted, no separator is used. The common escapes (including octal numeric codes) work as expected. ::tttt Converts the first character of each word to upper-case, and the rest to lower-case letters. ::ttuu Converts the value to upper-case letters. ::ttWW Causes subsequent modifiers to treat the value as a single word (possibly containing embedded whitespace). See also `::[[**]]'. ::ttww Causes the value to be treated as a list of words. See also `::[[@@]]'. ::SS/_o_l_d___s_t_r_i_n_g/_n_e_w___s_t_r_i_n_g/[11ggWW] Modifies the first occurrence of _o_l_d___s_t_r_i_n_g in each word of the value, replacing it with _n_e_w___s_t_r_i_n_g. If a `g' is appended to the last delimiter of the pattern, all occurrences in each word are replaced. If a `1' is appended to the last delimiter of the pattern, only the first occurrence is affected. If a `W' is appended to the last delimiter of the pattern, the value is treated as a single word. If _o_l_d___s_t_r_i_n_g begins with a caret (`^'), _o_l_d___s_t_r_i_n_g is anchored at the beginning of each word. If _o_l_d___s_t_r_i_n_g ends with a dollar sign (`$'), it is anchored at the end of each word. Inside _n_e_w___s_t_r_i_n_g, an ampersand (`&') is replaced by _o_l_d___s_t_r_i_n_g (without the anchoring `^' or `$'). Any character may be used as the delimiter for the parts of the modifier string. The anchoring, ampersand and delimiter characters can be escaped with a backslash (`\'). Both _o_l_d___s_t_r_i_n_g and _n_e_w___s_t_r_i_n_g may contain nested expressions. To prevent a dollar sign from starting a nested expression, escape it with a backslash. ::CC/_p_a_t_t_e_r_n/_r_e_p_l_a_c_e_m_e_n_t/[11ggWW] The ::CC modifier works like the ::SS modifier except that the old and new strings, instead of being simple strings, are an extended regular expression _p_a_t_t_e_r_n (see regex(3)) and an ed(1)-style _r_e_p_l_a_c_e_m_e_n_t. Normally, the first occurrence of the pattern _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in each word of the value is substituted with _r_e_p_l_a_c_e_m_e_n_t. The `1' modifier causes the substitution to apply to at most one word; the `g' modifier causes the substitution to apply to as many instances of the search pattern _p_a_t_t_e_r_n as occur in the word or words it is found in; the `W' modifier causes the value to be treated as a single word (possibly containing embedded whitespace). As for the ::SS modifier, the _p_a_t_t_e_r_n and _r_e_p_l_a_c_e_m_e_n_t are subjected to variable expansion before being parsed as regular expressions. ::TT Replaces each word with its last path component (basename). ::uu Removes adjacent duplicate words (like uniq(1)). ::??_t_r_u_e___s_t_r_i_n_g::_f_a_l_s_e___s_t_r_i_n_g If the variable name (not its value), when parsed as a ..iiff conditional expression, evaluates to true, return as its value the _t_r_u_e___s_t_r_i_n_g, otherwise return the _f_a_l_s_e___s_t_r_i_n_g. Since the variable name is used as the expression, :? must be the first modifier after the variable name itself--which, of course, usually contains variable expansions. A common error is trying to use expressions like ${NUMBERS:M42:?match:no} which actually tests defined(NUMBERS). To determine if any words match "42", you need to use something like: ${"${NUMBERS:M42}" != "":?match:no}. ::_o_l_d___s_t_r_i_n_g==_n_e_w___s_t_r_i_n_g This is the AT&T System V UNIX style substitution. It can only be the last modifier specified, as a `:' in either _o_l_d___s_t_r_i_n_g or _n_e_w___s_t_r_i_n_g is treated as a regular character, not as the end of the modifier. If _o_l_d___s_t_r_i_n_g does not contain the pattern matching character `%', and the word ends with _o_l_d___s_t_r_i_n_g or equals it, that suffix is replaced with _n_e_w___s_t_r_i_n_g. Otherwise, the first `%' in _o_l_d___s_t_r_i_n_g matches a possibly empty substring of arbitrary characters, and if the whole pattern is found in the word, the matching part is replaced with _n_e_w___s_t_r_i_n_g, and the first occurrence of `%' in _n_e_w___s_t_r_i_n_g (if any) is replaced with the substring matched by the `%'. Both _o_l_d___s_t_r_i_n_g and _n_e_w___s_t_r_i_n_g may contain nested expressions. To prevent a dollar sign from starting a nested expression, escape it with a backslash. ::@@_v_a_r_n_a_m_e@@_s_t_r_i_n_g@@ This is the loop expansion mechanism from the OSF Development Environment (ODE) make. Unlike ..ffoorr loops, expansion occurs at the time of reference. For each word in the value, assign the word to the variable named _v_a_r_n_a_m_e and evaluate _s_t_r_i_n_g. The ODE convention is that _v_a_r_n_a_m_e should start and end with a period, for example: ${LINKS:@.LINK.@${LN} ${TARGET} ${.LINK.}@} However, a single-letter variable is often more readable: ${MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR:@v@$v='${$v}'${.newline}@} ::__[==_v_a_r] Saves the current variable value in `$_' or the named _v_a_r for later reference. Example usage: M_cmpv.units = 1 1000 1000000 M_cmpv = S,., ,g:_:range:@i@+ $${_:[-$$i]} \ \* $${M_cmpv.units:[$$i]}@:S,^,expr 0 ,1:sh .if ${VERSION:${M_cmpv}} < ${3.1.12:L:${M_cmpv}} Here `$_' is used to save the result of the `:S' modifier which is later referenced using the index values from `:range'. ::UU_n_e_w_v_a_l If the variable is undefined, the optional _n_e_w_v_a_l (which may be empty) is the value. If the variable is defined, the existing value is returned. This is another ODE make feature. It is handy for setting per-target CFLAGS for instance: ${_${.TARGET:T}_CFLAGS:U${DEF_CFLAGS}} If a value is only required if the variable is undefined, use: ${VAR:D:Unewval} ::DD_n_e_w_v_a_l If the variable is defined, _n_e_w_v_a_l (which may be empty) is the value. ::LL The name of the variable is the value. ::PP The path of the node which has the same name as the variable is the value. If no such node exists or its path is null, the name of the variable is used. In order for this modifier to work, the name (node) must at least have appeared on the right-hand side of a dependency. ::!!_c_m_d!! The output of running _c_m_d is the value. ::sshh The value is run as a command, and the output becomes the new value. ::::==_s_t_r The variable is assigned the value _s_t_r after substitution. This modifier and its variations are useful in obscure situations such as wanting to set a variable at a point where a target's shell commands are being parsed. These assignment modifiers always expand to nothing. The `::::' helps avoid false matches with the AT&T System V UNIX style `:=' modifier and since substitution always occurs, the `::=' form is vaguely appropriate. ::::??==_s_t_r As for ::::== but only if the variable does not already have a value. ::::++==_s_t_r Append _s_t_r to the variable. ::::!!==_c_m_d Assign the output of _c_m_d to the variable. ::[[_r_a_n_g_e]] Selects one or more words from the value, or performs other operations related to the way in which the value is split into words. An empty value, or a value that consists entirely of white-space, is treated as a single word. For the purposes of the `::[[]]' modifier, the words are indexed both forwards using positive integers (where index 1 represents the first word), and backwards using negative integers (where index -1 represents the last word). The _r_a_n_g_e is subjected to variable expansion, and the expanded result is then interpreted as follows: _i_n_d_e_x Selects a single word from the value. _s_t_a_r_t...._e_n_d Selects all words from _s_t_a_r_t to _e_n_d, inclusive. For example, `::[[22....--11]]' selects all words from the second word to the last word. If _s_t_a_r_t is greater than _e_n_d, the words are output in reverse order. For example, `::[[--11....11]]' selects all the words from last to first. If the list is already ordered, this effectively reverses the list, but it is more efficient to use `::OOrr' instead of `::OO::[[--11....11]]'. ** Causes subsequent modifiers to treat the value as a single word (possibly containing embedded whitespace). Analogous to the effect of $* in Bourne shell. 0 Means the same as `::[[**]]'. @@ Causes subsequent modifiers to treat the value as a sequence of words delimited by whitespace. Analogous to the effect of $@ in Bourne shell. ## Returns the number of words in the value. DDIIRREECCTTIIVVEESS bbmmaakkee offers directives for including makefiles, conditionals and for loops. All these directives are identified by a line beginning with a single dot (`.') character, followed by the keyword of the directive, such as iinncclluuddee or iiff. FFiillee iinncclluussiioonn Files are included with either ..iinncclluuddee <<_f_i_l_e>> or ..iinncclluuddee ""_f_i_l_e"". Variables between the angle brackets or double quotes are expanded to form the file name. If angle brackets are used, the included makefile is expected to be in the system makefile directory. If double quotes are used, the including makefile's directory and any directories specified using the --II option are searched before the system makefile directory. For compatibility with other make variants, `iinncclluuddee _f_i_l_e ...' (without leading dot) is also accepted. If the include statement is written as ..--iinncclluuddee or as ..ssiinncclluuddee, errors locating and/or opening include files are ignored. If the include statement is written as ..ddiinncclluuddee, not only are errors locating and/or opening include files ignored, but stale dependencies within the included file are ignored just like in _._M_A_K_E_._D_E_P_E_N_D_F_I_L_E. EExxppoorrttiinngg vvaarriiaabblleess The directives for exporting and unexporting variables are: ..eexxppoorrtt _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e ... Export the specified global variable. For compatibility with other make programs, eexxppoorrtt _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e==_v_a_l_u_e (without leading dot) is also accepted. Appending a variable name to _._M_A_K_E_._E_X_P_O_R_T_E_D is equivalent to exporting a variable. ..eexxppoorrtt--aallll Export all globals except for internal variables (those that start with `.'). This is not affected by the --XX flag, so should be used with caution. ..eexxppoorrtt--eennvv _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e ... The same as `.export', except that the variable is not appended to _._M_A_K_E_._E_X_P_O_R_T_E_D. This allows exporting a value to the environment which is different from that used by bbmmaakkee internally. ..eexxppoorrtt--lliitteerraall _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e ... The same as `.export-env', except that variables in the value are not expanded. ..uunneexxppoorrtt _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e ... The opposite of `.export'. The specified global _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e is removed from _._M_A_K_E_._E_X_P_O_R_T_E_D. If no variable list is provided, all globals are unexported, and _._M_A_K_E_._E_X_P_O_R_T_E_D deleted. ..uunneexxppoorrtt--eennvv Unexport all globals previously exported and clear the environment inherited from the parent. This operation causes a memory leak of the original environment, so should be used sparingly. Testing for _._M_A_K_E_._L_E_V_E_L being 0 would make sense. Also note that any variables which originated in the parent environment should be explicitly preserved if desired. For example: .if ${.MAKE.LEVEL} == 0 PATH := ${PATH} .unexport-env .export PATH .endif Would result in an environment containing only `PATH', which is the minimal useful environment. Actually `_._M_A_K_E_._L_E_V_E_L' is also pushed into the new environment. MMeessssaaggeess The directives for printing messages to the output are: ..iinnffoo _m_e_s_s_a_g_e The message is printed along with the name of the makefile and line number. ..wwaarrnniinngg _m_e_s_s_a_g_e The message prefixed by `warning:' is printed along with the name of the makefile and line number. ..eerrrroorr _m_e_s_s_a_g_e The message is printed along with the name of the makefile and line number, bbmmaakkee exits immediately. CCoonnddiittiioonnaallss The directives for conditionals are: ..iiff [!!]_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n [_o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n ...] Test the value of an expression. ..iiffddeeff [!!]_v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e [_o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e ...] Test whether a variable is defined. ..iiffnnddeeff [!!]_v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e [_o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e ...] Test whether a variable is not defined. ..iiffmmaakkee [!!]_t_a_r_g_e_t [_o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r _t_a_r_g_e_t ...] Test the target being requested. ..iiffnnmmaakkee [!!]_t_a_r_g_e_t [_o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r _t_a_r_g_e_t ...] Test the target being requested. ..eellssee Reverse the sense of the last conditional. ..eelliiff [!!]_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n [_o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n ...] A combination of `..eellssee' followed by `..iiff'. ..eelliiffddeeff [!!]_v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e [_o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e ...] A combination of `..eellssee' followed by `..iiffddeeff'. ..eelliiffnnddeeff [!!]_v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e [_o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e ...] A combination of `..eellssee' followed by `..iiffnnddeeff'. ..eelliiffmmaakkee [!!]_t_a_r_g_e_t [_o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r _t_a_r_g_e_t ...] A combination of `..eellssee' followed by `..iiffmmaakkee'. ..eelliiffnnmmaakkee [!!]_t_a_r_g_e_t [_o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r _t_a_r_g_e_t ...] A combination of `..eellssee' followed by `..iiffnnmmaakkee'. ..eennddiiff End the body of the conditional. The _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r may be any one of the following: |||| Logical OR. &&&& Logical AND; of higher precedence than `||||'. bbmmaakkee only evaluates a conditional as far as is necessary to determine its value. Parentheses can be used to override the operator precedence. The boolean operator `!!' may be used to logically negate an expression, typically a function call. It is of higher precedence than `&&&&'. The value of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n may be any of the following function call expressions: ddeeffiinneedd(_v_a_r_n_a_m_e) Evaluates to true if the variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e has been defined. mmaakkee(_t_a_r_g_e_t) Evaluates to true if the target was specified as part of bbmmaakkee's command line or was declared the default target (either implicitly or explicitly, see _._M_A_I_N) before the line containing the conditional. eemmppttyy(_v_a_r_n_a_m_e[:_m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r_s]) Evaluates to true if the expansion of the variable, after applying the modifiers, results in an empty string. eexxiissttss(_p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e) Evaluates to true if the given pathname exists. If relative, the pathname is searched for on the system search path (see _._P_A_T_H). ttaarrggeett(_t_a_r_g_e_t) Evaluates to true if the target has been defined. ccoommmmaannddss(_t_a_r_g_e_t) Evaluates to true if the target has been defined and has commands associated with it. _E_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n may also be an arithmetic or string comparison. Variable expansion is performed on both sides of the comparison. If both sides are numeric and neither is enclosed in quotes, the comparison is done numerically, otherwise lexicographically. A string is interpreted as a hexadecimal integer if it is preceded by 0x, otherwise it is interpreted as a decimal floating-point number; octal numbers are not supported. All comparisons may use the operators `====' and `!!=='. Numeric comparisons may also use the operators `<<', `<<==', `>>' and `>>=='. If the comparison has neither a comparison operator nor a right side, the expression evaluates to true if it is nonempty and its numeric value (if any) is not zero. When bbmmaakkee is evaluating one of these conditional expressions, and it encounters a (whitespace-separated) word it doesn't recognize, either the "make" or "defined" function is applied to it, depending on the form of the conditional. If the form is `..iiffddeeff', `..iiffnnddeeff' or `..iiff', the "defined" function is applied. Similarly, if the form is `..iiffmmaakkee' or `..iiffnnmmaakkee', the "make" function is applied. If the conditional evaluates to true, parsing of the makefile continues as before. If it evaluates to false, the following lines until the corresponding `..eelliiff' variant, `..eellssee' or `..eennddiiff' are skipped. FFoorr llooooppss For loops are typically used to apply a set of rules to a list of files. The syntax of a for loop is: ..ffoorr _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e [_v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e ...] iinn _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n <_m_a_k_e_-_l_i_n_e_s> ..eennddffoorr The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is expanded and then split into words. On each iteration of the loop, one word is taken and assigned to each _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e, in order, and these _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_s are substituted into the _m_a_k_e_-_l_i_n_e_s inside the body of the for loop. The number of words must come out even; that is, if there are three iteration variables, the number of words provided must be a multiple of three. If `..bbrreeaakk' is encountered within a ..ffoorr loop, it causes early termination of the loop, otherwise a parse error. OOtthheerr ddiirreeccttiivveess ..uunnddeeff _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e ... Un-define the specified global variables. Only global variables can be un-defined. CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS Comments begin with a hash (`#') character, anywhere but in a shell command line, and continue to the end of an unescaped new line. SSPPEECCIIAALL SSOOUURRCCEESS ((AATTTTRRIIBBUUTTEESS)) ..EEXXEECC Target is never out of date, but always execute commands anyway. ..IIGGNNOORREE Ignore any errors from the commands associated with this target, exactly as if they all were preceded by a dash (`-'). ..MMAADDEE Mark all sources of this target as being up to date. ..MMAAKKEE Execute the commands associated with this target even if the --nn or --tt options were specified. Normally used to mark recursive bbmmaakkees. ..MMEETTAA Create a meta file for the target, even if it is flagged as ..PPHHOONNYY, ..MMAAKKEE, or ..SSPPEECCIIAALL. Usage in conjunction with ..MMAAKKEE is the most likely case. In "meta" mode, the target is out-of- date if the meta file is missing. ..NNOOMMEETTAA Do not create a meta file for the target. Meta files are also not created for ..PPHHOONNYY, ..MMAAKKEE, or ..SSPPEECCIIAALL targets. ..NNOOMMEETTAA__CCMMPP Ignore differences in commands when deciding if target is out of date. This is useful if the command contains a value which always changes. If the number of commands change, though, the target is still considered out of date. The same effect applies to any command line that uses the variable _._O_O_D_A_T_E, which can be used for that purpose even when not otherwise needed or desired: skip-compare-for-some: @echo this is compared @echo this is not ${.OODATE:M.NOMETA_CMP} @echo this is also compared The ::MM pattern suppresses any expansion of the unwanted variable. ..NNOOPPAATTHH Do not search for the target in the directories specified by _._P_A_T_H. ..NNOOTTMMAAIINN Normally bbmmaakkee selects the first target it encounters as the default target to be built if no target was specified. This source prevents this target from being selected. ..OOPPTTIIOONNAALL If a target is marked with this attribute and bbmmaakkee can't figure out how to create it, it ignores this fact and assumes the file isn't needed or already exists. ..PPHHOONNYY The target does not correspond to an actual file; it is always considered to be out of date, and is not created with the --tt option. Suffix-transformation rules are not applied to ..PPHHOONNYY targets. ..PPRREECCIIOOUUSS When bbmmaakkee is interrupted, it normally removes any partially made targets. This source prevents the target from being removed. ..RREECCUURRSSIIVVEE Synonym for ..MMAAKKEE. ..SSIILLEENNTT Do not echo any of the commands associated with this target, exactly as if they all were preceded by an at sign (`@'). ..UUSSEE Turn the target into bbmmaakkee's version of a macro. When the target is used as a source for another target, the other target acquires the commands, sources, and attributes (except for ..UUSSEE) of the source. If the target already has commands, the ..UUSSEE target's commands are appended to them. ..UUSSEEBBEEFFOORREE Like ..UUSSEE, but instead of appending, prepend the ..UUSSEEBBEEFFOORREE target commands to the target. ..WWAAIITT If ..WWAAIITT appears in a dependency line, the sources that precede it are made before the sources that succeed it in the line. Since the dependents of files are not made until the file itself could be made, this also stops the dependents being built unless they are needed for another branch of the dependency tree. So given: x: a .WAIT b echo x a: echo a b: b1 echo b b1: echo b1 the output is always `a', `b1', `b', `x'. The ordering imposed by ..WWAAIITT is only relevant for parallel makes. SSPPEECCIIAALL TTAARRGGEETTSS Special targets may not be included with other targets, i.e. they must be the only target specified. ..BBEEGGIINN Any command lines attached to this target are executed before anything else is done. ..DDEEFFAAUULLTT This is sort of a ..UUSSEE rule for any target (that was used only as a source) that bbmmaakkee can't figure out any other way to create. Only the shell script is used. The _._I_M_P_S_R_C variable of a target that inherits ..DDEEFFAAUULLTT's commands is set to the target's own name. ..DDEELLEETTEE__OONN__EERRRROORR If this target is present in the makefile, it globally causes make to delete targets whose commands fail. (By default, only targets whose commands are interrupted during execution are deleted. This is the historical behavior.) This setting can be used to help prevent half-finished or malformed targets from being left around and corrupting future rebuilds. ..EENNDD Any command lines attached to this target are executed after everything else is done successfully. ..EERRRROORR Any command lines attached to this target are executed when another target fails. See _M_A_K_E___P_R_I_N_T___V_A_R___O_N___E_R_R_O_R for the variables that will be set. ..IIGGNNOORREE Mark each of the sources with the ..IIGGNNOORREE attribute. If no sources are specified, this is the equivalent of specifying the --ii option. ..IINNTTEERRRRUUPPTT If bbmmaakkee is interrupted, the commands for this target are executed. ..MMAAIINN If no target is specified when bbmmaakkee is invoked, this target is built. ..MMAAKKEEFFLLAAGGSS This target provides a way to specify flags for bbmmaakkee at the time when the makefiles are read. The flags are as if typed to the shell, though the --ff option has no effect. ..NNOOPPAATTHH Apply the ..NNOOPPAATTHH attribute to any specified sources. ..NNOOTTPPAARRAALLLLEELL Disable parallel mode. ..NNOO__PPAARRAALLLLEELL Synonym for ..NNOOTTPPAARRAALLLLEELL, for compatibility with other pmake variants. ..NNOORREEAADDOONNLLYY clear the read-only attribute from the global variables specified as sources. ..OOBBJJDDIIRR The source is a new value for `_._O_B_J_D_I_R'. If it exists, bbmmaakkee changes the current working directory to it and updates the value of `_._O_B_J_D_I_R'. ..OORRDDEERR In parallel mode, the named targets are made in sequence. This ordering does not add targets to the list of targets to be made. Since the dependents of a target do not get built until the target itself could be built, unless `a' is built by another part of the dependency graph, the following is a dependency loop: .ORDER: b a b: a ..PPAATTHH The sources are directories which are to be searched for files not found in the current directory. If no sources are specified, any previously specified directories are removed from the search path. If the source is the special ..DDOOTTLLAASSTT target, the current working directory is searched last. ..PPAATTHH.._s_u_f_f_i_x Like ..PPAATTHH but applies only to files with a particular suffix. The suffix must have been previously declared with ..SSUUFFFFIIXXEESS. ..PPHHOONNYY Apply the ..PPHHOONNYY attribute to any specified sources. ..PPOOSSIIXX If this is the first non-comment line in the main makefile, the variable _%_P_O_S_I_X is set to the value `1003.2' and the makefile `' is included if it exists, to provide POSIX- compatible default rules. If bbmmaakkee is run with the --rr flag, only `posix.mk' contributes to the default rules. ..PPRREECCIIOOUUSS Apply the ..PPRREECCIIOOUUSS attribute to any specified sources. If no sources are specified, the ..PPRREECCIIOOUUSS attribute is applied to every target in the file. ..RREEAADDOONNLLYY set the read-only attribute on the global variables specified as sources. ..SSHHEELLLL Sets the shell that bbmmaakkee uses to execute commands. The sources are a set of _f_i_e_l_d==_v_a_l_u_e pairs. name This is the minimal specification, used to select one of the built-in shell specs; sh, ksh, and csh. path Specifies the absolute path to the shell. hasErrCtl Indicates whether the shell supports exit on error. check The command to turn on error checking. ignore The command to disable error checking. echo The command to turn on echoing of commands executed. quiet The command to turn off echoing of commands executed. filter The output to filter after issuing the quiet command. It is typically identical to quiet. errFlag The flag to pass the shell to enable error checking. echoFlag The flag to pass the shell to enable command echoing. newline The string literal to pass the shell that results in a single newline character when used outside of any quoting characters. Example: .SHELL: name=ksh path=/bin/ksh hasErrCtl=true \ check="set -e" ignore="set +e" \ echo="set -v" quiet="set +v" filter="set +v" \ echoFlag=v errFlag=e newline="'\n'" ..SSIILLEENNTT Apply the ..SSIILLEENNTT attribute to any specified sources. If no sources are specified, the ..SSIILLEENNTT attribute is applied to every command in the file. ..SSTTAALLEE This target gets run when a dependency file contains stale entries, having _._A_L_L_S_R_C set to the name of that dependency file. ..SSUUFFFFIIXXEESS Each source specifies a suffix to bbmmaakkee. If no sources are specified, any previously specified suffixes are deleted. It allows the creation of suffix-transformation rules. Example: .SUFFIXES: .c .o .c.o: cc -o ${.TARGET} -c ${.IMPSRC} ..SSYYSSPPAATTHH The sources are directories which are to be added to the system include path which bbmmaakkee searches for makefiles. If no sources are specified, any previously specified directories are removed from the system include path. EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT bbmmaakkee uses the following environment variables, if they exist: MACHINE, MACHINE_ARCH, MAKE, MAKEFLAGS, MAKEOBJDIR, MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX, MAKESYSPATH, PWD, and TMPDIR. MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX and MAKEOBJDIR may only be set in the environment or on the command line to bbmmaakkee and not as makefile variables; see the description of `_._O_B_J_D_I_R' for more details. FFIILLEESS .depend list of dependencies makefile first default makefile if no makefile is specified on the command line Makefile second default makefile if no makefile is specified on the command line sys.mk system makefile /usr/share/mk system makefile directory CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY The basic make syntax is compatible between different make variants; however the special variables, variable modifiers and conditionals are not. OOllddeerr vveerrssiioonnss An incomplete list of changes in older versions of bbmmaakkee: The way that .for loop variables are substituted changed after NetBSD 5.0 so that they still appear to be variable expansions. In particular this stops them being treated as syntax, and removes some obscure problems using them in .if statements. The way that parallel makes are scheduled changed in NetBSD 4.0 so that .ORDER and .WAIT apply recursively to the dependent nodes. The algorithms used may change again in the future. OOtthheerr mmaakkee ddiiaalleeccttss Other make dialects (GNU make, SVR4 make, POSIX make, etc.) do not support most of the features of bbmmaakkee as described in this manual. Most notably: ++oo The ..WWAAIITT and ..OORRDDEERR declarations and most functionality pertaining to parallelization. (GNU make supports parallelization but lacks the features needed to control it effectively.) ++oo Directives, including for loops and conditionals and most of the forms of include files. (GNU make has its own incompatible and less powerful syntax for conditionals.) ++oo All built-in variables that begin with a dot. ++oo Most of the special sources and targets that begin with a dot, with the notable exception of ..PPHHOONNYY, ..PPRREECCIIOOUUSS, and ..SSUUFFFFIIXXEESS. ++oo Variable modifiers, except for the `:old=new' string substitution, which does not portably support globbing with `%' and historically only works on declared suffixes. ++oo The $$>> variable even in its short form; most makes support this functionality but its name varies. Some features are somewhat more portable, such as assignment with ++==, ??==, and !!==. The _._P_A_T_H functionality is based on an older feature VVPPAATTHH found in GNU make and many versions of SVR4 make; however, historically its behavior is too ill-defined (and too buggy) to rely upon. The $$@@ and $$<< variables are more or less universally portable, as is the $$((MMAAKKEE)) variable. Basic use of suffix rules (for files only in the current directory, not trying to chain transformations together, etc.) is also reasonably portable. SSEEEE AALLSSOO mkdep(1) HHIISSTTOORRYY bbmmaakkee is derived from NetBSD make(1). It uses autoconf to facilitate portability to other platforms. A make command appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX. This make implementation is based on Adam de Boor's pmake program, which was written for Sprite at Berkeley. It was designed to be a parallel distributed make running jobs on different machines using a daemon called "customs". Historically the target/dependency FFRRCC has been used to FoRCe rebuilding (since the target/dependency does not exist ... unless someone creates an _F_R_C file). BBUUGGSS The make syntax is difficult to parse. For instance, finding the end of a variable's use should involve scanning each of the modifiers, using the correct terminator for each field. In many places make just counts {} and () in order to find the end of a variable expansion. There is no way of escaping a space character in a filename. In jobs mode, when a target fails; make will put an error token into the job token pool. This will cause all other instances of make using that token pool to abort the build and exit with error code 6. Sometimes the attempt to suppress a cascade of unnecessary errors, can result in a seemingly unexplained `*** Error code 6' FreeBSD 14.1-RELEASE July 1, 2024 FreeBSD 14.1-RELEASE